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ri -i'^si

HISTORY

American Odd Fellowship

THE FIRST DECADE.

JAMES L RIDGELY,

H ISTOR I OGRAPH ER .

SIXTH THOUSAND.

BALTIMORE, MD,:

BV JAMES L. KIDCELV,
r.V AUTHORITV ()K THE GRAND LODGK Of THK UNITKIl STATKS I
1878

i-r^^s''

\

. J

Entered according to Act of Conj^ress, in tlie year One Thousand Kl.udit

Hundred and Sevonty-eight, by

^ - 1^* JAMES L. lUDGELY,

in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

All rights reserved.

ELE(Tl{OTYPEI» DY ritlNTKr> HY

JOHN RYAN & CO.. JOHN L. MIKPHY.

Baltimore. Trouton.N.J.

TO THE

Right Worthy Grand Lodge of the United States,

OF THE

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS.

TO WHICH, MORE THAN TO ANY OTHER HUMAN AGENCY, MANKIND OWES THE

GRANDEST SYSTEM OF SECULAR AFFILIATED BENEVOLENCE OF ANY AGE,

THIS WORK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED.

HONOR, PERPETUITY AND BLESSINGS

are forever due to its grand and subordinate organizations, for
zeal and devotion in the cause; but to its paternal govern-
ment and wise and judicious administration, is the
present wondrous development to be chiefly

ascribed.

Great is the leader of a forlorn hope to victory ; great the pilot
who steers his precious freight safely through the storm and tempest;
but greater the genius that evokes from the rough marble, the master-
PIECE OF ART AND BEAUTY — THE DiVINE ImaGE IN HUMANITY.

PREFACE

This book goes forth as the history of the first decade of
American Odd Fellowship, by James L. Ridgely, Grand Corres-
ponding and Recording Secretary, and also Historiographer of
the Grand Lodge of the United States, I. O. O. F. As its prep-
aration has been connected with several other names as State
Historiographers, from whom some material has been derived,
the extent of such aid will be fully acknowledged. The particu-
lar connection of Hon. Henry F. Garey with the publication,
deserves special mention, which is now given.

When this history was first proposed, such was the condition
of my health, that in view of contingencies which were obvious,
I sought the aid of competent brothers to assist me in the task.
My first application was to Bro. Rev. E. H. Chapin of New
York, P. G. M.; Reps. Morse of California, P. G. M.; Harmon
of California, P. G. M., and Garey of Maryland, P. G. M.
These all, at that time, declined the invitation, and I remained
alone in the enterprise. Afterwards, Bro. Garey was induced to
join me, and has been identified with me in every stage of the
book's progress, until its conclusion. Our labor has been
joint ; the original text has undergone a revision, in which each
has given his personal consideration to the topics discussed. In
one particular I have taken no counsel and stand alone. The
comments on the men, the policy and the principles of the Order,
express my individual sentiments long held on those subjects,
and in that sense are entirely my own. My part has been to
collect and suggest from the mass of material at hand, and to
designate its use ; to correct false history, to bring together new
facte, to present the traits and labors of the known historic men
of the Order, and to see that the honors should be appropriately
awarded. Occasionally, also, in the rendition of legislative texts,
to furnish the proper key to the enactments and proceedings, which

Vi PREFACE.

otherwise were hidden in a dry and barren record. My colleague
is the Editor ; I regard such appellation as his appropriate title.
He has also supervised the style and language of the whole man-
uscript, including my own, although much has been inserted lit-
erally as it was supplied by my hand. When it is known that
Judge Garey has fully performed his duties in the Court of
Common Pleas of Baltimore City, during the whole period of his
connection with this work, it will be acknowledged that he has
acquitted himself to the history with fidelity.

Whatever defects or omissions may exist in the volume, will
find an ample excuse in the circumstances under which it was
written. The whole book so fully expresses my personal views
on all the subjects treated, that I accept its authorship without
reserve, and for all its contents assume the sole responsibility.
It was to me the work was committed. It contains my cherished
opinions of the Order and its principles. So far as frail humanity
would permit, it is a truthful and complete statement of the
great matters of which it treats. It is the depository of my hopes
and fears, and of my love for the institution with which my life
has been identified since manhood, and my name associated for
nearly half a century. I have sought to portray to the brethren
the transactions and the men of the first decade, with whom I
have been in part contemporaneous, with strict impartiality. No
reliable source of information from which light could be thrown
upon that eventful period has escaped my research. The manu-
scripts of Bro. Kennedy, P. G. S., have been placed at my disposal.
These I have found invaluable as the proper oracles of the times.
I have used them largely as the public property, giving special
credit only where special quotations have been made from
them.

The researches of John W. Stokes and William Ellison, re-
spectively, in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, have enabled me
to present interesting chapters on those States. In so doing I
have closely followed them so far as the plan of the work per-
mitted. Past Grand Sire Ellison's production was very satisfac-
tory, and I hereby tender my sincere thanks to the Board of Grand
Oflicers of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts for the generous do-
nation of a copy free of expense. The work of Grand Sire Stokes
is of great value, and is exhaustive of the subject. As far as was

PREFACE. Vii

possible bis plan of treatment has been adopted. That veteran Odd
Fellow has been identified with the leaders in the Order for thirty-
five years, having entered the Grand Lodge of the United States in
1843. His labors include a full review of the Patriarchal Brancii,
which few if any were equally competent to furnish. Its history
in Pennsylvania is full of interest. But as that branch of the Order
grew out of the degrees called Patriarchal, as the higher penetralia
of Odd Fellowship, we have been forced to confine its history to the
chapter on that subject. His contribution is deserving of special
mention, and might well be published as a separate volume, which
would be very attractive in that great jurisdiction.

The chapter on New York would have been unsatisfactory
but for the valuable assistance of P. G. Rep. John Medole, of
that jurisdiction, and I am greatly indebted to P. G. Sire
William "W. Moore of the District of Columbia, not only for in-
formation about that locality, but for important matter in the
chapter on the degrees.

The illustrations have been obtained at great labor and
expense, and but for the aid of zealous friends would be in-
complete. As it is, we regret the absence of several which it was
not possible for us to obtain. We gladly return our acknowledg-
ments to Bros. Porter and Ford of Massachusetts, G. Sire Stokes of
Pennsylvania, Bro. Medole of New York, Bro. Parker of New
Jersey, Bro. Havenner of the District of Columbia, and Bro.
McKelvey of West Virginia, for their kind attentions in this de-
partment of the work. The design for the beautiful emblematic
device on the cover of the book, was prepared about a year ago
by our lamented Brother Fred. D. Stuart, P. G. Sire, who mani-
fested a great interest in this publication. The work has gone
to press under the supervision of Bro. Theodore A. Boss, Assis-
tant Grand Secretary, whose services have greatly lightened the
labors of the author and editor.

And now, my brethren, having assigned to all concerned
proper credit in the production of this work, my task is about to
close. One word more and I have done. My days of prac-
tical usefulness are passing away; I cannot much longer
mingle in the councils of the Order. Certainly I can no longer
write and speak for the institution as in days gone by. This
doubtless is my last effort to serve Odd Fellowship. It is my

Vlll PREFACE.

last tribute to that great and good cause — ray farewell to that
loving band of brothers throughout the world, who have so
warmly greeted me ever since they learned to honor and revere
the Order. In the hope that it may do good service for Human-
ity and Fraternity, I commit it to the Brotherhood.

JAMES L. RIDGELY.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

PAOK

Ihtroduction 1

The Order founded on principles. — Its name. — Not a borrower. — Oppo-
sition.— Origin of Odd Fellowship. — Records. — ^The Manchester Unity.
How materials were obtained for the history. — The close of the reign
of Wildey. — ^Plan of treatment.

CHAPTER II.

Washinoton Lodge, No. 1 15

American Odd Fellowship. — Wildey and Welch. — ^Washington Lodge
instituted. — The English work. — Jackson the rival of Wildey. — ^P. G.
Crowder's mission. — ^The original charter from Duke of York's Lodge.
John Yates* mission. — Finances. — The benefit system. — Wildey pre-
ferred to Jackson. — ^Franklin Lodge to supersede Washington Lodge.
Committee of Past Grands. — The American Degrees. — The P. G.*s of
Washington Lodge become the G. L. of Md. and of the U. S. — A Con-
stitution adopted.— " The Seven Stars."— " The Three Loggerheads."
Stillhouse Lane.— Matthew Blakeley*s;— May 1822.— The Convivial
feature.— The Maryland Reform.— The Host.— Odd Fellow's Ameral.
Columbia Lodge, No. 8. — Joshua Vansant. — Colvin's Stone Tavern.
Wildey's house. — Washington Lodge in 1821 , and its present condition.

CHAPTER III.

John Boyd 67

His nativity. — His employments. — He Joins Washington Lodge. — Assists
in establishing the G. L. of Md. and of the U. S.— First G. Guardian
and G. Treasurer. — One of the first to receive the Golden Rule Degree.
Assists to organize the G. L. of the U. 8. — ^Proxy for Pennsylvania,
also Delaware. — Is known as The Past Grand. — A lover of ancient
usage. — A Stockholder in the Gay Street Hall. — Becomes wealthy.
His devotion to Washington Lotlge. — Last public appearance. — His
death. — The medal presented to him.

CHAPTER IV.

The G. Lodge of Md. and of the U. S 6C^

Its organization and first proceedings. — Charter to Franklin Lodge,
No. 2. — Constitution adopted. — Address of Wildey. — The Boston let-

CONTENTS.

PAeK
tor.— Grant of charters to Mass.— Wlldey's mission.— Applications
fVom N. York and Penna.— The odes and tunes.— Medal to G. Sec.
Entwisle.— Constitution of Nov. 1828.— Columbia Lodge, No 3.—
Proxies to forma G. L. of U. 8.— Financial condition.— Report on for-
mation of a G. Lodge of U. 8.— Circular.— Death of G. Sec. Entwisle.
Constitution forG. L. of U. 8. — Election for officers G. Lodge of Md.
A medal to Wildey.— The G. Lodge of Md. and of the U. S. adjourns
tiM die, — Reflections.

CHAPTER V.

John Welch 101

One of the trio. — His history before 1819. — One of the original five. —
First Vice Grand.— Wildey's counsellor.— First G. Sec. of G. L. of Md.
and of the U. S.— First D. G. S. of the G. L. U. S.— The Mentor and
Nestor of the enterprise.

CHAPTER VI.

Thb Grand Lodge op Maryland 108

Its charter. — The theory of its origin. — Charles Conmion, G. M. — Seeks
to become a corporate body. — Anniversaries. — Assets. —Degrees and
Sunday — Trials. — Political resolutions afterwards expunged. — Reflec-
tions.— The present flag procured. —Thomas Scotchbum G. M. — The
sitting G. M. to be Rep. to G. L. U. S. — This law repealed. —
The Patriarchal Degree and a crozier.— The new signs. — Honorary
membership. — Charges and degrees in German. — The Germans in I.
O.O.F. — Order and price of Degrees. — A conunon lodge-room. — Ori-
gin of the Encampment Branch. — Reports of Subordinates. — Visiting
cards. — Of a G. Treasurer. — Incorporation obtained by Ridgely and
others.— Resolutions and presentation to Ridgely and Keyser. — " Giv-
ing the Honors" abolished.— Gratitude Lodge, No. 6.— An Odd Fel-
lows* Hall to be built.— James L. Ridgely becomes G. Sec. — Ilis part
in obtainmg the hall— Description of Wildey's Odd Fellows' Hall.
The new initiates. — Prominent names. — Difficulty of procuring an
auditorium. — Rev. J. V. Bartow. — Gratitude.— The orators Ridgely
and Walsh. — The Press. — Condusiou.

CHAPTER VII.

Augustus Mathiot 149

The Young American. — His birth and parentage. — His characteristics.
He joins the Order.— Masonry and Odd Fellowship in 1823.— The Ma-
ryland reform. — Temperance in 1823.— D. G. Master and G. Master.
G. Secretary and G. Treasurer of G. L. U. S.— The second G. Patri-
arch.— His success in business and liberality. — A gi*een old age. — His
death and the Three Odd Links.

CONTENTS. XI

CHAPTER VIII.

PAGB

Richard Marley 161

Introduction. — Odd Fellowship a field of labor. — His history and work.
Initiated in Franklin Lodge. — Proxy for N. York. — His early failing.
Fifth degree members and the spurious lodge. — Expelled and retiu-ns.
His reformation. — G. Master and G. Patriarch. — His career in the G.
L. U. 8. — ^Veneiftblo Warden. — His devotion and influence. — Rare
traits of character. — Death of a great Odd Fellow. — His splendid fune-
ral.— His Portrait.

CHAPTER IX.

The Grand Lodge op the United States 173

The unity of tlie &mily arrangement. — Its constitution.— A representa-
tive body. — Met at Wildey's. — Reflections. — A question of jurisdic-
tion.— The oixler of the degrees. — Maryland not to be its ]>crmanent
seat. — Arrival of the Patriarchal Degi'ce. — Title of M. W. G. Sire. —
The price of the degrees. — Wildey's report of his visit to England. —
English charter of 1820. — The American degrees in England. — Cer-
tificates and Cards. — New charter to G. Lodge of Pennsylvania. —
Central Lodge, No. 1, and Georgetown Lodge, No. 2, of the District
of Columbia chartered. — Old and new signs. — Engrossed thanks to
the Q. Sire for his visit to England. — The Movable Committee. — The
name and initials of the Order. — G. Lodge of the District of Columbia
chartered. — The Order in 1829. — Augustus Mnthiot G. Sec— Mass.
declining. — Encampments. — Friendly Union Lodge, No. 1, R. Island.
John Welch, D. G. Sire, retires.— Thos. Scotchbum, D. Q. 6.— The ^
Order in 1830.— The G. L. of Penn. sustained.— The Movable Com-
mittee a failure — Ohio Lodge, No. 1, chartered. — Personal govern-
ment.— Eulogy of the founder. — G. Sec. James L. Ridgely as Q. Repre-
sentative.— The devotion of Wildcy and Ridgely. — The Order in 1881.
Funeral ceremonies. — The literature of the Ortler. — ^The G. Lodge of
Ohio. — The G. Encampment of Maryland. — Reflections. — Wildey En-
campment, No. 1, at N. Orleans. — G. Lodge of Louisiana. — A libel on
the G. Sire. — Boone Lodge, No. 1, at Louisville. — James Gettys, G.
Sire.— The Order in 1832.— Meeting of the G. Lodge in Philadelphia.
Resolutions and presentation to Wildey. — How procured. — Augus-
tus Mathiot, G. Treas. — Farewell Address. — Reflections. — Review of
the condition of the Order down to 1833. — Twelve propositions. —
Conclusion.

CHAPTER X.

John Pawson Entwisle 237

The intellectual and literary member.— Entwisle before ho found Wil-
dey.— The deviser of the Representative system. — His style. — Author
of the Covenant and Remembrance Degrees. — The Covenant Degree
vindicated and analyzed. — Tlie second D. G. M. — Grand S<»crotary. —
Sudden death. — The presiding genius of the Oixler. — His fame as-
sured.— Conclusion.

Xll CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XI.

PAGS

The Secret Principle 250

Introductory. — Mystery. — The Ancient Mysteries. — Antiquity of the
secret principle. — Doctrines and Rites. — The Eleusininn mysteries. —
The Egjrptian school. — China, Japan, Britain, Gaul and Scandinavia.
Greece. — Influence of the mysteries on the modems. — Odd Fellow-
ship an original. — Ancient mysteries in modern forms. — The doc-
trines and rites of Pythagoras. — Free Masonry. — Idolatry and My-
thology.— Truth will linally prevaiL

CHAPTER XII.

Thomas Wildet 275

How a biography should be written. — The central figure of the Great
Trio. — Wildey before 1819. — He institutes Washington Lodge. — His
version of the narrative. — The founder of Odd Fellowship. — Analysis
of his character. — His boundless devotion. — His affecting farewell. —
As travelling missionary. — His tour and his great success. — Wildey
the Patriarch. — His later history and greeu old age. — The death of
the founder. — Conclusion.

CHAPTER XIII.

Tbb Degrees and Encampment Branch 29^

The early English work. — The White, Blue and Scarlet Degrees. —
Terms. — First appearance of the Golden Rule Degree. — Upon whom
conferred. — Ritual of Washington Lodge. — ^The American Degrees. —
The Royal Purple Degree.— The Past Official Degrees.— The Grand
Lodge Degree. — The Patiiarchal Degree. — An Encampment Lodge.
Encampment of Patriarchs. — Chai'ter of the first Encampment of Pa-
triarchs.— Encampments in Penn. — New York and Mass. — Wildey
took the responsibility. — Acknowledged by the G. L. U. S. -The En-
campment Branch. — Obtains representation in the G. L. of U. S. —
Maryland followed by the other States. — Great success. — Uniformed
Patriarchs. — G. Encampment Degree and Honorary Degree of P. C. P.
and P. H. P. — The lectures or ritual. — First printed American lecture-
book. — Successive reprints. — The revision of 1835. — Revision of 1845.
The unwritten Work. — The secret Joiunal. — The Hailing Sign, the
Sign of Recognition and the Degree of Rebekah. — Degree Lodges.
Tlie Traveling Password. — Anti-Masonry and the obligation. — Con-
clusion.

CHAPTER XIV.

Odd Fellowship in Massachusetts. 881^

Introduction. — John B. Barnes. — His English Medal. — His coadjutors.
Mass. Lodge instituted. — Barnes the first N. G. — Siloam Lodge insti-

CONTENTS. XIU

PAOB

tated. — A letter from Md. — Barnes* career. — His departure for Vir-
ginia.— ^Medal and tokens of respect. — His death and burial. — ^Bro.
Wildon's visit to Baltimore. — Wildey delivers a legal charter to Mass.
Lodge. — Copy of the charter. — A G. Lodge instituted. — History of
Mass. Lodge, No. 1. — Siloam Lodge, No. 2. — Its charter. — James
Wood. — Thomas Ban*. — George Ashworth. — Good Samaritan Lodge,
No. 3.— New England Lodge, No. 4.— P. G. M. Thomas F. Norris.—
Simeon Southwick. — Joseph Lopez. — Washington Lodge, No. 5. —
Adam Lodge, No, 6.— Merrimac Lodge, No. 7. — Smnmary and con-
clusion.

CHAPTER XV.

Thb Grand Lodgb of Massachusetts. S09

Action of the G. L. U. S.— Its charter.— Daniel Hersey, first G. M.— First
general laws. — ^Public procession and installation at Taunton. — Mer-
rimac Lodge, No. 7. — Correspondence with Wildey. — William Bishop,
G. M. — Josiah Robinson, G. M. — Visit of the Movable Committee of
G. L. U. S. — Albert Guild becomes a member in 1831. — His history.
He restores the Order. — Wildey appears. — The circumstances of the
decadence of the old G. Lodge. — ^Reflections. — The grand success that
followed the revival

CHAPTER XVI.

Odd Fellowship in New York 393

Introduction. — The Chambers family. — They institute Shakespeare
Lodge. — Morris and Flanagan. — ^Franklin, Washington, and Co-
lumbia Lodges. — Columbia Lodge obtains a legal charter. — Contro-
versy with Franklin Lodge. — Charter of Columbia Lodge. — Wildey
decides in favor of tJolumbia Lodge. — Columbia Lodge accepts a char-
ter from G. Lodge of Md, and U. S. — Benjamin Downing. — Charter of
G. Lodge of New York. — Jno. B. Robinson, G. M. — ^Friendship Lodge,
No. 2. — Hope Lodge, No. 8. — Strangers* Refuge Lodge, No. 4. — Is
expelled and becomes a spurious G. Lodge. — The ancient members and
organization. — Philanthropic Lodge, No. 5. — Strangers' Refuge Lodge
restored. — Its singular history. — The G. Lodge has its last meeting
In 1828. — The change in 1830. — New York and Albany. — Interven-
tion of the G. L. U. S. — The revival of the Order, and its new organi-
zation.— James Alcock, G. M. — The Order firmly established. — Reflec-
tion on the new birth. — John A. Kennedy. — ^Wilson Small.

CHAPTER XVII.

Odd Fellowship in Pennsylvania, 427

Introduction— Pennsylvania Lodge instituted. — Its officers. — It accepts
a charter from the G. L. of Md. and of the U. S. — John Upton. — Dock
Street. — John Pearce. — New Jersey. — The case of James Day. — John

Xiy CONTENTS.

PAS]

B. Robinson and Samuel Croucher.— Penn. Lodge, No. 1.— The sub-
ordinate lodges during the first dccade.~Wa8hington Lodge, No. 2.
Account of an ancient lodge meeting.— Wayne Lodge, No. 8.— Morn-
ing Star Lodge, No. 4.— Franklin Lodge, No. 6.— General Marion
Lodge, No. 6.— Hermann Lodge, No. 7.— Rising Sun Lodge, No. 8.
Meclianics' Lodge, No. 9.— Philomathean Lodge, No. 10.— Kensing-
ton Lodge, No. 11.— JeflTerson Lodge, No. 12.— Philadelphia Lodge,
No. 18.— Wildey Lodge, No. 14— Philanthropic Lodge, No. 15.— Har-
mony Lodge, No. 16.— Northern Liberty Lodge, No. 17.— La Fayette
Lodge, No. 18.— Amity Lodge, No, 19, and Miners' Lodge, No. 20.—
Reflections.

CHAPTER XVIII.

Thb Gband Lodqb of Pbknsylvakia. 468

The first in national importance. — Its charter. — Aaron Nichols, G. M.
and Wui. H. Matthews, G. Sec — ^Be^jamin Daffin. — ^Aaron Nichols.
Thomas Small, G. M.— Samuel Pryor.— William H. Matthews, G. M.
Jolm G. Potts.— Official report in 1829 to G. L. U. S., and corres-
pondence of Grand Officers. — Report at the end of first decade. — An-
niversaries.— ^The new Hall on South Fifth Street. — Its dedication. —
Comparison between Pcnn. and the other States. — Pennsylvania
always led the column. — Succeeded without Wildey's assistance.
The secret of its success, and the men who have made it triumphant.
Conclusion.

CHAPTER XIX.

Thb District of Colttmbia. . 484

Central Lodge, No. 1. — Its offlcxirs and first initiates. — Georgetown
Lodge, No. 1 — James Gettys and others initiated-«-Rev. Lorenzo Dow.
Petition for G. Lodge granted. — Thos. M, Abbett, G. M. — Concord
Loilge, No. 8. — James Gettys, G. M. — Jonathan Lodge, No. 4. — Poca-
hontas Lodge. — The decline of the lodges, and its cause. — A counter
movement. — Central Lodge resuscitated. — A great Hall for the Or-
der.— Thomas M. Abbett and James Gettys.

CHAPTER XX.

Thb Theory of the Degrees. (Hlustratcd) 495

The secrets of Odd Fellowship. — Its doctrines not esoteric. — The foim-
dation of the I. O. O. F.— Analysis of the theory of our secret work.
The plan for its exemplification. — The rationale of the degrees of the
Bubonlinate lodge, and their extension in the Encampment branch. —
Exemplification of the degrees.— The first degree.— The second de-
gree.—The third degree.— The fourth degree.— The fifth degree.—
The end of the degrees.— The Patriarchal Degree.— The Golden Rule
Degree.— The Royal Purple D^ree.— The end.

ENGRAVINGS.

STEEL

I'AaE.

I .» -y I.— JAS. L. RIDGELY, G. C. and R. Sbgbbtary. Frontittpitce. ^

n.— THOMAS WILDEY, P. G. Siue 275

in.— JOHN A. KENNEDY, \\ G. Sikk 415

rV.— JAMES GETTY8, P. G. Sike 493

t

' . r

WOOD.

I.— THE SEVEN STARS, Baltimore, 1819, 15

IL— THE THREE LOGGERHEADS, Baltimore, 1821. . . 37

in.— PLAN OF WASHINGTON LODGE-ROOM, 1819. . . 4.5

IV.— COLVIN'S STONE TAVERN, Baltimore, 1823. . . 53

v.— JOHN BOYD .57

VI.-JOHN WELCH .101

VII.— WILDEY'S HOUSE, Baltimore, 1824 14.3

Vm.— L 0.0. F. HALL, Gay St., Baltimore, 1831-1859. . 147

fc ^^^^i^, IX,— AUGUSTUS MATHIOT 149 *

X,— RICHARD MARLEY 101

., XL— JOHN PAWSON ENTWISLE 237

XII.— WILDEY MONUMENT, Baltimore 294

XIIL— TOMB OF WILDEY, Baltimore 295

? fJ \ XIV.— JAMES B. BARNES :m ^

XV.— ENGLISH MEDAL PRESENTED TO JAS. B. BARNES. . 3:17

XVI.— EATON'S HOUSE, Boston, 1820 3:i»

XVII.— AMERUWN MEDAL PRESENTED TO JAS. B. BARNES. JUl

XVIIL— JAMES WOOD :W5

XIX.— THOMAS BARR ;«7

XX.— MASONIC HALL, Akn St., Boston, 1S2:{ 3«()

XXL— DANIEL HERSEY 308

r

^

XVI

CONTENTS.

% '^

1849

-/

4

t 1

XXTI.— ALBERT GUILD

XXIIL— L O. O. F. HALL, Washington St., Boston, 1864.
XXIV.— L O. O. F. HALL, Tremont St., Boston, 1871. .
XXV.— ECLIPSE AND SIR HENRY, New Yokk, 1823.
X XXVI.— BENJAMIN DOWNING. . . ' .

XXVIL— WILSON SMALL

XXVIIL— I. O. O. F. HALL, Grand and Centre Sts., N. York,
XXIX— UPTONS HOTEL, Philadelphia, 1821. .

XXX.— JOHN UPTON

^ XXXI.— JOHN PEARCE

XXXH.- BENJAMIN DAFFIN

XXXIIL— THE NICHOLS MONUMENT, Chambersburcj
XXXIV.— THOMAS SMALL.

XXXV.— SAAIUEL PRYOR

XXXVI.— L O. O. F. HALL, South Fifth St., PniL.u>ELriiiA, 1830.
XXXVII.— L O. O. F. HALL, Sixth and Crewsun Sts.\ Phila., 1840.
XXXVIIL— L O. O. F. HALL, Broad and Sp\i Garden Sts., Phila., 1852
XXXIX.— MILBURN'S HOTEL, Washington, 1827.
XL.— LIBRARY BUILDING, Wa8Hin(ston, 1828
XLI.— THOMAS M. ABBETT.
XLIL— I. O. O. F. HALL, Washington, 1874.
XLin.— THE ALL SEEING EYE. .
XLIV.— THE SUN AND SCYTHE. .
XLV.— THE BOW AND ARROWS.
XLVI.— THE ARK OF THE COVENANT,
XLVII.— THE GLOBE AND LAMB.
XLVIII.— THE BIBLE AND COFFIN.
XLIX.— THE H. P. AND G. OF T. .
L.— THE THREE PILLARS. .
LI.— THE TABLES OF STONE.
LII.— SCRIP, SANDALS AND STAFF.

PAQE.

387
;^88
3J)2
395

41(S
422
423
425
42(5
4(>1
4^3
4(^4
4fr)
477
478
. 479
480
484
4H6

490
498
499
500
501
503
503
504
5a5
500
507

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.

But how tho Bubject-theme may gang.
Let time and chance determine ;

Ferliaiw It may turn out a sang,
Porhape turn out a eermon.

—BrRsa.

" It is the first law of liistory, that tlie writer should neither
dare to advance what is false nor to suppress what is true ; that
he should relate the facts with strict impartiality, free from ill
will or favor; that his narrative should distinguish the order of
time, and, when necessary, the description of places ; that he
should imfold the motives of men, and in his account of the
transactions or the events, interj^ose his own judgment : should
relate what was done, how it was done, and what share chance,
rashness, or pnidence had in the issue; that he should give the
character of the leading men, their weiglit and influence, their
passions, principles, and conduct through life."

Cicero was never more fortunate than when, witli peculiar
felicity of diction, he wrote this heautiful canon of criticism. Its
conception and expression would seem to defy any later censor
to add to or diminish from its scope and substance, and render it
worthy to appear with the golden sentences engraved upon the
memory of the world. The rule indicates deep insight, and is
suitable to any age and every historian.

As our ability may serve, we shall consult this chart in the
work before us, and strive to present it in such lights and with
BXU'h accessories as will give the reader a true version of the
matter. We shall be at pains also to leave the common track of
€ulog}', and to deal with impartial measure tlie praise and blame
due to prominent individuals; omitting no incident that may
ser\'e to shed light upon the eventful story.

A growing desire has for some time prevailed on the part of
Odd FelloMs, that the origin of the Order should l)e dertnitt^ly
1

AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

and authoritatively declared, and that its career should be traced
from the beginning. Such a desire is natural, and ought to be
gratified. True, in many instances this sentiment will be found
to be rather the aspiration of a noble pride, than the demand of
the mind for a discussion of the principles with which we are
identified. To gratify such laudable feelings would at all times
be a pleasant task ; but such is not our only design. The sine
qua 7wn of the Order is not merely that we should indulge in
nnitual congratulations. The primary demand of the communi-
ties upon which its principles are designed to act, and even of
Odd Fellows themselves, is indeed of far greater moment ; the
latter require it for tlieir justification and encouragement, and
the former for their enlightenment and co-operative favor. These
can only be furnished by its character and reliability as an agent
for good among men. By the force of circumstances it has
already been grandly advertised ; its practical public life and its
jibundant fruits during the last half century have left Imt little
to present which is really new. The incidents of its origin have
been sown broadcast by itij orators and its publications, and by
the favorable notices of the press ; many of these have been highly
colored, and some of them are entirely apocrj^hal ; yet out of
this partial chaos, one may easily perceive a lofty pedestal, with
glimpses of an angel hand removing the veil from a statue of
exquisite symmetry and beauty. Odd Fellowship, as we know
it, is an institution of modem times, grown in our midst and
fashioned by our liands.

Every brother who has been impressed with its principles,
who has observed its influence upon men, or has been led to
investigate and dis(*over its true character, knows its origin, the
manner of its introduction into this country, — wheny vhere^ and
hy ithom^ — and also its general (career up to this day. He is,
besides, thoroughly advised of the changes it has undergone
under American auspices. The principles, however, of the
Order are of early date, and go back to periods of time when men
were under very different guidance — religious, moral, and intel-
lectual. Indeed, the relation of fraternity, instinctive of human-
ity and divinity, w'as the birth-right of the rdce ; innate as life
itself is the sentiment of a (x>mmon father and a single family, that
we are "of one blood," and that each son of Adam is my brother
by hereditary ties. Such also have been the a\vfiil and splendid

INTRODUCTTION.

announcements of revelation, by which we know the eternal God
as the Father of mankind.

From these sources, Odd Fellowship, as a system of fraternal
benevolence and reciprocal aid, comprehending not only its prin-
ciples, but its illustrative and theoretical character, is derived.
Like many other institutions, it has blended beautiful ceremonies
with solid and useful forms ; these, though harmless, may be
thought superfluous and of no efficient value. But whether in-
dulged in as agreeable ornaments, or relied upon as necessary and
improving adjuncts, they are an interesting feature in the sub-
stantive administration of the system. This, far from being pecu-
liar to Odd Fellows, is characteristic of all delicately organized
association, of all classes of people, in fact of nature itself.
Nothing in life is presented in its simple and exclusively neces-
sary apparel ; everything is decked in engaging colors, so as to
combine attractiveness and beauty with utility and value. Some-
thing, however, may be necessary, as well to vindicate it from
attempted disparagement in other respects, as to a proper enlight-
enment of the public mind. Odd Fellowship is sometimes spoken
of reproachfully by reason of its name, on account of the seeming
levity it conveys. It is also not unfrequently taunted as a bor- '4^

rower, and thus having nothing in its organization which is orig-
inal, having derived everything of consequence in its system and
ritual from other sources, particularly so from the Masonic Order.
For some years during its earlier career, such unjust as well as
ungenerous imputations obtained ; but for the most part it has
outlived such reproaches, and conquered by its works the general
good favor. Touching the name, it may be replied, that if not
euphonious, that fact is wholly unimportant so long as the object
in \'iew is honorable and worthy, even should such a name not
be appropriate as fully indicative of its purpose. An objection
on this point is equally wanting in force, for tlie reason that fit-
ness in the mere selection of a name is rather the exception than
the rule ; taste, caprice, and sometimes even prejudice, generally
determining the choice. That great body of Christians known as
Methodists, was so nicknamed by its enemies ; and that valuable
class of citizens known as Quakers, was so chIIcmI in tlie first
instance as a mark of scorn and ridicule. Yet those bodies liave
turned the tables on their adversaries, bv answering to those
names as a mark of the honorable circumstances under which

-li

4 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

they were first imposed. In like manner we may point to the
first occasion for our name in the good fellowship that has ripened
into a blessed fraternity, among boon companions and the
fumes of beer and tobacco, in the convivial companionship of
homeless tramps and bustling landlords ; but all tliese have been
forgotten. As to our principles and ceremonies, these we are
willing to admit rest upon a common basis with those of other
secret societies. We have the same grand natural truths and the
same splendid revelation. History with its magnificent examples
and glorious illustrations is the common property of all, and it is
only because we have dug in the same mines that the precious
jewels that we wear are so very similar. Having the same base,
they are of the same species. All avail themselves of like means
of inter-communication and recognition, viz. a language of signs
and symbols ; all aspire to an important and moral agency in
promoting closer relations among men, and in the elevation of
the race; but it by no means follows that Odd Fellowship
derives its character from Masonry, or is a borrower from its
ritual. Successive offspring of fraternity, they each bear the
stamp of their common origin ; but as well say that brothers by
blood are copies of each other because of their resemblance to the
common parent, as that Odd Fellowship is a recast of Masonry.
Had signs and symbols, or the application of them to language,
been originated by our sister Order, or had tlie Divine Wisdom,
in making fraternity obligatory, committed its administration
to her, we should at once concede the claims of the indis-
creet advocates who assume such a position. But as the fact is
far otherwise, we cannot go further in deferring to her claim in
this regard, than cheerfully to accord her greater antiquity in the
inculcation of universal truth, and of practical benevolence
among men as a paramount duty. Odd Fellows recognize Free
Masonry as an eminent, honorable and useful institution ; but
they also claim a just measure of respect at its hands, and press
upon it a fraternal challenge for supremacy "in tlie warfare
which they wage against vice in all its forms," and invite it to
raise the Masonic standard still liigher if it can. True to their
lessons, we have every reason to believe that a corresponding
sympathy prevails among our Masonic brethren, and tliat
henceforth tlie only conflict between these two great organiza-
tions, enlisted in the interest of humanity, will be an earnest

INTBODUOnON. 5

rivalry as to which shall achieve the noblest record in so grand a

cause.

But assailants, who are alike inimical to Masonry and to Odd
Fellowship, and to all other organizations of men for benevolent
purposes, which are secret, still remain. They are of two
classes ; the first has neither character nor influence, but drives
a mercenary trade by the sale of so called exposures of the rites
and ceremonies of these orders. They may well be left to the degrar
dation of the lot they have chosen : w^hether they have swindled
the orders or the public is a small matter ; in either case they are
swindlers, and from such no possible harm can happen to honorable
men. The other class is far different, and is armed with an authority
which multitudes acknowledge and obey. We refer to certain
portions of the Christian Church. So far as our order was con-
cerned, this was originally the greatest obstacle in the way. By
reason of a mistaken view of our character and objects, we found
in the churches bitter and uncompromising enemies.

But the Protestant Churches, that live in the light of an intel-
ligent public opinion, gradually changed their ground, and made
honorable amends for their original position, so that for the most
part they now give us substantial aid and comfort. We shall not
waste words in discussing the hostility of the Eoman Catholic
Church to all secular secret societies. That establishment is so
exclusive and dictatorial that it cannot brook apparent opjx)-
sition, even in the strife of good works. Its system of central,
arbitrary and exclusive authority cannot admit our independent
efforts ; but the loss is not ours, and confident in our work and
destiny, we may well afford to pity a perversity which cuts off
its members from one of the greatest lights of civilization.
But they do not altogether grope in darkness ; to the contrary, we
discover everywhere arising among them H\moB>t /ac-fiimiles of
our secret societies, aiming to borrow our forms and regalia,
and scarcely to be distinguished by the public from Masons or
Odd Fellows. Such is the compliment paid us by our worst
traducers, and surely we can ask nothing more. Secret benevo-
lent societies are as old as any Christian Church, and in fac^t owe
their origin to religion. Such associations have never checked
or injured any fonn of goodness. Our order is composed of men
of wdely differing religious and political opinions, and is acces-
sible at all times and in all places to the press and to the people.

9 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Under such conditions its most secret recesses are made bare, and
adequate security given, were any necessary, for tlie public
safety.

An attack, therefore, upon our secrecy is of a piece with the
rest, an ebullition of public envy or of private spite. Secular
organizations for benevolence, whose mission is to the masses,
and whose work lies in " visiting the sick, succoring the widow,
caring for the afflicted, burying the dead, and educating the
orphan," seriously interfere wuth those who exclusively assume
such duties " by divine right," and yet fail fully and properly to
discharge them. The citizen organization which enters upon and
discharges these duties is a standing menace to infallibility.
"7/tW UhB lachryvioi!^'* The anathema is therefore not so
much aimed at our secrecy as against our good works, and their
tendency to interfere with peculiar religious dogmas. But we
turn to a brighter side of the picture. The object of this work
is to present before the world one of those great organizations as
w^orthy of confidence and respect as an agent of general benefacv
tion. We feel assured that by a diffusion of a correct knowledge
of its labors and of their fruits during the last half century, its
usefulness will not only be greatly promoted, but a new and
powerful impulse will be supplied to its increasing growth and
resources. Its history will be written under the influence of that
sentiment. It will therefore require that we consider and present
the true origin, commencing as an assemblage of workmen in
England for social enjoyment, and its transition from an inchoate
beginning to a formal association ; its continued development to
a system having defined objects ; thence the formation of Lodges,
and to a combination of these into an affiliated Order, in imita-
tion no doul>t of kindred existing establishments, the first being
known as "The Ancient Order of Odd Fellows," begun in the
city of London in the 17th century. We shall also introduce
all that is known of the colonization of these principles on
our shores: that emigrants from England planted the seeds
of the enteq)rise ; that they were representatives of the various
classes or divisions of the Order in the mother country, which
were wholly independent (»f each other, and differed entirely in
their svstems of work.

Such dissimilar elements could not, however, hannonize ; and
thus their Odd Fellowship, although of a kindred origin, was,

INTKODUCTION. T

when blended, merely patchwork, made up of the ritual of
several of those independent societies. But the American Order
was fortunate. It will appear that by the accidental visit of a
brother better instructed, they were furnished with later and more
complete information, which gave them unity. So far as hecould
recognize anything among them, he found a singular mixture ;
being a jumble and compound of the Union Order, and of the
London or Ancient Order. But by his assistance these were
discarded for the true and established work of the Manchester
Unity. But these accidental lodges will be found to have nothing
in common with our Order, which had its origin in Thomas Wildey
in 1819. From this point it will be traced to the year 1833 inclu-
sive, showing its gradual change of character, and consequent
adaptation to lofty moral results. As a system created under
American auspices, it has a record which it will be our effort
faithfully to portray. Taking it up in that aspect, on the 26th of
April, 181J), the day of its birth in the city of Baltimore, by the
institution of Washington I^dge, No. 1, we shall unfold the true
story of its iirst planting.

The Grand Lodge of the United States has never recognized
any besides the four originals, in their natural order, namely :
Washington I^dge, No. 1, of Maryland; Massachusetts Lodge,
No. 1, of Massachusetts; Columbia Lodge, No. 1, of New York,
and Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, of Pennsylvania. The first of
these succeeded in bringing the others into a common union, and
in that way formed the nucleus of the present Order.

Tlie first movers were of limited education, and in a humble
sphere of life. At a later period the Order acquired men of
education from every calling in life, many of whom testified their
love for the institution bv the most valuable assistance of mind
and body in its behalf; but these were restrained by a proper
delicacy from magnifying their own achievements. They came
in generally after the first decade, and to them we are mainly
indebted for what may properly be called moral and progres-
sive Odd Fellowship. They found it simply a beneficial so-
ciety, presenting nothing attractive; and to their sagacity and
enlightened judgment is due the combination of the moral and
beneficial features of the Order, and the blending of the two into
the one great idea of the American system. To accomplish this,
it became necessary to engraft higher aspirations upon the orig-

8 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

inal stock, to widen the scope of its ambition, to amplify tlio-
moral area, and to lift it into a higher and purer region.
They could not speak of these things but in the first person
and ^' quorum para fuV^ was not their motto. No records of the
Grand Lodge of the United States had been preserved for several
years after its separation from {he Grand Lodge of Maryland, nor
had the minutes, after separating from Washington Lodge, been
more than a mere skeleton, and that belonged to the Grand
Lodge of Maryland. Nor had the Grand Lodge of Maryland
any printed journal anterior to 1831, and it is only since then
that its proceedings have been published.

The Grand Lodge of the United States was in fac^t without
any authentic manuscript record of its own proceedings, and had
no printed minutes, except occasional detached sheets, up to 1827.
The manuscript journals of the earlier period of Maryland, Penn-
sylvania, New York, and possibly of Massachusetts, now in exist-
ence, have been since collected and printed. It became neces-
sary to supply this deficiency, in the best way it could be done,
before it was too late. Accordingly the G. L. U. S., whose atten-
tion was called to this subject by the Grand Secretar}^ at the ses-
sion of 1841, directed that officer to obtain from P. G. Sire
Wildey all " documents connected with the early history of the
Order in his possession ; comprising ancient chartei*s, pamphlets,
magazines and record books of much interest and valuable infor-
mation "; also, " to collect all property of this Grand Lodge, now
in possession of others, and retain the same in his possession until a
depository may be provided, or as this Grand Lodge may direct."
It was also further ordered " that the Grand Corresponding and
Recording Secretary, be and he is hereby authorized to rent a
suitable room as a place of deposit for all the books, documents
and property of the Grand Lodge of the United States, and to
transfer to said room the said property, after he shall have made
an inventory thereof."

At the session of 1842, it was " Resolved, that the Grand
Lodge of the United States approve of the printing of the journal
from the commencement, in case any respectable member of the
Order shall feel disposed to do so, on his own account ; in which
event the Grand Lodge will subscribe for one hundred copies " ;
and also, "that the Grand Secretary be and he is hereby ap-
pointed to revise and cause to be published a correct journal of

INTRODUCTION. 9

the proceedings of this Lodge from its formation, provided the
same be of no expense to the Grand Body." (Journal, 502.)

These proceedings were all in the interest of progress, and led
to the most valuable results ; while the necessity for them indi-
cates the very loose manner in which business had been con-
ducted, there being at that late day no proper office for the
Grand Secretary nor depository for the archives, and in fact no
record or account books, and no system of any kind. This
measure of reform was indispensable and wise, and was the begin-
ning of that system which has caused the subsequent proceedings
of the Order to take their present comprehensive and luminous
form. In pursuance thereof the Grand Secretary selected Bro.
John A. Kennedy of New York, then Grand Sire, as his assistant
in this interesting business. By their joint labors and persistent
research, all of the first volume of the revised journal was ob-
tained : that is to say, the record of the organization of the
Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States, and the
detail of proceedings from that initial to the formation of the
Grand Lodge of tlie United States ; also, the pre-history of the
several subordinate Lodges out of which it was formed, with the
records of the four State Grand Lodges until their union with
the present federal system.

This invaluable record was obtained in detached portions, in
part from the manuscript journal of Washington Lodge, No. 1,
the minutes of the Grand Lodge of Marjland and of the
United States, and of the Grand Lodges of Pennsylvania, New
York, and Massachusetts. To these were added traditionary
data obtained from the leading men who took part in the
early movements, and who had not then passed away. This
material was woven into the text of the first volume of the
journal from 1821 to 1826 inclusive, and furnished the copious
notes thereto appended. There seems to have been an utter
indifference to the preservation of the early records, so much
BO indeed that many of the original minute-books of the first
Lodges were permitted to perish. The result of all these in-
quiries and of all this research terminated in the book that was
reported to the G. L. U. S. at the session of 1844, and was
adopte<l by that body with great unanimity. (Journal, 621, 657.)
The effect produced by its appearance was such as the let-
tered reader may readily perceive, since it changed chaos into

10 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

order and system. Nor did its advantages stop here ; this example
had its influence upon State Grand Bodies and subordinates,
which began at once the preservation of their historic possessions.
With these scant materials, it has been with diffidence that
we assumed the responsibility involved in this production. The
beginning is the salient point in all narrative; when this is
properly presented, confidence is inspired, and encouragement is
given both to the writer and the reader. An obscure or hidden
initial is a difficulty never to be overcome, and never fails to
embarrass progress. In early days our orators, after the manner
of tlie mercantile classes, vaunted in glowing colors the value
and quality of their wares. It was usual to profess an antique
origin, so far back as the first d awnings of the secret principle,
and thence through all the ages, the camp of the Roman
Legion, into Britain and Gaul, and wherever the Caesars car^
ried their victorious eagles. Learning and ingenuity were com-
bined to weave fabulous narratives of the olden time in proof of
the mysterious origin. But the genesis was too recent to admit of
such fables, and gave positive proof to the contrary. The origin
was too notorious to be hidden away in the dreams of a rash
enthusiasm, and a very short time was required to dissolve such
visions into their native ether. The public mind was irresistibly
attracted to Washington Lodge and to Wildey as a starting point,
so entirely satisfactory that nothing more was required on that
subject. The idea was latent in the charter of 1820, which was
only a bond of connection with the Manchester Unity ; but its
development was American, and it did not need the formal sepa-
ration from the Unity in 1843 to give it the character of a
national institution. Thus we have no common ritual, no affilia-
tion, and nothing of the same form of government. In ours alone
we find stirring appeals to the higher nature, and those moral and
divine principles which elevate it almost to the dignity of a reli-
gion. In England, relief is the chief aim, to which all else is
made subordinate. Tlie Manchester Unity, although greatly im-
proved, is chiefly a life and health insurance company, with dues
and benefits graduated by the scale of risks taken by insurance
companies. This is praiseworthy, and should be imitated ; some
of the most able of our own brethren are doing good service in the
same direction, for which they are entitled to the thanks of all ;
but neither they nor we make it our chief aim and highest con-
cern. The contrast is great and the difference vital.

INTRODUCTION. 11

The written and unwritten work that once united them has
been neglected by the Unity, and but few traces of that bond of
union are left among us. The link that united us to a common
ancestry has been broken forever, and we are so altered and im-
proved as to have created a new system. It is firmly believed
that no such work as ours, under any of the names known as Odd
Fellows, has ever been completed ; and to-day it is the pride and
oracle of a body of men who may well rank among tlie most
enlightened on the globe. Thus these annals go back more than
half a century. The beginning, as to place, is sufficiently certain ;
some dates have also been preserved, and a number of interesting
facts of more or less importance to the story. But for the most
part, many of the facts detailed have been found after careful
searcliing, and others will be discovered to be fragments picked
up here and there among the dust which has settled on much
that we would fain discover if we could. Men of action make
history, but seldom preserv^e the materials they have used ; it
follows that in many cases it will be found difficult, if not impos-
sible, to trace back some of the greatest results of human conduct
to the men and the incidents that gave them origin. In our task
we occupy a middle ground, so that while we must fail to gratify
curiosity in many particulars, yet in others, and those of the
greatest moment, we shall be able to let in the light upon impor-
tant starting j)oints, show the objects indicated, introduce the
actors, in many cases exhibit their motives, and even at
times oifer a ej)ectator as a witness to some crude effort of
beginning. Unfortunately for us, the early records of Washing-
ton Lodge cannot be found. They are reported lost, and this
compels us to rely more or less on the traditional statements of
early members ; the narrowness of which limit will apjx^ar when
we consider that nearly all who participated in the first decade
of the Order have made their final exit. To these few, but a
small portion of the events of the early days of that period could
be personally known. Joshua Vansant of 1823, and James L.
Ridgely of 1829, constitute about all that are left of the Order
that date from that period. Ridgely did not come in until just
as the first decade was closing and the second opening ; and as he
at once inaugurated movements for reforming abuses and for im-
proving the condition of the Order, he had but little opportunity
to become familiar with details which he had then neither the

12 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

taste nor ineiination to appreciate. Could he have foreseen tlie
importance of such facts, and that he would be called upon for
tlieir recital, a far different and decidedly more satisfactory pre-
paration would have been made for this history. But what man
could then foresee this day, and anticipate the fame that would
surround that decade? Who that saw and mingled in those
early scenes could realize their romantic interest : that they were
rehearsals of dramatic import to unborn generations ; that those
obscure names would become household words in many lan-
guages and among many nations ; tliat one of the band of early
enthusiasts, himself the earliest and the most laborious of them
all, yet a man of but little culture and of slender abilities,
should, at his decease, be mourned by a great national institu-
tion, and that a monument should proudly rise in grateful mem-
ory of his deeds ? Some such events were indeed foreshadowed,
and were the theme of ardent minds ; but the probable existence
of such a reality was as unassured as the verity of a half awaken-
ing dream. At all events, no proper record of the early history
attests the faith of the founders in the imj)ortance of their Mork.
We are therefore entirely dependent, in many particulars, on the
traditions — furnished from time to time by Wildey, Welch, Jack-
son, Boyd, Mathlot, Marley, Fennell and others, with whom many
of us have had personal relations. These, with certain minutes,
narratives and letters which remain, are the sources from which
we have drawn. Above and beyond all are we indebted to the
invaluable manuscript of P. G. Sire K(*nnedy, in which he has
collected a large amount of data^ from various directions ; without
which, indeed, many vital points in this chronicle must have been
omitted. To these, that lamented and distinguished brother has
added some personal reminiscences of an interesting cliaracter,
which will make their appearance in their proper places in the
narrative.

The history of the first decade cannot be confined strictly
within that period, l)ut will of necessity embrace a longer time
for the development of the first great era. The retirement of
the last of the pioneers, the founder of the Order, will naturally
be the resting point; without including that event the story
would be imperfect, and no just conception can be had of the
reign of Wildey. Around that act the whole interest must center
as the starting point of constitutional government. One goal

DTTRODCCnOX, 13

bad been reached, and another was rising before the new men to
whom was confided the eventful future. At that epoch we can
safely leave them, and at the same time complete the narrative
which explains the past and the present of Odd FellowshijK
To vindicate the Order as a secret society will also require a
chapter on the secret principle, the histon* of the degrees and
secret work, and an exemplification and defence of oitr claims as
teachers after the manner of the olden times. In the rich field
of biography we might gather enough to fill a volume ; but our
space will require a scanty selection. Boyd must of necessity
appear ; Marley and Mathiot were fortimate in coming down to
our times, and, as men of 1S23, cannot l)e neglected; Welch,
Entwisle and Wildey, as the great trio, will be seen everywhere ;
but filial duty and grateful reverence Avill prepare a niche for
each of these fraternal heroes in a separate biography.

We do not propose to furnish a bare recital of I-iodgo minutes,
or a mere statement of the numerical progress made by the Order
in this country. Such a work would disappoint just exjHvta-
tions, and serve no good purpose. The public view the world as
a theatre, upon which men and institutions appear and disapjwar
in the drama of life. To this stac]^e thev not oulv look for events
and characters in chronological order, but also for the disi)lay of
tlieir relative nature, quality and influence. Especially do they
expect from the dramatis personae the exliibition of those attrilv
utes which display the passions and principles, the sentiments
and actions which have wrought out the story and pointed the
moral of the play. In some such way we would delineate the
moral qualities and persistent energy which have been displaye<l ;
exhibit the trials which have been conquered through long years
of severe struggles ; exalt the heroism and patient toil which
never wearied, be the outlook ever so discouraging ; approve the
wise foresight which deserved success, and, when obtained, knew
how to utilize it ; and especially commemorate the genius which
grew up with and as part of the American scheme and gave it
vitality. The genu of that now consunmiate system apjHiared in
1821, since which it has attained a strength, beauty and vitality
which are the just admiration of its votaries, and has become a
vast element of power in the body politic. But this genc^ral
statement must suffice. The l)ook after all must speak for itself.
One fact will appear in its j)ages which nothing can alter:
WiLDEV is the central figure in the history.

14 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Recitals and descriptions naturally arising out of these sub-
jects cannot fail to relieve the monotony of lodge proceedings
and financial statements, especially if personal allusions and
biographical sketches be superadded to the manners, habits and
style of the people of the times. This character of treatment
will be adopted whenever the subject will admit of such amplifi-
cation, without breaking that continuity which must be consulted
in the close connection of the narrative. The novelty of the
attempt, and the method we have adopted, will discover to those
most capable of judging of their merits, the difficulties we have
met at every page we have wTitten ; but having done our best,
we rely upon our brethren and the public for a generous criticism
of this first authentic and official history of American Odd Fel-
lowship.

CHAPTER II.

WASHINGTON LODGE, NO. 1.

I swear
By the simplicity of Venus' doves.
By that which knlttetli souls, and prospers loves.
In the same place thou hast appointed me.
To-morrow truly will I meet with thee.

— Shakspeabe.

To a vast brotherhood residing in all parts of the United
States, in the Provinces of British North America, in Aus-
tralia, South America, and Germany, this work will be wel-
come. Their intelligence requires no apology for such a publi-
cation ; but, to the contrary, the facts and incidents here recorded
will be to them of supreme importance. Indeed, we have every
reason to believe that they ardently desire this history, to
vindicate their adherence to Odd Fellowship, by giving them a
true and connected view of the early days of its obscure but hon-
orable origin. The prosperous family naturally turns to its an-
cestors for the secret of the merit which has caused its rise, and
glows with pride to find it in the sturdy industry and sterling
integrity of the fathers. A similar sentiment must stir the heart
of a fraternity so great and powerful as that of Odd Fellows.
We are irresistibly led to seek out our predecessors, and with
filial care to learn all we can of our venerated founders ; to gaze
upon the "rude forefathers" in the costume and with the man-
ners and habits of their age and condition ; to view the rise of
our Order to its present magnitude, and to know the reasons that
exist to cause us to fear nothing in looking backward to the days
of its obscurity. But the outside world may not be so easily sat-
isfied. It is too busy in church and state to concern itself with
the affairs of a secret society. The general reader, too indolent
to discover our importance, may dismiss this volume with a smile
of incredulity. He may wonder to see so much labor expended
on such seeming trifles. What ! a secret society to publish its
history I An imposing publication to recount the deeds of men

(15)

16 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

unknown in any of the annals of the day ! A journal of the
mystic vagaries of wild enthusiasts, or pageant-loving men whose
great feat is a procession ! We can imagine some well-disposed
reader of the title laying down the book with a smile at the cre-
dulity that produced it. And really we can scarcely blame such
an one, when we consider the narrow vision of many who ought
long since to have been enlightened. At all events, we invite all
fair men to peruse tlie following statement.

AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

The Independent Order of Odd Fellows has 4 Supreme
Grand Lodges, viz. in the United States, the German Empire,
Australia, and New Zealand, It has 48 subordinate Grand
Lodges in the United States, and 4 in the German Empire ; 39
Grand Encampments in the LTnited States and one in Australia.
The subordinate lodges are in tlie United States 6,734, in the
Gennan Empire 42, in Australia 63, and in New Zealand 20,
making a total of 6,859. In the United States there are 1,818 sub-
ordinate encampments, in the German Empire 5, and in Australia
and New Zealand 4, making in all 1,827. In the encampment
or superior branch there are 87,896 members. There are also
870 Rebekah Degree Lodges, composed of members of the Fifth
degree and their wives. During the past year there have been
40,578 initiations, and the sum of $1,702,774.82 has been spent
for relief of members. The total revenue for the year was four
million, five hundred and sixteen thousand, six hundred and
sixty dollars and sixty-three cents. From 1830 to December
31, 1877, we find the following aggregates: Initiations
1,064,928; members relieved 816,882; widowed families re-
lieved 108,385 ; members buried 74,226 ; the whole amount of
relief was sixty-nine million, two hundred and thirty-five thou-
sand, nine hundred and eighty-nine dollars and forty-five cents.
What we have paid in charity and for the education of orphans
would fill a volume and to-day we number a membership of 465,466.
When we speak of the Order in the United States we include the
Provinces of British North America. No man can read these
figures without being penetrated with an intense desire to know
the source of such ])enefactions. In these pages will be found an
answer to all questions worthy of reply, and true men everywhere

WASHINGTON LODGE. 17

will rejoice at a spectacle which we fondly hope is already blessed
by Heaven. The facts we shall narrate are stranger than fiction,
and the whole subject is full of romance. The calendar of good
men will have added to its pages names now merely known, but
ever after to be held in grateful memory. Tlie story will
appeal to national pride, for it is all American ; the scenes are in
our own States and cities, and the incidents will show that the spirit
of the country inspired them. In all the hundred years since 1776,
no more glorious fruit of independence has been gathered from
the tree of liberty. In the year of jubilee, 1876, no voices were
louder than ours to rejoice, for none had greater reason. No
more costly merchandise, no more precious gem, no greater in-
strument for the common good, no more beneficent outgrowth
of our civilization appeared at the Centennial. We carried to
the exhibition our works of charity and benevolence, and on and
above them in golden lettering wrote the proud inscription,
*' These also are American."

WILDEY AND WELCH.

The city of Baltimore, the great seaport and entrepot of com-
merce of the State of Maryland, is too well known to require
description. For many years it ranked the third among the
cities of the United States in size and population. In the year
1818 its inhabitants were less than sixty thousand, and the whole
State was not then more populous than the present city. The war
with England had just closed, in which the city had been attacked,
and Washington, the capital of the country, but thirty-nine miles
distant, was captured and its public edifices barbarously burned.
It followed that England was much hated by our countrymen,
and nowhere was that hatred more intense than in Baltimore.
To be an Englishman was an offence to both pride and patriotism,
and all such were considered public and perfidious enemies. It
was at this period, say in the winter of 1818, that one Thomas
Wildey and a certain John Welch, both natives of England, were
residents of that city, and as fellow-c^ountrymen were in the
habit of spending much of their leisure time together. Wildey
had been initiated into an Odd Fellows lodge in the city of Lon-
don about 1804, when he was twenty-two years of age, and sub-
«e(juently took an active part in starting another in the same city,

a

18 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

nnder the style of Morning Star Lodge, Xo. 38. Both of these
were subordinate to a body then known as the Grand Lodge of
England, but whose authority was Httle recognized outside of
London city. There were then, as there are now, in England,
many separate organizations and independent lodges ; they were
secret, and the only bond of union was the use of the same form
of what was denominated " work."' Thus a change of member-
ship from one to the other was provided for, and such arrange-
ments were made with the utmost facility. Wildey emigrated to
this country in 1817 ; the movement which resulted in the fonna-
tion of the Manchester Unity was so entirely provincial that no
knowledge of it had reached the metropolis, and hence he left
England without instruction in the work of the Independent
Order. During his membership in the two lodges referred to, he
had passed through all the otfices, having filled the chair of
Noble Grand as many as three times. Welch had also been a
member of a London lodge, and had passed the chairs before
his emigration.

A LODGE OF ODD FELLOWS TO IJE FORMED.

The two friends, among other souvenirs of the old country,
were loud in their regrets that a change of residence had deprived
them of the social pleasure of a lodge. Soon an intense desire
arose to bring about similar relations, and tlioy mutually resolved,
if possible, to form a lodge of Odd Fellows. The fi>rst difficulty
was to find the proper number for the puqlo^ie. Private efforts;
were made, and everv means at liand exhausted to discover other
brothers, but in vain. It then occurred to tliem that a resort to
the newspapers might prove more successful, and this ha]>py
thought resulted in the following, whicli appeared in " The Bal-
timore American'' on the 13th day of P'ebruary, 1819:

"Notice to all Odd Fellows. — A few members of the
Societv of Odd Fellows will be ixhid to nu»et their brethren for
consultation upon the subject of forming a Lodge. The meet-
ing will be held on Friday evening, the 2d March, 1810."'

At the time and place designated two recruits made their
appearance, namely, John Duncan and John Cheatham ; the lat-
ter had been initiated in England, and was proficient in the old
work; the fonner claimed to have been initiated in the city

WASHINGTON LODGE. 19

of Baltimore seventeen years before, but he could give no
satisfactory account of the lodge in which it was done, neither
its name, location nor membership, but lie retained an accurate
knowledge of the ancient password^ sign and grij). As cards
were then not in use by the London Order^ they proceeded by
mutual examinations to test one another, and the result was
entirely satisfactory. But the further difficulty arose that tlicy
were in all but four, and by ancient usage the number of five
was necessary to form a lodge. The method they were adopting
was known as " self-institution," and they might have been iiTeg-
ular in their preliminaries, but the temptation was not sufficient
to afiect their fidelity to a fundamental regulation of the Order.
Ardently as they desired to organize, tliey would not violate the
organic law. Frequent conferences were held, and new search
made for an additional member, but without success. Again
they had recourse to the newspaper, and tlie following advertise-
ment appeared in "The Baltimore American" on the 27th day of
March, 1819 :

"Notice to Odd Fellows. — A few membei*s of the Society of
Odd Fellows will be glad to meet their brethren for the purpose
of forming a Lodge, on Friday evening, 2d April, at the Seven
Stare, Second Street, at the hour of seven P. M."

WASHINGTON LODGE INSHTUTED.

This had the effect of bringing to the surface a certain
Richard Rush worth, another initiate of the London body, and
BO the magic number was complete. Not a moment was lost,
but all the necessary arrangements were speedily made, so that on
Monday, April 26th, 1819, the five brothers met at the sign of
" The Seven Starsj^ on the south side of Second Street, between
Frederick Street and Market Space, at a public; house kei)t by a
certain William Lupton ; and then and there, with all the
forms of which they possessed any knowledge, they solenmly
instituted and opened a lodge, which they named " AVashington
Lodge of Odd Fellows." Tliomas AVildey was installed as Noble
Grand, and John Welch as Vice Grand ; the other brothers were
also given offices, but it is not certain how they were distributed.
In such haste, but also with all due formality and dignity, was
the first stone laid in the foundation of American Odd Fellow-

20 AMEBIOAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

ship I Five Englishmen separated themselves from a commnnity
in which they were already condemned by a national prejudice.
The object was one of English origin, and the place and order of
their meetings were calculated to increase the feeling of bitter-
ness against them : but they were in earnest, and had no thought of
failure. Efforts were at once commenced to add to their number,
and within two or three weeks they had increased their member-
ship to fifteen.

THE LODGE OBTAINS THE ENGLISH WOBK.

It was at this time that one Henry M. Jackson arrived in
Baltimore from Liveri)ool, and on learning of the existence of the
lodge he was much surprised ; for, under the impression that
there was no lodge of the Order in the United States, he had
come provided with copies of the cliarges, then recently revised
by the still incipient Manchester Unity, as well as the lectures
just issued by the same authority ; and he had fondly hoped to
become the pioneer of Odd Fellowship in America. He made
his appearance at the house of Lupton, and without loss of time
secured an introduction to the Noble Grand. Wildey met him
with pleasure, and gave him a cordial invitation to attend the
lodge at its next meeting. At that meeting he was well received,
and, as a compliment, was invited by the Noble Grand to occupy
the chair of the Warden at the opening of the lodge. Tliis posi-
tion enabled him readily to ascertain, before the lodge was opened,
that it was not being worked on the refonned plan adopted by
the Manchester Unity. Of course he made the point, as he had
no doubt come there for that as well as for other purposes; and
so he gravely announced to the astonished Noble Grand, ^^ Nobody
in the lodge is correct^ The consternation that ensued was fol-
lowed by a recess, when all were requested to withdraw from the
lodge-room except N. G. Wildey and V. G. Welch ; Jackson then
produced his revised documents, and proceeded to infonn the
two ofBeers of the manner in which the changeable password
was operated in conjunction with the old pennanent one, which
was then in use by all divisions of the Order. It is presumed
that he submitted the whole of the improvements made by the
Manchester Unity, so far as they had progressed, which consisted
of: 1st. The weekly benefit system, on which the Unity had

WASHINGTON LODGE. 21

been fonned in 1813; 2cl. The renewable password agreed
upon by the Unity as a body, in 1815, at first ordained to be
changed monthly, but in a year or two was made changeable
quarterly; 3d. The Code of General Laws, adopted also in
1815, but not fully enforced for several years; 4th. The
" Funeral Fund" system, adopted in 1816, but not made obliga-
tory on the lodges; 5th. The three original degrees, with
their lectures, which were also adopted in 1816 ; 6th. The old
charges as revised in 1817, with a new Past Grand's charge
adopted at that time. This information having been imparted,
the other members of the lodge were recalled, and were duly
instructed in the mode of work practised by the " Independent
Order of Odd Fellows " of the Manchester Unity. The first person
initiated in accordance with the revised work was a brother Ire-
land. The membership, however, did not seem to increase more
rapidly by reason of the change of the work. When Bro. Ireland
was initiated, about the middle of May, 1819, he was registered
as Number 16 ; and when Brother John Boyd deposited his card
in the lodge, in September, he was registered as Number 19 ; so
that but three additions were made in that time, and Jackson
must have been one of the three, as his was the first card the
lodge had received on deposit. It may here be remarked, that
the Manchester Unity Lodges were the only ones that at that
time issued cards, and we have every reason to believe that they
expired only in case of emigration. It is uncertain when or for
what cause the lodge ceased to meet at Lupton's. Wildey was
used to say that Lupton " tried to overreach them," but gave no
further explanation. Jackson insisted that he left the lodge at
" The Seven Stars " in June, when he went to Philadelphia, and
that on his return in September he was informed that no meet-
ings had been held during his absence. This is probably nearly
if not entirely correct, as a severe epidemic broke out in Baltimore
early in July, 1819, which created great alarm, and undoubtedly
had such an effect upon the young lodge as to cause a suspension
of its meetings. That sterling Odd Fellow, John Boyd, concurs
with Jackson in fixing the time when the lodge was removed to
Thomas Woodward's in September, 1819. This testimony en-
ables us to estimate pretty accurately the progress made by the
lodge in the first five months of its existence. To the first five,
such accessions had been made as to reach in all the number of

22 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

nineteen ; of these, Jackson and Boyd were aflSliated by the
deposit of cards, and the remaining twelve were most probably
received by initiation. Under all the circumstances, the condi-
tion of its affairs would seem to be of no unfavorable augury.

JACKSON THE RIVAL OF WILDEY.

But an element existed among the members which had of
necessity to breed a spirit of discord. The ambition of Jackson
to supplant Wildey in the esteem of the brotherhood, and to be
recognized as the real founder of the lodge, kept him busy in stir-
ring up discontent and controversy. To break down Wildey, who
had been elected for a second tenn, and to take away his leader-
ship, all his energies were directed. He claimed above all others
to be the oracle of that code of unwritten law called "Ancient
Usage," and exerted much ability in misquoting and distorting
it into many shapes to suit his selfish purposes. "What his argu-
ments were is scarcely worthy of mention ; one only may be
inserted as a specimen. He contended that by ancient law a
Noble Grand was not eligible to succeed himself in office. But,
to the contrary, it was shown that it had not been unusual for
that officer to be retained in his place for years. This special
effort was directed towards defeating Wildey, sliould he become
a candidate for re-election in October. On the other hand, the
majority, composed of the friends of Wildey,. regarded it danger-
ous to make any such change ; and although the other party offered
as a substitute that most amiable of men, Vice-Grand Welch,
they insisted upon Wildey, and again elected him to preside over
the lodge. Tliis produced a crisis, the results of which will be
detailed in the course of this narrative.

PAST GRAND CROWDKRS MISSION TO ENGLAND.

It was wlien this conflict was at its height that P. G. Crowder
of Preston, Lancashire, England, made a tour of the United
States, and having reached the (*ity of Baltimore, he accidentally
obtained information which led him to visit the infant lodge.
His appearance and sympathy at this juncture infused new
energy into the minds of the perj)lexed and desponding brother-
hood. New hopes were inspired, and new plans were s])eedily
projected for future success. At his suggestion, an application

wa8«ia'gton lodge. 23

w as prepared in suitable form to be presented to any competent
authority of the Independent Order in England, for a Dispensa-
tion admitting the lodge into tlie regular fellowship of the Order.
At the suggestion of some one present it was added, that said
lodge, when so established, should be clothed with power and
authority to extend the benefits of the fraternity " throughout
the whole land." This large provision, in which lay the germ of
the American system, was so little considered at the time, as to
provoke neither comment nor debate, and even the name of its
mover is imknown. So little are we cognizant of the planting of
those potent seeds tliat have grown to giant oaks and waving
forests. On such apparently trivial accidents do many of the
great events of history depend. The polished Roman attributed
such things to the gods, and could not be persuaded that they
exist but by the aid of some divinity. Jews and Christians
ascribe them to that inter])()sition of the hand of God which we
revere imder the name of Providence. And certainly we may
well believe that some invisible and divine influence shed the
light which was destined to produce such an illumination of tlie
moral finiuiment. l^rother Crowder soon afterwards returned to
his country as the willing messenger of the Baltimore brethren.
TJpon his arrival at Preston he presented the petition to Duke of
York Lo<lge at that place, where he held his membership. Tliis
was in accordance with the practi(*e which then prevailed, and
that lodge promptly granted the petition, within sixty days after
the agent had left Baltimore. This celebrated document reads
as follows :

THK OBIGINAL CHARTER FROM DUKE OF YORK^S LODGE.

Xi). Washington Loikji:, 1.
PlunbHH I' num.

The Grnml Lodi^c of 3Iaiylainl, aiiul of tlic United States of Anieriea, of the
Indeiwiulent Onler of Odd Fellowship. To nil whom it may coneern:

This Warnint or Dtftjunxtition is a free cift from the Duke of York's L(Klgc,
of the IndeiK*ndent Onhr of Odd Fellowship, holden at Preston, in the Counly
of LnnciiHter, in Old England, lo a number of hrothei-s residing in the C-ity of
Biiltimore, to estahlisli ii Lodge at the house; of hn)lher Thomas "NVtKKhvanl, in
South Frederick street, in sjiid City : Ilalleil bv the title of *'Xo. 1. Washington
Lodge, the Gnind Lo<lge of Mtirifland and of the United SIuUh of Anuricn.^^
Thiit the 8:ud Lo<lge lK*ing the lii*st established in the UnitiHl States, hath the
power to gnint a Wnrmnt or l}iKi)i:nmtion to a numlKT of bi'othei's of the lude-

v

24 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

pendent Order of Odd Fellowship in any State of the Union, for the enooorage-
ment and support of brothers of the said Order when on travel or otherwise.
And be it fbrther observed that the said Lodge be not removed from the house
of brother Thomas Woodward, so long as five brothers are agreeable to hold the
same. In testimony hereof, we have subjoined our names and afiixed the seal
of our Lodge, this the first day of February, one thousand eight hundred and
twenty.

James MAia>8LEY, O. M, _- John Crowder, P. G.

John Cottam, N. O, , W. Topping, P. O.

[seal.] Geo. Nailor, V. G, ^ Sam'l Pemberton, P. G.

John Eccles, Sec, Geo. Ward, P. G,

John Walmslies, P G, - Geo. Beli^, P. G,

It is very evident that this paper was not wholly prepared in
England, but that a draft was made in this country and accompa-
nied the petition. The several errors of style and deficiency in
expression in portions of the warrant, were the result of defective
education in all the parties, and the lack of experience by the Pres-
ton Lodge in the issue of such instruments; thus they were
passed over as immaterial, or it may be without detection. But
the correct and precise manner in which the geographical divi-
sions of the country are treated, establishes beyond controversy
that it was not solely prepared in England, much less in an.
English inland village. The warrant is dated February Ist^
1820, but did not reach Baltimore until October of the same
year, and on the 23d of that month it Mas formally accepted, and
the lodge thenceforth regarded itself as duly constituted and
began its new career. So slow and uncertain was the transmis-
sion of important papers fifty years ago, that it required nearly
nine months for the warrant to reach its destination ; the mails
could not be trusted, and the package express had not yet been
started by Past Grand Hale of New York. Recourse was there-
fore had to private hands, as the safest, if not the most expedi-
tious mode of transmission. When the document reached the
lodge, nearly a year had elapsed since the application had been
sent to England.

JOHN YATEs' mission.

In the interim, in the absence of intelligence from Bro. Crow-
der, the lodge had determined to avail of another opportunity
which had presented itself. Bro. John Yates, a member of the
lodge, undertook to visit England on private business, in the
early part of October, 1820, and to him was committed an

WASHINGTON LODGE. 25

application for a Dispensation, addressed to the authorities of the
Order in Manchester. On the arrival of Yates at Liverpool he
managed to have the petition forwarded to Manchester; and
according to the printed records of the Manchester Unity, it came
before a "special committee," January 7th, 1821, and induced
the following action :

^^Hesoloedy That the Washington Lodge, Baltimore, North
America, be allowed a dispensation from the Abercrombie Grand
Lodge, but the profits thereof to go to the Grand Committee. They
are likewise allowed Lecture Books, By-Laws and Articles ; and
that John Yates be written to, in answer to the American letters,
desiring his attendance at Manchester, from Liverpool, or if he
cannot attend, to desire that he will send an answer by return,
to know if an oflScer must go to meet him at Liverpool with
them ; and that if an officer be deputed, he be cautioned to be as
reasonable in his charges as possible, and not at any rate exceed
one pound for expenses."

This proceeding is evidence that the Duke of York Lodge had
failed to report to the Grand Committee at Manchester, to which
it was subordinate, that a warrant had been granted eleven
months before to the Washington Lodge at Baltimore ; it can
be explained on no other hj^othesis. But the documents from
Bome cause failed to reach Bro. Yates, and he returned to Balti-
more, where he found the lodge in full operation under the war-
rant issued by the Duke of York Lodge. It is presumed, however,
that he received information from Bro. Crowder, or some other
brother at Preston, that a free Dispensation had already been for-
warded to Baltimore. This, in those days of poverty and econ-
omy, must have been good news indeed ; and Yates was no doubt
glad to abandon his application, and so save some money for his
constituents. Thus the long suspense was over, and the lodge
was no longer in danger from irregularity; the tie with the
mother Order being lawfully and perfectly formed.

THE FINANCES OF THE LODGE.

Daring the first year of the existence of Washington Lodge
it had many troubles, in the enumeration of which the first place
may be assigned to the lack of money. The ancient practice
adopted by it of expending the penny receipts for refreshments for
brothers, was the chief cause of weakness. The amounts received

26 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

for initiation and deposit of cards were too insignificant to become
the basis of a permanent or available fund ; for the former did
not exceed in any case one dollar, or in the latter twenty-five
cents. Meanwhile, calls for assistance increased with the mem-
bership, to such an extent as to keep the " WardevbS aar^" con-
stantly on the move during the sessions of the lodge ; and this
had the effect of frightening away many of the more prudent or
less opulent of the members. A change of plan became neces-
sary, and that change was made without delay. " The pence "
were at once passed into The Strong Box^ as the nucleus of a
treasury for times of need. The axe was sent around merely for
regular dues, excepting only when, as rarely happened, '^atramp^^
was in attendance for relief, or some extraordinary occasion
required it. It was then settled that each member and visitor
should be obliged to pay his several bills for refreshments. This
step to some extent overcame the difficulty, and was attended
with the best of results. It may be proper just here to state, that
the "Strong Box" became a part of the lodge-room furniture. It
was a substantial chest, well strapped and bound with iron, and
very heavily constructed : and as to size in solid measure, from
fourteen to sixteen cubic feet ; with three locks of different con-
struction, the best that at that period could be procured : they
were placed one at each end and tlie other in the middle. The
N. G., V. G. and sitting P. G. each had a key of a separate lock,
and were held jointly and severally responsible for the safety of
the contents. By this precaution all three were required to be
present at tlie opening of the strong box. The lodge funds and
the more vahiable of the books and papers were deposited here
for safekeeping, until it was demonstrated, ])y two or three expe-
riences, that as to this treasury, thieves could break in and steal.

THE BENEFIT SYSTEM.

The time when tlie benefit system M'as fully adopted by
Washington Lodge is difficult to dcteniiine. It does not seem to
have been undeivtood by either Jackson or Boyd when they
joined the lodge, and yet they must have known that this was
the chief reliaiure and regular practice of the Man(!hester Unity.
But it was already in operation, or now went into operation at
the change just alluded to. It is believed that the pence were
placed in the strong box, not only for safety, but that the money

WASHESGTON LODGE. 27

might be at hand for the payment of the ordinary expenses, and
in extending relief to the sick and disabled brothers of the lodge.
It was probably in existence before N. G. Wildey left the chair
in April, 1820, as he was among those most ready to adopt any
idea or plan that seemed to favor the success of tlie enterprise.
It may possibly have been promoted by the advice of Brother
Crowder during his sojourn, as one of the leading features in the
usefulness of the Manchester Unity. If these surmises are cor-
rect,'it may even have been partially set on foot during the latter
part of 1819 ; and, as was fonuerly the case in Manchester, so at
first, the money necessary for the payment of benefits might from
time to time have been collected on the AVarden's axe.

WILDEY IS PREFERRED TO JACKSON.

Another source of trouble and anxiety arose from the jarrings
of internal discord. As before related, parties had been formed
in this little family ; we have already stated that Bro. Jackson
had endeavored to supplant N. G. Wildey as the prime mover in
the affairs of the Order. The one was the author of the lodge's
existence, the other the reformer of its system of operation. At
the period of P. G. Crowder s appearance the contest was at its
height, and each was supported by zealous and devoted friends.
He seemed to be recognized by botli parties as the umpire of
this dispute, and tacitly accepted the responsibility. All his
eflTorts were at firet directed to effect a compromise ; but they were
of no avail, and he at length proceeded to examine into the nature
of tlie diflSculty. It was not only to fix the relative merits of the
work done by the brothers, but to detennine, and, as it resulted,
to confirm finally to one of them the place of the great leader.
By singular good fortune he indicated Wildey as the man on
whom they should rely for the safety of the enteq>rise. It s(»ems
that he refused to consider any otlier question but that of policy,
and was irresistibly attracted to Wildey as the coming man ; and
few since that time have ever ventured to impugn the wisdom of
his decision. Endorsed by Crowder and aided by his friends,
Wildey was re-elected N. G. at the election in October.

FRANKLIN LODGE TO SUPERSEDE WASHINGTON J.ODiiK,

Jackson and his most zealous followers were not satisfied, and
at once withdrew from Washington Jx)dge and fonned Franklin

28 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Lodge, with a firm resolution to supersede and overthrow the for-
mer by the institution of the Order in another form. Jackson^
for himself and friends, prepared an application for a dispensa-
tion for Franklin Lodge, and addressed it to the Grand Commit-
tee at Manchester. This document was also forwarded by private
hands ; but the agent was less trustworthy than either Crowder
or Yates, for it did not reach the Grand Committee until June,
1821, some nineteen months after it had been sent. The receipt
of this application by the Committee afforded the opportunity
to re-open the question, then becoming important, of extending
the Order to foreign lands under the auspices of the Manchester
Unity. In considering the petition, the incipient organization at
Manchester began to assert prerogatives in a manner that had
not been dreamed of by the Duke of York Lodge, nor even by
the same Committee in the preceding January. It has been
believed, and with good reason, that the average Englishman has
but little, if any, acquaintance with the geography of the United
States; few therefore would be astonished to learn from hiin
that Pennsylvania was a city in Philadelphia, or that Maryland
was the chief city in the State of Baltimore. In this instance
we have exhibited the phenomenon of the then existing Province
of Marj'land in which was located the City of Philadelphia.
Whatever may have induced the mistake, we are sure that neither
Baltimore nor Philadelphia will have much relish for such a
doubtful compliment. At all events the Grand Committee had
in some manner been informed that the application was from the
place whose territory was already occupied, that a Mother
Lodge was already in existence there, and thus was led to the
conclusion that the prayer of the petitioners could not be granted.
But instead of this announcement by them in direct terms, it
was couched in a singular resolution then placed upon their
record :

" Special Cormaittee held at the Dog and Yolunteer^

Salford, June 21st, 1821.

^^JResolved, That the Washington Lodge, Philadelphia, be
acknowledged No. 1, or Grand Lodge of the Province of Mary-
land, in the United States of America, and that they be informed
that the usage of Odd Fellowship in England has confirmed a
law that each Grand Lodge shall have a District of twelve miles,
but that should any Grand Lodge assume an unbecoming prerog-
ative, we will interfere, if just cause be shown, and grant farther

WASHINGTON LODGE. 29

DiBpensations to the United States, and that the legality (under
these restrictions) be confirmed by the Dispensation granted from
the Duke of York Lodge, Preston."

Notwithstanding the whole of this proceeding had relation to
Washington Lodge, and to none other, so far as words can express
a purpose, yet notice was never given to the lodge that such a
vote had been taken or resolution passed. But on the 25th of
June a copy was made, and forwarded by private hands to Frank-
lin Lodge, instead of by the post, by means of which precaution
its delivery in Baltimore was fortunately secured. The copy was
signed by Isaac Hardman, C. S., and in his proper handwriting
a note was appended in the words following: ''The Franklin
Lodge is desired to apply to the Washington for dispensation^
<J&c." Hardman's communication came into the possession of
Franklin Lodge in the early part of August, 1821, and as Jack-
sonj who had instigated the brothers to revolt, had in the mean-
time removed from the city, they were no longer disposed to
strike for independence ; they therefore consulted the interests of
all concerned, and adopted the suggestion they had received from
England.

THE COMMrrXEE OF PAST GRANDS.

Washington Lodge, in the interval, had been actively engaged
in preparing for every emergency. Its first step had been to
organize the Committee of Past Grands, a very important and
necessary appendage to the Ancient Order. These were called
in as the counsellors of the lodge from the moment that it pos-
sessed a sufficient number who were qualified for that purpose.
It is presumed that several of those admitted by card were already
Past Grands. Both Wildey and Welch had attained that rank
in England, and were the only members who had occupied the
chair of Noble Grand until July, 1820, so that no other person
could have passed that chair prior to October of the same year.
But the Committee of Past Grands was in operation as early as
August, 1820; from which it may be inferred that at least two,
namely, Boyd and Couth, must have entered the lodge as Past
Grauds. It is also asserted that Entwisle entered as a Past
Grand, but this is denied ; P. G. Sire Kennedy so asserts, but on
the contrary Washington Lodge claims that great Odd Fellow as
one of its initiates; the lost minutes alone could settle the question.

30 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

The origin, nature and oflSce of this Committee do not clearly
appear; what is known may be briefly stated. Previous to
the organization of Grand Lodges — wliich did not in fact exist in
England properly as such, but in a quasi manner only, with the
name of "District Committees" — the business of supervising the
Order was imperfectly performed by " Conmiittees of Past
Grands," called together whenever their services were supposed
to be needed. These bodies do not appear to have been in pos-
session of any established powers, extent of jurisdiction, or penna-
nent officers, and in convention were destitute of regulations
other than such as were reflected by the light of " ancient usage.'*
Matters of grievance composed the principal concerns submitted
to them ; but their decisions were in no case final or operative,
but merely advisory, and were adopted or rejected at the option
of the parties interested.

THE TWO AMERICAN DEGREES.

In the month last named, Aug. 1820, John Pawson Entwisle^
the ornament of the lodge, took a step of equal importance
in another direction. He had prepared, and now submitted to
the Committee of Past Grands, a great improvement in the work
of the Order. It consisted of the original drafts of the two
degrees, then and now designated " Covenant " and '' Remem-
brance." The act was as bold as it was successful; the amend-
ments were such as to conmiend themselves on the first perusal.
The Committee did not hesitate to adopt them ; and being brought
into tlie lodge, they were conferred upon the members. This
great change was a declaration of entire independence in a mat-
ter which was felt to involve imj)ortant consequences. It was the
work of one voun^j^ in v(»ars, but in the estimation of his brethren
in many things superior to thorn all. It will be found in the
sequel, that instead of creating disturbance, these degrees, which
had their birth in Baltimore, were afterwards gladly received and
adopted in the mother country. This member, who appears for
the first time in the narrative, will fill but a small space upon the
record. Ilis career was short, and his work was of a nature to be
unknown and una])preciated until the secret chapters of the his-
tory of his time should be written and i)ul)lished. The very few
fragments that remain of his composition well attest his intelli-
gence, capacity and cultivation. In the proper place Entwisl©

WASHINGTON LODGE. 31

will again appear, and more particularly when we come to speak
of the great trio^ in which he will assume, so far as we can ensure
it, the station and dignity to which he, above all othere, was en-
titled.

THE PAST GRANDS OF WASHINGTON LODGE BECOME THE GRAND
LODGE OF MARYLAND AND OF THE UNITED STATES.

The time was approaching when another step was made in
the growing system. It soon became plain to all that the condi-
tion of the lodge was anomalous. It was indeed the whole Order
in America, but it was composed of incongruous and repugnant
elements, and in its details of government was incompetent for
the task it had undertaken. It was formed alike of the instructed
and uninstructed, and had no rule for the delegation of its author-
ity to the wise and able. As a single lodge it was indeed the
superior of all others, and the source of their authority. But
this was found, on examination, of a nature to destroy its own
sanctions, by the manifest injustice which would result from its
exercise. The subject became one of serious inquiry. As
un'ght have been expected, there was a great diversity of opinion
among the membership. On the one side were those who believed
in " ancient usage " as against all change, and those who, caring
for usage, were unwilling to resign any portion of their power ;
and on the other were a numerous class of many shades of opin-
ion, but who upon the whole were inclined to the doctrine that
the direction of the Order should be assigned to the ablest and
most experienced among the membership, that these as a body
should be entrusted with the supreme government, and that
every new lodge when instituted should in the same manner par-
ti(*ipate in the same power, by the selection of such of its mem-
bers as were equally worthy of the privilege. This question Mas
not settled without a serious contest, and about three months of
active canvassing were required to achieve success. The Com-
mittee of Past Grands were, in the m(»antime, preparing a plan
and educating the minds of the members to receive it. At the
termination of their labors, on February 7th, 1S21, they held their
latest meeting, when they adopted a series of resolutions on the
subject as suitable to be presented for the action of the lodge.
This important paper was as follows : ^^ Resolved^ That it is exjuv
dient and necessary to separate the legislative from the operative

82 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

portion of the Order, as well to insure system and uniformity as
a greater eflSciency in conducting the business of Odd Fellow-
ship. Resolved^ That Washington Lodge, No. 1, be invited to
surrender to this body of Past Grands the sole possession of the
Charter received by said Lodge from England.**'

These resolutions, big with the fate of the enterprise, were
submitted to the lodge in due course at the succeeding meeting.
The meeting was stonny and the conflict severe ; but the friends
of the measure were in the majority, and it was resolved that the
lodge would comply with the request submitted by the commit-
tee. The final action, as was usual with the leaders, was not
long delayed. On Februaiy 22d, 1S21, a day selected as the
anniversary of the birth of Washington, the Committee of Past
Grands assembled at the lodge-room in Frederick Street. There
were present the five heretofore named, with the addition of P.
G. William Larkam. The N. G. of Washington Lodge, No. 1,
then made his appearance, and in a fonnal manner surrendered
into their hands the warrant received by the lodge from the
Duke of York Lodge, Preston, England. He then retired, where-
upon the committee proceeded to organize as a Grand Lodge,
under the style and title of " The Grand Lodge of Maryland and
of the United States." The new body was then put in motion
by the installation of the following officei's :

Thomas Wildey, of No. 1, Grand Master Coach-spring Maker.

John P. Entwisle, of No. 1, Dep. G. M., Printer.
- Wm. S. Couth, of No. 1, Grand Warden, Currier.

John Welch, of No. 1, G. Secretaiy, House and Ship Painter.

John Boyd, of No. 1, G. Guardian, Mahogany Sawyer.

Wm. Larkam, of No. 1, G. Conductor, Cabinet Maker.

The session being now open, the Grand Lodge proceeded to
l^islate, and the first business transacted was the adoption of the
following: "Resolved, that a dispensation be presented to Wash-
ington Lodge, No. 1, of Maryland, as a subordinate Lodge."
Next in order was a scheme of finance for its support. This was
aiTanged by imposing a tax of ten per cent, on the gross receipts
of subordinate lodges ; the price to a subordinate for a warrant,
including the necessary charges and lecture books, was fixed at
thirty dollars. Wju^hington Lodge thus resigned its primarj^ and
supreme authority into other hands, and was satisfied to become
the first of all those subordinate to the supreme power it had

WASHINGTON LODGE. 33

created. As No. 1, in the original starting, it could not forfeit
the proud claim and title to rank above all the world as the
Mother Lodge of American Odd Fellowship. These rest upon
the conclusive basis of the possession of the oldest warrant, or
dispensation, received from a legal authority in Europe, and by
the lineal descent of Odd Fellowship, as now known in America,
in a direct line from this lodge and the lodges that took their
existence from it. Franklin Lodge existed in posse^ but was yet
barely an experiment in the same direction ; it followed that the
first Grand Lodge had but one lodge subject to its jurisdiction.
But, as before related, Franklin Lodge, early in August following,
received a communication from the Grand Conmiittee of the
Manchester Unity, in which it was desired to apply to the
** Washington" for a dispensation. This settled the qut»stion of
precedence, and left the whole field open to the newly organized
Grand Body. No time was lost, but at the earliest opjx)rtunity
this band of brothers made an application for a warrant. This
was gladly met in the same spirit. At the session of the Grand
Lodge, held on August 22, 1821, this proceeding was liad:
"Resolved, that the Grand Lodge receives with entire satisfaction
the application of Franklin Lodge, No. 2, and agrees to grant
the petition therein contained." ''Resolved, that tiie Grand
Tjodge, from and after the date hereof, hails and acknowledges
Franklin Lodge, No. 2, as a legal Lodge of I. O. Fellows, and
that its dispensation shall be dated September 5th, 1821."

It will be ol>served that the l^al existence of the lodge, prior
to this action, wiis entirely repudiated. But this fact was con-
ceded, and gave no cause for complaint. Franklin Lodge, No.
2, was instituted under these resolutions on the otli of September
following, and so became the second subordinate. The old jealousy
had died out, and the utmost hannony now sul)sisted between
them. That sentiment has ever since ])revaiied, and each has
endeavored to excel the other in mutual kindness, and in sup-
porting the dignity and importance of the Grand Lodge and its
great successor. It may be proper here to mention, that at the
next session, held on November 22, 1821, a committtH} re{X)rted,
and after due consideration a constitution was adopted, being
the first constitution of a Grand Tx)dge known to the Order.
Heretofore this class of bodies, by whatever nanui distinguished,
whether of Grand Lodge or Grand Committee, had been gov-
3

34 AMEKICAA' ODD FELLOWSHIP.

emed Bolely by "ancient usage." Even the great power or
central authority at Manchester was still groping its way by the
dim light of uncertain traditions, its lack of system keeping it
busy in finding or manufacturing precedents to meet new cases.
It was not until 1822 that the Manchester Unity began to organize
an "Annual Movable Committee" on a broad basis, when a few
very incongruous and insufficient resolutions were agreed to as a
general code for the government of the Order at large by the
said committee. But the infant " Grand Lodge of Maryland and
of the United States " — for that was now the style of the new
head of the Order — no doubt inspired by the political forms of
the country, boldly adopted a written constitution, containing
twenty articles, for its own government and that of the lodges
under its jurisdiction. This as a whole is missing, and has never
been found.

Washington Lodge continued to hold its meetings at the house
of Woodward, from September, 1811), until January, 1822, when
an unfortunate event made it necessary for the house to be closed.
This occurrence was of such a nature as to mortify and disgust
the members, and cause the weak to falter or fall oif. The
effect upon the public might have been greater if the lodge had
had any prominence, but it was unknown, and the fact made
little or no impression ; but the closing of the house turned the
Order into the street, and put it again in motion to find a shelter.
Tlie Grand Lodge had also held its sessions at the same place until
the removal of Washington Lodge. The last important business
transacted there was the formal presentation to Washington and
Franklin Lodges of their dispensations. The warrant had been
granted to Washington Lodge, Tso. 1, on February 22, 1821, but
no form for the drafting of such an instrument had been devised,
and the inexperience of the officers and membership made
delay a necessity. The proceedings of 22d of August preceding
seem to imply that they were awaiting instructions from England,
although three Grand Officers were directed "to draft the dis-
pensations" for the two lodges. The Grand Master, Deputy
Grand Master, and Grand Warden, therefore reported a form,
which was adopted December 19, 1821, and ordered to be printed.
On the 9th of January, 1822, the Grand Committee met, filled
up the dispensations, and caused them to be signed and sealed
and the colors to be appended. Their delivery took place at as

WASHINGTON LODGE. 35

early a day as possible, and was accompanied with due form and
ceremony.

CHASTER OF WASHINGTON LODGE, NO. 1., O. I. O. F.

Order of Independent Odd Fellows.

To whom it may concern :

The Grand Lodge of Maryland, by authority of a Grand
Charter granted from the Grand Lodge of the United States,
held in the City of Baltimore, State of Maryland, doth hereby
grant

This Warrant or Dispensation

To a number of brothers of the Order of Independent Odd
Fellows, residing in the City of Baltimore, in the State of Mary-
land, to establish a Lodge in any convenient place, to be hailed
by the title of the Washington Lodge, No. 1, for the encourage-
ment and support of brothers of the said Order when on travel,
or otherwise. And the said Washington Lodge being duly
formed, is hereby authorized and empowered to initiate into the
mysteries of said Order, any person or persons duly proix)sed and
approved according to the law of Odd Fellows, and to administer
to these Brothers all the privileges and benefits arising therefrom,
and to enact by-laws for the government of their lodge ; Pro-
vided alwaysy that the Washington Lodge, No. 1, do act ac-
cording to the order and in con] unction with and obedience to
the Grand Lodge, adhering to and supporting the articles, charges
and d^ees delivered with this dispensation ; and in default
thereof, this Warrant or Dispensation may be suspended or taken
away, at the discretion of the Grand I^ge ; and further, the
Grand Lodge (in consideration of the due perfbrnianee of the
above) do bind themselves to repair all damage or destruction
of the Dispensation, Charges or Dc^grees, whether bv fire or
other accident ; provided^ sufficient proof be given, and there is
no ill^al concealment or wilful destnuition of the same. And
the Grand Lodge will support the Washington Lodjje, No. 1, in
the exercise of their duty, and in the ]>rivileges ana lionors of
the Order. In wtfness whereof, we have displayed the colors and
subscribed our names, and affixed the seal of the Grand Lodge
of Maryland and of the United States, this 22d day of February,
Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one.

Thos. Wildey, G. M. John Welch, G. S.

[seal] J. P. Entwisle, D. G. M. John Boyd, G, G.

Wm. S. Coath, G. ir. .. EzEKiEL Wilson, G. C\

There seems to be some discrepancy as to the order of time as
regards one of the signatures appended to the warrant. Ezekiel

36 AMEBIOAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Wilson was a member of Franklin Lodge, and was not admitted
a member in the Grand Lodge until November 22, 1821, nine
months after the charter was granted. William Larkam was
present as Grand Conductor at the meeting of the Grand Com-
mittee in 1822, when the warrants were signed, and yet the
name of Wilson appears on the instrument as Grand Conductor,
an office he had never held. To make it more intricate, the
proceedings of the Grand Lodge of February 22, 1822, report
him as suspended from the Order for twelve months and a day.
He, however, afterwards attained to the office of Grand Master ;
he was installed as such, January 15, 1830.

We have now reached a point at which we may stop and
consider many collateral matters which belong to this period.
The raw material has now been woven into a new and usefiil
pattern, which needs but a few more improvements to impress
with colors of beauty and utility. In a word, order is slowly
emerging from the confused elements, and we see a promise
upon which men may repose in confidence, looking for a brighter
day. The whole Order consists, indeed, of but two subordinate
lodges, with a handful of members ; and the Supreme Body of
not more than six or seven — about the number necessary for
filling the chairs. Here we leave them for a time, toiling on in
obscurity as an association of very ordinary persons : their tone,
indeed, is somewhat lofty, but that is not uncommon among
"socials" and those given to the cheerful inspirations of the
public-house; there is much appearance of form and dignity,
but one might well smile, as spectator of one solitary private
member on the floor, of a body composed of six highly decorated
officers, each in grave position, and wonder at the business which
seems rather to be attempted than d<me at such a meeting. But
we shall meet them again, and find that there was indeed a
something among them of deep import to the world; strange
things may yet come to pass, and unborn generations may rise to
do them honor and call them blessed. We shall see. This was
the beginning of the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the
United States.

THE SIGN OF THE SEVEN STARS.

In order that we may comprehend the causes that were at
work to produce the results we have set forth, a retrospect of

WASHINGTON LODGE. 37

several years becomes necessary. An institution whose object is
continuity, must have a permanent location. A change of
residence is never more injurious than .when it befalls a public
institution, and the more so if that institution looks to success
by constant intercourse with the public. This was in one sense
settled by the limitation, in the first charter, to an ordinary or
drinking saloon; but such a provision, from its nature, could
only be transitory. It follows that no struggles were more
severe than those which were made for a " local habitation," and
none were more productive of results. We have seen that the
first meetings were held on the south side of Second Street,
between Frederick Street and Market Space, at the sign of the
Seven Stars. The first Host was William Lupton. The house
had two stories and an attic, and was in a part of the city
mostly occupied by oyster-cellars and saloons ; as very respectable
restaurants were at that time, and for many years afterwards,
in basements, called cellars, it is to be presumed that Lupton
kept a good house. Such houses had a bar, and furnished their
customers with the famous Baltimore oystei's. The use of this
house by Washington Lodge must have consisted of the occupation
of an upper room, furnished with benches and several rush-bottom
chairs. There was a rude table, and a number of tin sconces
garnished with candles hung around the walls. A few coarse
prints of sea-fights and domestic animals, with pictures of
Washington, Lafayette, and other great men of the Revolution,
were thought to add greatly to the effect. The privacy could
only have been secured by a locked door, and the conduct of
secret work in whispers; but, as the work was of the most
meagre description, it could be speedily despatched. We may
here state that the signs of such houses were the ordinary swing-
ing sign, yet to be found in many parts of the country.

THE THREE LOGGERHEADS.

It has been stated that the lodge was removed from Lupton's
to Woodward's, on Frederick Street, in the month of September,
1819. A more dismal, out of the way place than the Three
T^oggerheads could scarcely have been selected, it being near the
docks, where sailors and wharf-loungers were wont to assemble,
and was mostly given up to the occupancy of boarding-houses
for sailors. But it was here that Washington Lodge and the

38 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Order first grew into importance. Here was received the first
warrant ever granted to a lodge in the United States, from the
Order in the mother country, to conduct the business of Odd
Fellowship. Here tlie Covenant and Remembrance D^rees
were first promulgated and first conferred. Here the Grand
Lodge of Maryland and of the United States was instituted and
held its first sessions. Here the Grand Lodge Degree was
adopted and first used, and here the Golden Rule Degree was
first conferred in America. Ilere Washington Lodge received
its second charter, the warrant issued by the newly organized
Grand Lodge ; in fact, nearly all of the main features which mark
the progress of the Order in that early day, date from the period
when the whole of American Odd Fellowsliip w^as confined to
" The Tliree Loggerheads." Headquarters w^ere at Woodward's
from September, 1819, until January, 1822, when a sudden
removal became necessary.

STTLLIIOUSE LANE.

Much embarrassment followed, as no suitable place could
readily be obtained ; but Wildey came forward and proffered a
room in his private dwelling, in " Stillhouse Lane," for the use of
both Washington Lodge and the Grand Lodge. The offer was
accepted, and the lodges continued to meet there until better
accommodations were secured. Here everythinij: was in confu-
sion, for want of those appropriate arrangements which could not
be procured in a private house, especially in one so small and con-
tracted in its appointments as this dwelling. Very little business
could possibly be transacted there, in anything like a decorous
manner; and indeed it is almost certain that not a single initia-
tion took place in that house during their stay, a period of at
least four months. Among the eflbrts made to secure a suitable
place, it is related that Bro. Wildey arranged with a woman
doing business on Bridge (now Gay) Street, to occupy the second
floor, over her store ; but so soon as the workmen began putting
the premises in suitable condition for lodge use, her landlord
became greatly excited ; he was in sympathy with the prevailing
prejudice of that day against the Order, and expected nothing
but riot and disorder. His threats to turn her out of possession
alarmed her, and for the sake of peace the contract was aban-
doned. After many failures a place was secured, and the lodges

WASHINGTON LODGE. 39

left the abode of Wildey for better lodgings. Bro. Wildey, for
fiome reason, would never convei'se on the subject of this removal;
but Bro. Boyd always referred to it in the most handsome man-
ner, regarding it as affording the strongest evidence of Wildey's
disinterested love for the Order. Wildey, he said, had females
in his family, and the meetings were to them a fruitful source of
inconvenience and embarrassment ; as the men began to assemble,
the women would go out and stay with the neighbors until
the meeting was over; that this w^as always the case, and in
fact had the effect of turning his household out of doors for
the sake of the cause.

MATTHEW BLAKELEY's PUBLIC-HOUSE.

The new situation was a great improvement; the room
selected was on the second floor of a large house, and was com-
fortably and conveniently arranged. There was no lack of any-
thing that in those days was thought necessary for lodge work or
for lodge use ; mine host was on hand, and was ready to extend
with promptness the usual facilities to the brothers, and all
things wore a more cheerful aspect. This was at Matthew Blake-
ley's public-house, on the northeast comer of Mai-sh Market
Space and Water (now Lombard) Street. The place is beyond
dispute, but the time of this change is not so certain. After hav-
ing consulted all the conflicting testimony, growing out of defects
of memory in the witnesses, and compared it with admitted
facts and circumstances, it seems proper to fix the time at about
May, 1822. The following statement, by P. G. Sire Kennedy,
is of interest in this connection: "A few weeks before the death
of P. G. John Boyd, in a conversation with P. G. M. Mathiot
and the writer, he said the lodge remained at Wildey's dwelling
for several months, he thought at least six months from the time
it left Woodward's, in January, 1S22. Mi*s. Eliza J. Adams,
widow of Brother Wm. Adams, who, on April 1st, 1823, suc-
ceeded Blakeley as host of the lodge, says the lodge was brought
to Blakeley's about a year before her husband took j)ossession of
the place. P. G. SecTetary Fennell thinks he was initiated
in 1821, but knows the ceremony took place at the Market
Space room. Of course Fennell is incorrect in time, as at that
period the lodge was still in session at Woodward's, and in
addition he disavows all knowledge of the meetings being held

40 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

at either Woodward's or at Wildey 's dwelling. When Fennoll was
initiated he was registered as Ko. 122, and when Mathiot was
initiated he was registered as No. 177, presenting a difference of
fifty-five members between them ; which, at the rate of increase
then existing, would require nearly a year to make it np. And
in view of Mathiot being somewhat active as a member in the
summer of 1823, Fennell must have been initiated abont May,

1822. From all of which it may be deduced that the lodge
reached Market Space early in May, 1822."

CONDITION OF THE ORDER IN MAY, 1822.

It is difficult to determine with certaintv the number of the
membership at this time. We may at least try to estimate it
by some instances that were well attested at that period.
Fennell was sure that he was one of the early admissions after
the removal, and he stood on the register as Number 122; it
follows that the whole number admitted by initiation and affilia-
tion from the 2f)th of April, 1S19, until this time, a period of
about three years, was equal to his number, say one hundred and
twentv-two. But we must deduct from these the deaths and
the withdrawals, as well as those suspended and expelled. These
can only be obtained by comparison of this with other periods
of the historj' ; after doing this, we have concluded that there
should be a reduction on gross figures of about one-third for
three years. On this basis we have fixed the net membership of
Washington Lodge, at the time designated, at about eighty. At
the same time we incline to think that our rule for the enumera-
tion would have a tendency to increase rather than to diminish
the result ; this is made very probable, because the vestiges of
extant records indicate a much freer use of the power of expul
sion then than has since been exercised; this vigilance an<?
severity was, no doubt, greatly needed in sifting the mixed
elenu^nts that were brought together under such novel conditiouf^
The meetings of the lodge at this place inaugurated a marked
and important progress. It was to Blakelcy's that in January

1823, Brother James Wilson came as a visitor, and was received
in the most cordial manner by the lodge and the members. He
claimed to belong to a lodge of Odd Fellows at Boston, Massa-
chusetts, and he was recognized as a brother. Every attention

WASHI19GTON LODGE. 41

in their power was paid to him ; not content with conlerring the
three degrees of the Manchester Unity, they also gave him the
intennediate degrees that had been originated in Maryland.
These fraternal attentions made a profound impression upon
Wilson; for, on his return to Boston, he made a report in
every way favorable of what he had seen and learned in Balti-
more. This was not confined to his personal treatment ; but he
also gave such an account of the great superiority of the condition
of the brethren in the latter city, as to incline his associates to
cultivate the most intimate relations with them. He explained
to them the character of the authority which had been vested in
the Order at Baltimore for extending the fraternity all over the
country ; information appealing to them most forcibly, as a bond
of a widespread \mity for the common good. These representa-
tions induced ''Massachusetts Lodge,'' on March 28, 1823, to
make application for a dispensation to be endowed with
Grand Lodge powers in and for the State of Massachusetts.
Nothing was known by these brethren of the resignation of
its charter by Wasliington Lodge, and the application for the
dispensation was accordingly made to it; but this did not
change the result. Its successors, having the charter, pro-
ceeded at once to act upon the i>etition. At a session held
on April 13, 1823, a disjx^nsation was granted to "Massachusetts
Lodge, No. 1," and another to the Past Grands of that Lodge for
the "Grand Lodge of Massachusetts"; thus covering the whole
ground, instead of complying literally with the wishes of the
applicants. This action was deemed to be of such moment, that
G. M. Wildey was deputed to convey the warrants to Boston,
and to present them to the brothers in an acceptable manner.
This duty he peHbrmcd in the month of June following. Thus,
the performance of the rites of friendship and hospitality to a
strange brother secured the adhesion of Massachusetts, but was
also the indirect, if not the immediate cause which induced
other lodgeSj then existing in an irregular manner at New York
and Philadelphia, to recognize the authority of the "Grand
Lodge of Maryland and of the United States"; a result Avhich
caused a new union, in the organization of a Sovereign and
Representative Grand Lodge of the United States; substantially
the same body which has ever since guided the eventful career
of the now mighty system of American Odd Fellowship.

42 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

But we have been led away from the particular purposes of this
chapter, which are not to relate that which is generally known, but
those things which were the undercurrent, so to speak, which
have come down to us mostly by tradition, and wliich have no
record but in these pages. The extension of the system to Bos-
ton has been briefly sketched, more with the object of relating
the incident that caused it, than the extension itself; the particu-
lars attending upon that act, including the pilgrimage of Wildey
to the land of steady habits, and his good fortune by the way,
will be reserved for the next chapter. We shall now enter our
ancient lodge-rooms, and examine into those habits of the early
members which, from tlieir effects upon society in general, must
have been potent in their influence upon the struggling Order.

THE CONVIVIAL FEATURE.

The drinking of beer as a beverage seems to have been carried
to England by its Saxon conqueroi-s, as one of the most healthful
and delightful of the habits of the fatherland. Its very name is of
Teutonic origin ; and although we Iiave information of such drinks
so far back as ancient Egypt, yet a more modern authority,
Tacitus, assures us that it was in common use with the Germans
of his time. Be that as it may, the habit has been so long and
thoroughly impressed upon the people of England, as to cause it
to be recognized as a sort of popular institution. Indeed, at cer-
tain periods and under peculiar circumstances of national history,
fermented malt liquors seem to have supplied large masses of its
population with both victuals and drink, so that they in time
came to be considered as necessaries of life. Notwithstanding
all that litis been said and sung of the '" Roast Beef of Old Eng-
land," beer, for the most part, has supplied its place for six days
in the week, and, we may add, the seventh also. It does not,
therefore, suqirise any one to find that, in the earliest organization
of Odd Fellowship of which tradition makes any mention, beer
drinking was a necessary part of the proceedings. Such also has
been the case with those who have succeeded ; for, in accordance
with the habits of the English pcM>j)le, the same ])ractice has con-
tinued in all branches of the Order in that country, with scarcely
an exception, until the i)rcsent day. When those people emi-
grated, like pious ^"Eneas, they carried with them their household
gods; for instance, their Odd Fellowship, and with it the time-

WASHINGTON LODGE. 43

honored usage of the drinking of beer, as one of its most indis-
l)ensable features. As such persons formed new associations tliey
imparted the habit, and as such associations became American,
beer, in many instances, gave place to more popular beverages.
Spirituous liquors soon began to supplant the beer ; and what was
before comparatively an innocent indulgence, became a serious
and growing evil. Such was the condition of every lodge in the
summer of 1823.

THE MARYLAND REFORM.

But another element had, in the meantime, begun to appear,
and to bring with it habits more in unison with the strange com-
munity into which they had come. The Order had found advo-
cates among the native population, who were gradually being
drawn to examine its claims; many of whom, by this time, were
so well satisfied as to enter the lodges, and became able and influ-
ential in their counsels. The novelty and excitement of the neo-
phytes soon began to wear off, and with them, the veneration that
at first attached to many of the usages. These new men were
naturally anxious to impress the moral habits of the locality wpon
those who preferred othei-s of a foreign and different nature. One
of the first usages brought in question, was that of the presence
of liquor in the lodge-room during the sessions. This abuse, as
18 usual with old habits, could not easily be reformed. But a
crusade was set on foot for its extirpation, by a young member of
Wasliington Lodge, which, after many contests and successive
defeats, was at last successful ; a change so vital as eventually
to revolutionize the moral character of the American Order, and
which was afterwards known as the "Maryland Rkfokm."
Augustus Mathiot, then a member of but a few months' standing,
had been very badly treated by another society in which lie had
been proposed for membei*ship, whore his application had been
rejected on the sole groimd that he wjus a member of '^ that Bac-
chanalian Club of Odd Fellows."' He was notified in writing
that if he would withdraw from the Odd Fellows, he would gladly
be received among them. But young Mathiot was a man of fine
intelligence, and undei-stood the situation too well to accept the
proposition, and he returned them an answ(T in which he indig-
nantly spumed their ofler. But much as he loved the Order, lie
could not shut his eyes to the fact that it had given cause tor com-

44 AHEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

plaint, and he was deeply wounded at being singled out to suSer
for hiH brethren in a matter which he could neither approve nor
defend. Those who knew Bro. Mathiot were aware of his extreme
sensibility to anything which affected his reputation with the public.
He did not hesitate a moment, but brought the facts at once to the
attention of his lodge ; having told his grievance, he changed their
indignation to sympathy, by relating the sacrifice he had made
and his election never to desert his brethren. But he was
induced to go further, and expostulated against the continuance
of a practice which exposed them to insult, and exhorted them
earnestly to the observance of a stricter regard for public opinion.
Hurried on by the impulse, he wrote and offered the following:
" Resolved, That this lodge will hereafter abolish the use of liquor
of any kind in the Lodge Room." The boldness and suddenness
of the movement w^as so unexpected, and the feeling for Mathiot
so strong, that they did not hesitate to act at once upon it. A
very feeble opposition was exhibited ; and, strange to say, when
the vote was taken, it was very nearly unanimous for its adop-
tion. The lesson taught by this proceeding is honorable to all
concerned. The old members were wedded to a practice coeval
with the Order and part of its regular " usage." It had become
so much a part of the system as to seem a necessity. No voice
had ever been heard, before that night, to utter a word of censure
of this indispensable appendage ; but a sense of their responsibil-
ity, so strikingly presented, discovered the fact that the principles
were gradually gaining an ascendancy, at the expense of the prac-
tices. It did not accomplish much at the time, but every one
could see, in this action, that a total reformation of Lodge convivi-
ality was only delayed, and w-as something that nmst at length
prevail.

THE RIGHTS OF A HOST.

But even this small step r'ould not at once be effected, under
the terms of the agreement with the landlord of the premises.
Heretofore a Host w as regarded as an official personage of the
highest rank and influence, and his rights as landlord had been
more sa<*redly respec*ted than any other in the w^hole range of
Odd Fellowship. It cannot be doubted that in early times,
warrants were nominally issued to lodges, but were designed
more for the protection of the landlord and the promotion of his

LODGE ROOM AT THE THREE LOGGERHEADS.

SEPTEMBER 1810 TO JANUARY JS22.

WASHINGTON LODGE. 45

buBiness than for any other pni-pose. They all invariably con-
tained the same clause found in the Duke of York's Lodge
Charter to Washington Lodge, No. 1, viz :

"And be it further observed, tluit the said Lodge be not
removed from the house of Brotlier Thomas Woodward, so long
as five brothers are agreeable to hold the same."

This clause gave the Host a proprietary right in the lodge,
not to be overcome by a majority vote ; in addition, it became
his personal property in this, that so long as four others agreed
with him to that end, the lodge was forced to follow him to
every new location where fortune or inclination might lead him.
Tliis was submitted to, somewhat ungraciously, and the feeling
on the subject was not improved by the fact that a change had
been made from Woodward's, under circumstances to show that
great injury might ensue from such a relation; so that when
the dispensation was presented by the Grand Lodge of Marv^land
to Washington Lodge, it was made to read: "To establish a
Lodge in any c(ynv€nient place ^ to be hailed by the title of the
Washington Lodge, No. 1." In the case of Brother Mathiot's
resolution, nothing could be done without a change in the place
of meeting; for Brother Adams, the Host, who succeeded
Blakeley, looked upon the whole proceeding as tending to lessen
his importance and injure his business ; hence, he very naturally
felt that he was selected for pei'sonal insult on the part of the
lodge. He therefore insisted on such of his rights as were
usual, even when the liquor was absent from the room, and so,
during that part of the business known as "Harmony," continued
to solicit custom, and to bring into the lodge-room such refresh-
ments as visitor or membere might desire. 1*. G. Sire Kennedy,
a short time before his death, made this note on the subject :
"Mrs. Eliza J. Adams, the widow of Host William Adams,
still resides in the same house in which the lodge met in 1823,
and within the past year, in a convei*sation with the writer and
Brother Mathiot, she said that she received the information of
the vote with much pleasure, as she had previously told her
husband it was a pity that a society that had so mu(^h in its
favor should spoil it all by indulging in drink." Past Grand
Master Mathiot continued his membei'ship in AVashington Tx)dge,
and his residence in Baltimore, until his death on the 12th day
of July, 1872. He will have due notice of the most honorable

46 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

kind, in tlie proper place in this volume, among the loading spirits
of the Order. It is well to note, in this (connection, that Mathiot
had been anticipated by the Grand Lodge of Marj'land and of
the United States, which in its Constitution adopted April 13,
1823, placed this paragraph :

" Art. II. No refreshments shall be allowed in the Lodge
lioom during its session."

But we have no reason to believe that it was made known to
the lodges in any way ; certainly it was not printed, and no
means Avere devised for the circulation of the instrument of
which it was a part. But it clearly indicates that Boyd, who
served on the committee with AVildev and Larkam, and who no
doubt prepared tlie paper, was fully alive to the exigencies of
the future. True, the proliibition applied only to the sessions of
the (Trand Lodge; but it is memorable as the first known
instance on record, of a restriction of the kind having had an
existence in the Order. It is claimed, but we cannot say upon
what evidence, that it was sent to the Manclie^ter Unity, and
caused a sli<>:ht sensation. At the session held bv the "Man-
Chester Movable Committee," at Ilawley, IStalfordshire, on May
19, 1823, they took this action :

"liesolved, that no liquor be allowed in the Committee Kooni
before dinner."

Tlie movement was scarcely perceptible, and never came to
anything, and may ratlicr indeed be put down as something
accidental and of no serious meaning. Mo further step by that
body has ever been taken, although great efforts have been made
with that object. One may judge how they are subjugated to
the " old usai^e " bv a late occurrence. At the session of the
"Annual Movable Conmiittee," held at Lancaster on May 20,
1872, a resolution was introduced to the effect, " that no liquor
be allowed during the sittings of this meeting"; but an over-
whelming majority suppressed it, and in the excitement pro-
duced by such a daring proposal a motion like to have prevailed
for the repeal of the resolution of 1823.

But, to return to Brother "Mathiot's resolution and the results
that shortly after followed. It so happened that the Masonic
Hall, erected l)y that body, was soon after completed, or nearly
so, and lodges of that fraternity began to remove to its better
acconmiodations on St. Paul's Lane, in a central part of the

WASHINGTON LODGE. 47

city. By this means several meeting rooms formerly occupied
by them became vacant. A committee was at once appointed to
engage and appropriately fit up one of these rooms. The com-
mittee, of which Brother Boyd was chairman, selected a room in
a locality where no liquor was sold. It was in tlie second story
of an extensive clothing store, at the intersection of Cheapside,
Calvert and Water Streets. With great expedition it was
suitably fitted up for their uses, and the whole Order in Balti-
more took immediate possession ; the Order, of course, consisting
only of Washington and Franklin Ix>dges. But before the
lodges were settled in the place, it was discovered that a member
of the Order had obtained possession of a store on Calvert Street,
and was fitting it up as a drinking place. This discovery caused
a change in the original plan, which was to have a drinking
place on the premises, but at a distance from the lodge-room.
So, to disappoint the brother, and put a stop to his business, they
hit on the expedient of fitting up an apartment connected with
the anteroom, where all demands for refreshments could be
supplied. It was gravely claimed at the time, that this was not
in violation of the resolution, as they were not spread out in
open lodge-room. This arrangement checkmated the brother,
but did not do much for temperance. A brother who furnishes
these items, says, naively enough : " Under these circumstan<;€8 the
Lodge became reconciled to the arrangement^'* We should think
tio. A more bungling attempt at reformation was never made.
The lodge now became its oa^ti landlord, and actually hired a
Host and bought the stock, so that all the profits went into the
lodge treasury. This was reform " with a vengeance," and much
ftolid satisfaction was no doubt felt that the lodge was now both
landlord and customer. It was with many a smile that they
greeted the young brother who had rid them of a Host.
Thus Mathiot's reform, which was theoretically a great success,
by a single stroke of rather humorous strategy became a practical
failure.

FRANKLIN LODGE, NO. 2, IN 1823.

But we return to Franklin Lodge, No. 2, which for some
time occupied the same room with the Washington Ix)dge at
Host Adams'. According to the then operative theory, nothing
less than an extreme necessity could excuse it ; and it must have

48 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

been regarded by every one at the time, as a gross innovation on
*' ancient usage"; for that code allowed no two lodges to be
located in the same neighborhood, to say nothing of the same
house. But Franklin Lodge had also been unfortunate in its
place of meeting ; never keeping any location, but holding its
sessions first in one public-house and then in another, until by
some accident, one cannot say how, it was found in tlie early
part of 1 823, occupant of the same room with Washington Lodge.
At this jieriod there was a prosperous turn to its affairs, for it is
estimated that it began to number about the same as Washington
Lod^e. This was the judgment of one who saw it in procession
at the funeral of a member of that lodge in the spring of 1823.
As this Avas the fii'st public funeral of the kind in tliis country,
of whicli Avc have any knowledge, we furnish its description
from an eye-witness well able to describe it. The story is told
by Past Grand Sire Kennedy.

FIKST PUBLIC ODD FELLOw's FUNEKAL.

"In the early spring of 1823, Andrew Wark, a member of
Franklin Lodge, Tso. 2, while engaged in superintending a shad
fishery on the shore of Chesapeake bay, was accidentally knocked
overboard by the boom of his vessel and drowned. His body was
found, and brought for interment to his home in Baltimore, on
Bridge (Oay) Street, near High. On the day of the funeral, the
widow infonned the writer that her husband would be buried at
night, as the society of which he was a member buried its dead
at midnight. The time fixed for the funeral was ten o'clock
P. M., Avhen, with several friends, we were punctually present
The lodge, however, did not appear so early ; but it was there in
ample time, with a band of six or seven pieces, which inarched
in front. The procession came to view as a great glare of light
as it was crossing the bridge, illuminating the street through the
middle of which it was passing. To an unpracticed eye the pro-
cession seemed to be in the utmost disorder, as tlie column of sev-
enty or eighty men took position in front of the late domicile of
the deceased. The chief officer, probably the mai-shal, was the
only person of the party of whom we had any knowledge ; Eze-
kiel C. Gill, a trunk-maker, was well known to us, but not favor-
ably. He was very busy up and down the line, keeping the column
in order, as we foolishly supposed. But that was our mistake.

WASHINGTON UUDGK, 4^

We did not know that good order in those ranks consisted in pre-
serving the sections in such a wav as to have not more than jiet-
files in each, and in no case to have an ec^n uuttJnr of files in a
section. Bv such an arramreuient, ever\bodv ii»uld readilv see
that they were Odd Fellows, Marshal Gill was kept hard at
work preserving the equipoise of the sections : that is, a front of
one^ three or Jice files. Officers and member? were in appropri-
ate lodge costume ; gowns, caps, sashes, coUai^ and aprons, of
white, black, blue and scarlet color*. Tlie gowns, as a general
thing, had been made to fit much larger men ; the same was true
of the caps, which were fashioned after the fonns of crowns and
coronets. Each officer lx»re the emblem of his oflice in his hand.
Six or seven of the members were in deep mourning, and occu-
pied the center of the crowd. These were enveloped in narrow
strips of black muslin or crape, wliich hung from their hats ahnost
to the ground. They lx»re black rods, eight or ten feet long, sur-
mounted by spheres of some kind; the splieres covered with black
cloth, with black streamers, three or four feet long, j)endant.
Every person not provided with an oflicial enibhMii of some sort,
bore a flaming torch. Some of the torches we recognized as
belonging to a fire company in the neighlx)rho<Hl ; otluTs of them
were extemporized for the oc'casion : many of the latter resembled
the rope torches said to have been used by the ancients on sim-
ilar occasions. At eleven o'clock P. Af. the coftiu was brouirht
forth and placed in a hearse, which then took position in the cen-
ter of the column ; the bearers of the black spheres surrounded
the hearse, as if acting as pall-bearers. The line of marcli was
then taken up, with solemn music and slow steps, toward the
churchyard ; the distance of half or three-quarters of a mile was
accomplished a few minutes before midnight. The remains were
then silently lowered into the grave ; not a word was spoken ; but
each member then threw one or two shovelfuls of earth ujK)n
the coffin, until the grave was filled up. The procession n^formed
its disordered ranks, the mutes, as before, in the center, and
departed as it came."

COLUMBIA LODGE, NO. 3.

But we return to the narrative. The active progress of the
Order in 1823, was evinced by the organization of a third lodgt?
in Baltimore. Several members of Franklin Lodge, Xo. ii, resid-
4

60 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

ing in tlie eastern portion of the city, were not pleased with the
new lodge location, regarding it as remote and inconvenient.
They therefore deteniiined, if they could procure suitable accom-
modations in " Old Town," to open a lodge in that part of the
city. These tliey were enabled to procure, through the assistance
of G. M. Wildey. The following names appear in the applica-
tion for a cliarter : P. G. Thomas Scotchbum, P. V. G. Samuel
Bickley, and brothers Saunders, Stew^ard, TumbuU, Moore and
Winn, all of Franklin Lodge. The petition asks that the lodge
may be styled " Columbia Lodge, No. 3," and may be allowed to
meet on AVednesday nights. The grant was made as requested^
at a session of the Grand Lodge held November 22d, 1823, and
the lodge was organized on December 17th, 1823, at Colvin'a
Stone Tavern. The records of the lodge show that the event
was one of no small importance. All the Grand Officers were
present : G. M. Thomas Wildey, D. G. M. John Welch, G. W^
Thomas Mitchell, G. Sec'y John P. Entwisle, A. G. Sec'y Maur-
ice Fennel 1, G. C. Charles Common, G. G. j}7*o tem.j P. G. John
Nelson, and Past Grands Williams and Bannister, N. G. Havins^
of AVashington Lodge, and N. G. Poach, of Franklin Lodge^
"together with a very respectable and numerous collection of
brotlu'i-s of the Order." In fact, it was a gala occasion, which had
drawn toi;*(4her what was substantially the whole Order in Balti-
more. Aft(*r the lodge had been formally instituted, by virtue
of a six'c-itil resolution of the Grand Lodge, the Grand Officers
retained the chairs and received proposals for membership. Re-
ports were made and four candidates were unanimously elected ;
wluTcupon Thomas Charters and Joshua Vansant " were brought
forward and duly made." The lodge then proceeded to the elec-
tion of olficrers, when the following named were elected " without
0])position," and were duly installed: P. G. Scotchbum, N. G.;
Brother Steward, V. G.; and P. V. G. Bickley, Secretary. The
following appointed officers were then also installed: Brother
Moore, Warden ; Bro. Vansant, Conductor ; Bro. Saunders, Guar-
dian ; Bro. Turnbull, P. IT. S. of N. G., and Bro. Charters, R. H.
S. of Y. G. It will strike the reader, especially if he be of Mary-
land, or a member of the Grand Lodge of the United Sates, that
the new lodge was fortunate indeed in one of its initiates. That
must have been the opinion of the Noble Grand when young
Yansant was chosen as the Conductor. But that preference waft

WASH^GTON LODGE. 51

only indicative of the fact that he was a youth of promise; for he
was poor and friendless, and was beginning life at the bottom
of the ladder. He had just come of age ; a humble mechanic,
with no prospect before him of rising above the level of the toil-
ing masses. Plunging into the wide world, he disappears from
our gaze, and even for a time from the Order. But this was
owing to the res angu^ta doiai of a young husband and father
just entering upon the responsible duties of domestic life. Soon
he will be seen emerging from his retirement, a successful work-
man, taking place among his fellows, and doing manly and effec-
tive service for his lodge and the Order. Henceforth he devotes
himself to the cause, as one who never tires in welldoing.
A born leader, he makes himself felt in all directions, and as a
representative man of the people, is second to none in winning
the public favor for the Order in the place of its nativity. By
superior talent and vigor he rises to fill high places in the
State, sitting in and sometimes presiding over a convention to
revise its Constitution, and devising and superintending many of
the greatest institutions of his city, with an integrity and capa-
ctity that gained foi* him the popular sobriquet of "Honest
Joshua." In the meanwhile he serves a term in the Congress of
the United States, when to do so was a badge of honor ; and now,
after three-score yeai's and ten of active life, we see him retiring
with ap])lause from his second term as Mayor of the great city of
liis residence. In this tribute to a Past Grand Master and Past
Grand Patriarch and Past Grand Representative to the Congress
of the Order, one may recognize the well-known Grand Treasurer
of the Grand liOdgc of the United States, who has long been one
of its most tiiisted and honored officere. Public duty and per-
sonal worth, as well as private friendship, incite us to give him
liere and now the meed to which he is entitled by the common
voice of the brotherhood.

But we return to the proceedings of the first meeting of the
third lodge. At the time of the delivery to the lodge of the dis-
pensation under which it was authorized to work, the Grand
Master addressed the brethren in fitting worfs.

ADDRESS OF GRAND MASTER WILDEY.

*^M(fst N6l)le Graiuly Vice Grand^ Officers and JBroihcrs:

** In committing this dispensation to your charge and into

62 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

your safe-keeping, the Grand Lodge executes one of the most
pleasing and delightful tasks which fall within the lines of its
duty to perform ; and you, in receiving it, lay yourselves under
the most serious responsibility you can possibly undertake.
AVoll acquainted as some of you are with the nature of those
engagements which bind Odd Fellows together, yet the Grand
Lodge deems it neither unnecessary nor inexpedient to remind
you of some of them, as well to stimulate to activity and perse-
verance those who have already traveled the beaten track, as to
diffuse light and impart instruction to the young and inexpe-
rienced, though worthy, brothers of the Order. You are now
vested with the legitimate authority to admit to the benefits and
honoi's of our institution such pei'sons as may apply, who, after
duo and circumspect investigation, may be found worthy of the
distinguished favor. In so doing, you are admitting members
into a family as extensive in its connections, its operations, and
its claims as the habitable globe itself. Every pei^son so admitted
must become an honor or a disgrace, an ornament and support,
or a blemish and burden, to our fraternitv. The effect of useful
or baneful admissions to membei-ship will not be confined to your
lodge alone, but will affect, fw good or evil, the whole body of
Odd Fellowship. If caution and care are necessary when per-
sons are received into societies disj)ensing ordinary benefits,
whose social relations extend no further than to their own indi-
vidual membei'ship, how nnich more should you exercise caution
and care, when your adnn'ssions are into a fraternity of limitless
extent; laying open to those you receive, the privileges which do
not belong to us alone, but which are the joint possession of bro-
thel's in the most distant lands, who are equally interested witli
oui'selves in preserving the dearest and inalienable rights of our
fraternity. AVliilo exennsing this very necessary pnidence, we
nnist remember, on the other hand, that no proper exertion ought
to be omitted to iiurretise the usefulness and secure the respecta-
bility of the Onler, by the introduction of such members as will
become a credit to our society, and by the careful instruction
and promotion of those who may prove themselves worthy of a
name and place amongst us. On yourselves depends principally
the succcjis of your infant lodge. Regular attendance at its meet-
ings, and a personal deportment becoming our laudable profes-
sicm, will not fail to secure for each of you a favorable i>06ition

WASHINGTON LODGE. 53

among your brothers, and have the effect of placing yonr lodge
on the most respectable footing in numerical strength and pecu-
niary possessions. By such a course, individually as members,
you will enable your lodge to elevate your most useful brothers,
and, in due time, to transfer tlieir services to that Grand Body
whose more immediate province it is to strengthen, increase and
bind together the fraternity, even to its most distant branches ;
to contrive, deliberate on, and execute plans of extensive benevo-
lence and operative charity, and to cause fragrant incense to
rise from the altar of Benevolence to cheer the dreary moments of
suffering humanity; that the bereaved and distressed widow
and the orphan may thereby be relieved ; whilst the brother who
by his mite has contributed to the happy result, can return to
his home with the soothing reflection that he has done his duty
as a man, and has another claim to the name of an Odd Fellow.
It is ditticult to enjoy prosperity without going into excess in
enjoyments. Odd Fellowship surmounts the difficulty by its pro-
visions fof disposing out of our abundance a portion for those
who may need the overplus. It is also difficult to stand firmly
under the iron pressure of adversity. But Odd Fellowship light-
ens that evil, and alleviates its crushing force on those in trouble,
by attending to the sick, by speaking words of consolation to the
dying, and by performing faithfully the last duties the living owe
to the dead. You, Most Noble Grand, Vice Grand, Officers and
Brothers, commence your career under favorable circumstances.
You have before you, as glorious exemplars, the Washington and
Franklin Lodges, which have weathered every storm and over-
come every difficulty that obstnu'ted their course ; and they will
rejoice to see Columbia Lodge, No. 3, in the enjoyment of a pros-
perity equal to their own, while united to them as a third link in
the Odd Fellowship of Maryland, of the United States, and of
the world."

It seems that all this elaboration was to instruct in the mode
to be adopted, to set a lodge of the period at work successfully.

colvin's stone tavern.

The place selected for the meetings of tho new lodge was at
"The Stone Tavern," at tho northeast corner of Bridge (Gay)
and Front Streets, M'here humble accommmlations were provided
by Mr. Sheppard, the landlord, at the moderate rental of twenty-

54 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

five dollars per annum. The most notable incident which came
of this lodge extension, was the revival of the theory of reform
on the subject of liquor. One of the conditions on which the
apartment had been hired, provided that no refreshment of any
kind, except wcUer^ should be furnished either in the lodge or
anteroom. The low rate of rent, however, clearly indicates
tliat Mr. Sheppard thought he had good reason to believe that
what he might lose above stairs would be amply compensated for
at the bar below. But the event did not justify his conclusion,
for the members avoided the liquor with the utmost fidelity, and
drove the landlord to despair. He found he had made a bad
bargain, and in the short space of three months he gave
them formal notice to quit. This unexpected turn of afiairs
made it necessary for the members to seek another place where
they would be more likely to find greater security.

wildey's house on gay street.

From the very beginning, G. M. Wildey had manifested the
deepest interest in all that concerned the new enterprise. The
lodge had already recognized his devotion by voting him a medal
on January 18, 1824, and it was natural that the brothers should
seek him for advice in the emergency. lie at once made the
cause his own, and, just as two years before he had succored
Washington Lodge when suddenly deprived of its place of
meeting, he now tendered to them the use of rooms in the house
he then occupied at the corner of Bridge (Gay) and Jones (Front)
Streets. After reflection, the lodge proposed to hire the rooms,
and fit them up for its use and occupation. Wildey at once
acceded to the ofi*er, and knowing tlie fiscal inability of the lodge,
tendered the loan of funds necessary for putting the premises in
order. The money was accepted and the work promptly com-
pleted, and on the 21st of April, 1824, Columbia Lodge, No. 3,
was permanently located at Brother Wildey's house, at a rent of
sixty dollai-s per annum. Here the lodge remained until joined
by the other two lodges, and this was the central point where all
assembled until they removed to the new hall in Gay Street on
April 20, 1831. Thus we have traced the Order in Maryland to
Wildey's house, where it finds a shelter from the world ; and we
can imagine the paternal j)ride which was constantly gratified by
the presence of this loving band of grateful children. What

WASHINGTON LODGE. 55

house but that of the Common Father has room for the teeming
thousands of their equally grateful posterity ?

A MEETING OF WASHINGTON LODGE IN 1821.

We shall close this chapter with a scene not drawn from the un-
real, but exhibited in life-like colors in the graphic narrative of a
witness whose evidence will assure us that such things have been.
Past Grand Sire Kennedy leaves this most interesting fragment :

" During the summer of 1821, on a very warm evening, the
writer, in company with a friend, undertook a ramble through
the streets of Baltimore ; those less frequented by night were
selected. Passing along the lower part of Frederick Street, their
attention was drawn to a crowd in front of a public-house. Its
sign was swinging from a projecting beam, upon each side of
which were painted two extremely ugly faces, with the legend above
them — ' We Three Loggerheads Be.' In answer to an inquiry,
we were informed that they were listening to the singing at the
Loggerheads. On looking closer, we found a large room in the
second story ; it was well lighted, and pretty well filled with people.
At the moment a noisy commotion seemed to be prevailing ; but
by three vigorous blows of a mallet, an orderly silence was pro-
duced. There were no blinds to either of the three windows,
and the sash was arranged for the freest circulation ; that is, both
of air and sound. All at once the silence was broken ; a deep
tenor voice rendered * Old King Cole ' with all the original varia-
tions ; the vocal imitations of the four-and-twenty fiddlers, fifers,
drummers, &c., were loudly given, amid thundei's of applause.
This was followed by a soliloquy from Richard III, in imitation
of a great actor of that day. This was well received. There
was then a hubbub of internal commotion, which lasted imtil
stopped again by the loud-sounding mallet. A sweet, delicate
voice then executed ' The Poor Little Sweep.' This was ren-
dered with a pathos that not only had the loud applause of the
inside audience, but also of the delighted listenei'son the outside.
At this stage, my friend and myself concluded to obtain a more
favorable position for the enjoyment of the treat. Accordingly,
we entered the bar-room and inquired, * What is the charge to the
free and easy ? ' The barkeeper indignantly replied, * There is no
free and hemij here, it's the Ilodci Fellows' lodge that is above.'
To our remark that it was all the same, the Bardolph of the bar

56 AMERICAN ODD FELIX)W8HIP.

infonned lis that we knew * nothing about it.' This was literally
true, for we had never heard of Biich a society before. To our
further inquiry, ' Well, how are we to get in ?' we were informed
that we must be first proposed, and if of good moral character,
might be admitted at some future meeting. After this rebuke we
returned to the open street, drank in several other choicre pie<*es
of music, and then, very much delighted, returned to our homes.
This was my first Introduction to Odd Fellowship; this my first
knowledge of Washington Lodge, the Mother of the Oi'der in
America."

This lodge still retains its vitality, and does its first works
with energy and success. Its record for 1877 gives 152 con-
tributing members, the number drawing dues for sickness 24;
deaths 6. It has paid during the year $245 to the Grand Lodge ;
funeral benefits $500 ; donations $62, and to sick brothers $561.
The funeral expenses were $180, and the total receipts $1642.
Thus it will appear that Wildey's original lodge has kept its
place with unflinching integrity : it has never been suspended^
and has always answered the roll-call in the Grand Lodge of
Maryland.

JOHN BOYD.

CHAPTER III.

-the;

We have had occasion to s)>eak of a class of men pecnlinr tf>
Odd Fellowship — Brituns of tlie middle rank, full of iiiitionnl
peculiarities and weddud to narrow pn-jiid ices. Bnt tliey I'^id
&lao rngge<l virtues, were lionest, capablo and persevering, and
always cotnnianded » certain ri^sitetrt and confidence. (Jf such
were the inen who caine to us with fraternity, and who were
the early fathere of the Order in America. When left to tliem-
selves, tliese mystic brethren knew nothing beyond the lessons
they had learned at home. These were few, but tliey were good
id fmitfiil. Brotherly kindness and conviviality were to them
;red and indissoluble. If thuy worshipped after the manner
the ancients, it was to do honor to Harpocrates for his silence,
and to Bac^chus for the pleasures of tlie foaming cup. But tliey
knew nothing of mythology. Theirs was tlie lot of poverty and
labor, and the lodge a refuge from the cold neglect which belonged
tn a hunilile station. That circle could not lie elevated whoee
centre was a public-house, and its oracle the rubicund and jolly
host. Nor could one look for much among illiterate mechanics
and laborers, stereotyped by the Englisli system into a stolid mass
which could hardly fennent and rise under laws made for
their Miperiors, Of tlie original colleagues of Wildcy in Wasli-
ington Lodge, but one remained in the Order until atter the
decadu. John Boyd is a name identified with early Odd Fellow-
ihip in 111! it« stages, until it passed into the hands of Wildey's
Bnc-cessore. This canny, sober and grave Scotchman was for
many years a sort of fixture. He was seldom absent from tlie
iitnnsels of the pioneers, and his sharp countenance and high
cheeklxmes, liglited up by gray eyes full of penetration, were
indicative of the sagacity for which he was noted. Ho was
Iwrn in the year 17S7, in Lanarkshire, Scotland, and came to this
country as an ordinary laborer in tlie year ]S17. His fii-st place
of reflidenco was in Lovely Lane, situated very near the centre

58 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

- of Baltimore. He was at that time a sawyer of veneering for
cabinetware. Soon afterwards lie turned in another direction,
and the business was dropped. lie then formed a partnership

/ with Duncan McCormick to conduct an eating and drinking
house. This arrangement did not long continue; McComiick
lost his health and retired ; this was the brother w-ho was after-
wards admitted to the Grand Lodge of Maryland and the United
States on the 22d of February, 1822. Boyd then set up for
himself. He hired a cellar on South near Baltimore Street, and
fitted it up for the sale^of oystei-s and liquoi-s. This was the
commencement of a prosperous career, fle added to this busi-
ness that of the bottling of cider, ale and porter, which soon
brought a large and lucrative patronage. It was during these
transactions that he met the originatore of Odd Fellowship in

^ Maryland. The date of his entering Washington Lodge is not
known, but it was in 1819, and soon after the society was insti-
tuted. It is not certain whether he entered by caixl or initiation,
some supposing him before that time an English brother. At all

- events he was known in the lodge as Number 19, that being the
number which he formed by his accession to the body ; for, in
those times, the successive admissions were numbered according
to seniority. Nineteen was certainly a place not far from the
beginning. He must have been from the first a standai*d
member. At all events we find him on the Committee of Past
Grands, and acting with that body on the 7th of February, 1821,
when they solicited the English Charter from Washington Lodge.
He was at that preliminary meeting elected both Grand Treas-
urer and Grand Guardian, and was installed into both offices on
the 22d of February, when the first Grand Body was fonned.
From this time we will find him a part of the official bureau,
until the Grand Lodge of Maryland and the United States was
dissolved. Whatever other changes were made, Boyd remained.
He was constantly made Guardian without any opposition. As
Treasurer he was an indispensable adjunct. In those days of
lax performance of such duty he was a model officer. His
quarterly reports were the only business transacted strictly in
due time and with unfailing regularity. He was one of the
original five who first received the Golden Tlule Degi-ee. In
connection with Wildey and Entwisle, he repoi-ted the first con-
stitution which was adopted. On the 22d of Februarj^ 1822,

JOHN BOYD. 59

the minutes state a singular fact. They say: "G. Guardian
Boyd pi-esented two-eighths of tickets of the Washington Monu-
ment Lottery, purchased for the use of the Grand Lodge. The
numbers were 12594 and 15." Tliis tallies with a tradition that
he had sometimes a penchant for lotteries. It is said that he drew
a prize of $2000, and afterwards refused to buy tickets. This
sum was invested in stocks, and after some years they rose to the
value of $15,000. Be that as it may, this well-intended benefac-
tion was not fortunate, and Odd Fellowship drew no prize in
that wlieel of fortune. That he had education may be inferred
from the fact tiiat he was made chairman of the connnittee to
write to Boston in 1S23 when that State was drifting into
anarchy. He was a party to every movement up to the eventful
meeting which dissolved the body, and transferred Odd Fellow-
ship to the separate Grand Lodge of tiie United States. At the
preliminary meeting he acted as Proxy Bepresentative for Penn-
sylvania. Tiiis honorable position was assigned him in 1825, '6
and '7, when he gave way to Bepresentative Pearce, who had
been elected to the place. He appeal's again as Proxy Bepre-
sentative for Delaware in 1831, when he drops from that record.
At the separation of the Grand Lodge of Maryland, when it
took a charter from the separate Grand Lodge of the United
States, Boyd was nominated for Grand Master, but declined. If
he had stood the ballot his election was certain, but he was firm in
his refusal. Such offices he had resolved never to occupy. The
sturdy Scotchman was averse to all meretricious distinction and
display. He loved the Order, and delighted in its work ; but
his ideas of Odd Fellowship were mainly confined to its finances,
and the benefits which flowed from a full treasury. A good bus-
iness man, he aimed at order and lodge system as the true basis
of prosperity. In those days of poverty he was the honest guar-
dian of the funds — the sheet-anchor of all material prosperity.
He did not, on occasions, refuse to make advances ; and in his
hands the indigence of the Order was made respectable, by the
attention he bestowed upon every fiscal arrangement. But he was
only willing to be treasurer whilst his services were indispensable.
He also served as Grand Guardian because he was thus useful,
without being disturbed with ambitious projects. He was, in
one respect, an ancient Odd Fellow, who would not be changed.
In the old system of independent lodges, the highest rank was

60 AMERICAN ODD FKLLOWSUIP.

that of Past Grand. He had won tlie title, and his aspirations
were satisfied. In fact, lie looked upon the new titles as merely
ornamental. A Past Grand was, in his eyes, a king of men, and
could not therefore rise any higher. He clung to the title and
the rights of that place with a peculiar tenacity. Thus he was
known as Thk Past Grand.

In the business transacted he was always prominent. In 1826
he was on the conunittees to revise and have the charge books
printed, to procure a room for the meetings of the subordinate
lodges, and to regulate the payment of dues. He was the author
of the first resolution fixing the order of taking the degrees, and
^ of the letter to Pennsylvania explaining the use of the sign and
^ grip. He also aided in procuring the copper-plate for printing
certificates. He was one of those to whom was referred the con-
stitution which was approved, and is known as the amended con-
stitution of 1829. He, with Marley and Mathiot, drafted the
form of visiting card adopted. Above all, he was a useful mem-
ber of the committee which designed and built the Odd Fellows'
Hall on Gay Street. In that he took 20 shares of stock. In
1831 he consented to serve as Grand Treasurer, and was duly
elected. This was his last oflice in the Order. Nothing but the
exigency of building and paying for the new hall could have in-
duced him to serve. Having adjusted the matter successfully,
he, in due time, finally resigned. About this time began the
controversv wlii(;h arose from the admission of Scarlet Members
into the Grand Lodge, M'hich will be detailed in the biography
of Marley. He was decidedly in favor of the measure, and vigor-
ously suj)ported it. Tliere were various reasons which led others
to vote for it, but Boyd was actuated by principle. It began by
a petition from the subordinates for " a fair representation in the
Grand Tx)dge."" This meant that members of the latter body
should not be required to be Past Grands. Such a doctrine com-
mended itself to Bo}-d as eminently proper. Under the indivi-
dual and independent lodge system, each lodge was both a subor-
dinate and Grand Lodge. It was (treated by a single lodge, and
created other lodges in its turn. It was generally both a subor-
dinate and Grand Lodge; a subordinate, as being limited by its
charter and by ancient usage, and a Grand Lodge to grant char-
ters. It is tnie that Past Grands were superior to the other mem-
bers, but that WHS only in degree. They all met together for lodge

JOHN BOYD. 61

business. The committee of Past Grands indeed met separately,
but not to legislate. That committee could only advise. Its
recommendations could be heeded or rejected, at pleasure. All
the power was in the body of the membership, and the form of
government might be called democratic. The theory of the new
men was, to the contrary, one of a separate Grand Lodge, confined
to Past Grands alone. The lodges could only send their Past
Grands to that body, and thus select their representatives from
that superior class alone. To this, ancient usage could not give
its assent, and any measure which secured personal representa-
tion to members of the subordinate lodge, had the charm of use
and tradition to assist it. Past Grand Bovd broke his usual
silence to advocate the proposition. Finding that he could not
effect the purpose by obtaining a vote suflScient to amend the
constitution of the Grand Lodge, he voted with the majority to
admit Scarlet Degree members to that body. This was for a
time successful, until, as related elsewhere, the Grand Lodge of
the United States destroyed this singular anomaly by appropriate
legislation.

When the Gay Street Hall was completed Boyd became one of
the board of in anagers. In another place whe have related the story
of the spurious lodge which grew out of the admission to the Grand
Lodge of ^laryland of Scarlet Degree membei's. In January,
1833, Boyd, with four others, one of whom was Past Grand Ken-
nedy, afterwards Grand Sire, was appointed to reconcile the diffi-
culty. This was not accomplished. A general law was immedi-
ately passed, under which the offending members were expelled,
and Boyd voted heartily with the majority. The vote stood 59
ayes to 31 nays. In 1834 the members expelled, with one accord,
sought to return to the fold. Some were received back, but the
majority were rejected ; Boyd always voting to receive them.
Tliis unfavorable action seems to have affected the Past Grand
deeply. He was among new men, who were fast forgetting his
honorable services, and he found his influence on the decline.
His private business had pressing claims upon him, and he turned
from the lodges to the congenial business of making money. In
fact there was nothing but routine work to be done in the Order ;
it was fully established, so that he could leave it to younger men.
He had been gradually enlarging his ventures. The courthouse
in Baltimore is built on a steep declivity, hence, on the street

\.

C2 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

at its foot there was a large space left under the square of the
building. This was fitted up as a very large cellar. He rented
and used it for the bottling business on a large scale. His salea
brought him excellent profits. He was now possessed of a large
capital. He accordingly purchased the well-known Gilmor resi-
dence and an adjoining property on South Gay Street. This he im-
proved greatly. Here were his offices, workshops and storerooiuB
during the remainder of his life. But this required only part of his
capital. He built a malt-house at the foot of Eutaw Street, and con-
ducted the business of malting. Everything prospered with him,
and he became wealthy. When the Front Street Theatre was
built he became one of the stockholders. In course of time he
bought a country-seat in the vicinity of the city, where he lived
in ease and plenty, and where his descendants now reside. He
was always liighly esteemed in business and social circles. As
a Scotchman, he was proud of his nationality. He was for a long
time president and vice-president of the Bums Club of Baltimore,
and took an active part in its transactions. He was of those
whose " woi-d was as good as his money." Although he ceased
to attend tlie Grand Lodge, he never neglected Washington
Lodge, No. 1. He was there held in profound resj^ect, as one of
the venerated Fathers. His sagacity and prudence were the theme
of eulogy. In all financial affaii-s he was an oracle. Nor was he
unmindful of the courtesies of life. Among his intimates he was
cordial and full of interest. He had been a close observer, and
was well versed in men and affaire. When friendship called he
was always ready to advise and help, and to a tried brother was
true as steel. Nor did his caution, industry and money-mak-
ing cause him to neglect his duty to humanity. In a good cause
he was liberal, and on proper occasions led the way to administer
benevolence. As a prudent citizen, whose integrity was bej^ond
question, Le was by every one respected.

On great occasions in Odd Fellowship, Boyd felt a return of his
old interest in the cause. His last appearance in public was on
the occasion of the death of his great leader. He was present
at the Wildey eulogy by Ridgely, and with deep emotion grasped
the orator with both hands in a warm embrace of mingled grief
and satisfaction ; grief at his loss, delight to find his countryman
up(»n a pinnacle of world-wide fame. Well might he be proud
at the rehearsal of that obscure history to such an audience 1 — to

JOHN BOYD. 03

hear the old, lialf-foi^otten names uttered by so many voices,
calling them into new life ; to have spread before him the scenes
of his early manhood ; to awake to the fact that he had been a
contemporary of historical men, and had helped them to make
history ! How thrilling was the contrast of the vast theatre with
the *' Seven Stars" and the "Three Loggerheads"! The old
Ti-easnrer and Gnardian of the infant Grand Ixxlge of but five
meml)ei-s, saw himself surrounded by a Supreme Grand Lodge
from all pai-ts of the continent, a picked senate fi'om a vast con-
stituency. His face was radiant with happiness, and his heart
solaced with a consciousness that virtue was at length rewarded.
He never dropped from the roll of Washington Lodge imtil he
left the world. As the old members disappeared, he stood alone
as the senior of the lodge. He loved among his intimates to
live over the early days. On such occasions he forgot his usual
reticence, and reheai*sed with raised voice and sparkling eye the
stories of the early conflicts. In some points he stood among
the early laborers with Welch. Like him, he was sober, pnident,
and eminently respectable. His energy and pereeverance were
very marked. As a citizen, he was a man of substance and of
weight. His long connection with successful business had made
him well-known in such circles, and he was held up as an example
to young and rising men.

As age grew upon him, Boyd gradually retired from active life
into the bosom of his family. At Loudon Hill, his fine country
beat, he sat down in great peace to await the end. His children
had grown up around him in honor, and cheered his declining
yeai^s. His daughters connected themselves with men of position,
and his grandchildren were promising. His grandsons, John
Boyd and John Boyd Ricketts, imder the firm of Boyd & llick-
etts, succeeded to his business, which they still conduct in a man-
ner honorable to themselves and their grandfather. At length
firail nature could bear up no longer, and on the 3()th day of
August, 1871, in the bosom of his family, he peacefully sank to
rest He was at that time in his 84th year, and the oldest living
Odd Fellow in the United States — the last of the men of 1819!
He lies in the same cemetery with Wildey, Marlcy and Mathiot,
and a fine monument rises over his grave. Peace to his ashes ! But
a nobler monument to his memory appears in these pages, where
he will be found linked with those who were hiunan benefactors ;

\

04 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

ono of tliat fainous band wliom the world will cherish as men
whose names cdn never be forgotten.

Boyd's last day of service in theGrand Lodge of tlie United States
was memorable in his history. When all the business of the annual
session was completed, there was a long pause before tlie final
adjournment. The vote had just been taken that made him a
charter member of the first Grand Encampment. In tlie midst
of silent expectation, Rep. Birkey arose in behalf of the great
State of Pennsylvania. His preface consisted of an able and elo-
quent address, full of pei*sonal and oflicial compliments to the
retiring Representative. He then advanced to Past Grand Boyd,
and presented him a beautiful memento of esteem. It w^as a
medal, described as a circular tablet of silver, neatly enclosed in
a frame of the same metal, having engraved on one side three
columns, terminating respectively in a hand, a heart and a fiame,
and based on an altar whose panels or tablets were decorated
wnth emblems of the Order; the whole surmoimted with an all-
seeing eye, and encircled with the motto of the Order, "Amicitia,
Amor et Veritas." On tlie opposite side is engraved the follow-
ing inscription : ''Presented, September 5th, 1831, by the Grand
luodge of i\Minsylvania, of the 1. O. of O. F., to P. G. John Boyd,
late Proxy of this Grand Lodge in the Grand Lodge of the United
States, as a testimony of respect and regard for his uni'emitted
attention to the interest of the Order in this State."

CHAPTER IV.

THE GRAND LODGE OF MARYLAND AND OF THE UNITED STATES,
FROM ITS ORGANIZATION, IN 1821, TO ITS DISSOLUTION, IN 1825.

The organization of that duplex body, " The Grand Lodge of
Maryland and of the United States," was consummated on the
22d of February, 1821, when the following officers were installed :
Thomas Wildey, Grand Master; John P. Entwisle, Deputy
Grand Master; William S. Couth, Grand Warden; John Welch,
Grand Secretary, and John Boyd, Grand Guardian. Past Grand
Larkam was admitted, and the Golden Ilule degree was conferred
on five Past Grands. A dispensation was innnediately presented
to Washington Lodge, No. 1, as its first subordinate, in acknow-
ledgment of the Grand Warrant ceded by that lodge. The
support of the Grand Lodge was then i)rovided for by the
adoption of the following: "Resolved, That ten percentum
be paid by the subordinate lodges on their receipts, for the
support of the Grand Lodge. That each member j)ay to the
Grand Lodge seventy-five cents for the Golden Rule degree.
That thirty dollars be charged for dispensations for opening
lodges, viz : Ten dollars for the dispensation, ten dollars for
the White, Blue and Scarlet degrees and book of charges ; and
ten dollars for the intermediate degrees, called the Covenant
and Remembrance." Annual sessions were to be held on the
22d day of February, and quarterly sessions on the 22(1 days of
May, August and November. The meeting in May was infor-
mally adjourned, but the August session assembled in form; all
the Grand Officers were present; the office of Grand ('onductor
was created, and the place filled by the appointment of P. G.
William Larkam. Franklin Lodge, which had been (tailed into
existence by hostility to Washington Lodge, appeared as a peti-
tioner for a warrant as a subordinate. The petition was granted,
and a warrant issued under the title of Franklin Lodge, No. 2,
dated September 5th, 1821, which day was selected as the one
when the lodge should become lawful. A committee, consisting
5 <«>

66 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

of G. M. Wildey, D. G. M. Entwisle, and G. W. Conih, were
appointed to draft a fonn for dispensations, and to prepare books,
&c., and Entwisle, Boyd and Larkani were directed to prepare a
constitution. For the latter tliere wjis no precedent, for before
that time all such bodies, under whatever name, exercised an
undefined authority, with no restraint but such as " ancient
usage " imposed. But they had already learned the value of
written law to reduce obligation and authority to form, and make
rights and duties fixed and tangible.

At the November session, 1821, Deputy Grand Master
Entwisle reported the instrument, which contained twenty pro-
positions ; it was unanimously adopted. He also reported several
secret articles relative to the signs, passwords, &c., which were
also approved. Solomon Winchester, of No. 1, and Ezekiel
Wilson, of No. 2, were elected and admitted to membership, and
took the Golden Rule degree. It is also stated that Richard P»
Petherick was expelled ; as this brother was afterwards restored and
became a valuable member, it is but just to state that this action
was irregular, and no doubt was ex parte. Brother Petherick does
not appear to have been a member of the Grand Lodge, and was
not amenable to a sentence of the kind. It was an act in keeping
with the rude justice of those times, which was administered in
the most summary manner ; thus we know absolutely nothing of
the offence, if any, with which Petherick was charged. It would
be of interest to insert the initial constitution wliich was adopted
at this meeting, but no copy can be found. The next recorded
meeting is entitled " Grand Committee," and was held on De-
cember 10,1821; Wildey was absent, and D. G. M. Entwisle
presided. The committee on dispensations, &c., reported the
form for a subordinate lodge warrant, which was adopted and
ordered to be printed, and Entwisle, Welch and Wilson were
selected to revise the degrees and charges. The committee on
dispensations, &c., also reported having procured a seal suitable
to be used on wax, ^vith the following inscription : Gr. Lo. of Md.
AND OF THE U. S. 1820 L O. F. ; with a hand and heart sup-
porting evenly balanced scales. This was the first of a series of
meetings held by the Grand Officers and members of the Grand
Lodge, styled "Grand Committee," which seem to have been
special sessions of the Grand Lodge. At such meetings the
business of the regular sessions was continued and new business

THB 0&A2n> LODGE OF MD. AHD THE U. 8. 67

transacted ; as in the case of receiving the report of the com-
mittee on dispensations, and in appointing another to revise the
work. The name seems to have been borrowed from the ancient
committee of Past Grands, and it is very probable that it was
provided for in the constitution. The Grand Committee met on
January 1, 1822, when a resolution was passed forbidding the
conferring of d^rees on any member except in his own lodge ;
and an arrangement was made to meet the two subordinate
lodges on the tenth of the same month for instruction, and to
deliver the warrants before granted. In a special session of the
9th day of January the two papers were duly signed and sealed,
and the colors of the degrees affixed ; and on the next day, being
the 10th of January, 1822, everything being in readiness, and
the lodges duly assembled, their respective warrants were de-
livered to them with much ceremony. The second annual
session took place on February 22d, when, in addition to the
officers, the following Past Grands were presented, viz : Solomon
Winchester and Ezekiel Wilson; and two others were duly
admitted, viz: Duncan McConnick and James Seed. At the
opening, Grand Master Wildey addressed them briefly, in words
full of zeal and wisdom.

ADDBESS OF GKAND MASTER WILDEY.

"^. IT. Deputy Grand Master^ Officers :

" On the present occasion we meet for the despatch of busi-
ness. On the deliberations of our meetings will depend greatly
the welfare and eventual success of our ancient and honorable
Order. It has become our duty to lay do\m rules for the control-
ment of our future action ; and if the resolutions we ordain shall
be in unison jvith the revealed teachings of the Great Patron of
our Order, the God in whom we trust, we shall have notliing to
fear for our ultimate welfare. I look iijwn you as the pillars and
supports of the Order. On yoiir precepts and examples rest our
hopes; for on them the reputation of the Order is fornunl.
Should they be in conformity with tlie principles we profess, you
will be revered by all good Odd Fellows ; if otherwise, yoii will
disgrace yoiii-selves, injure the Order of which you are members,
and damage the cause of benevolence in society at large. The
obligations you have undertaken are sufficient to teach you your
duties in the Order ; and each one of you is capable of jndging

68 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

when these duties are properly performed. I therefore solemnly
call on you this day to give me your joint and individual assist-
ance, to aid my endeavors in tlie formation of such plans as may
be most productive of the great object we have in view ; the
building up of an institution devoted to brotherly love, unity and
benevolence."

This address was ordered to be spread on the minutes. The
brevity, beauty and energy of this fragment bespeak the hand of
a master ; the voice was that of Wildey, but the diction and sen-
timent were from the pen and brain of his intellectual mentor.
The reader will here take notice that we do not present this and
other productions as Wildey's, but simply as indicative of what
was taught ])y him. When we come to speak of Entwisle and
Mathiot, justice will be done; but especially to the former, who
will be found to have given all its literary character to the first
decade. After the address, all the Grand Officers were re-elected
to fill their offices for another j^ear. Information having been
received that lodges of the Order had been organized at New
York and Boston, it was ordered that letters be written to the
brethren in those cities, and every eflbrt made to open a corre&-
pondcnce with them. The importance of punctual attendance
having been (considered, a penalty was imposed on officers and
members for any absence from the sessions of either the Grand
Lodge or the " Grand (.'ommittce." Franklin Lodge was reported
as having very finv present at their meetings ; when the members
of AVashington Lodge were invited to attend and help in its work.
Past Grand Ezekiel "Wilson was reported by Franklin Lodge, No.
2, as suspended from membei-ship during " one year and a day."
At the May quarterly session, in addition to the Grand Officers,
Past Grands M(»Cornn*ck, Winchester and Seed ^were present,
and Thomas iritchell, of No. 2, was admitted. The expulsion of
Past (irand ITumphreys, " for attempting to defraud the treasury
of his lodge," was approved. This was more regular than in Peth-
erick's (case, yet there is nothing to be found showing that the
expelled member had ev(^r been admitted to the Grand Lodge,
nor in what lodge he held membership. A notice was sent
in from Franklin Lodge of the expulsion of Past (irand Ezekiel
Wilson, who was then under sentence of suspension ; this was
also approved.

THE GBAND LODGE OF MD. AND THE U. 8. 69

At tlie August quarterly session, in addition to the Grand
Officers, Past Grands McCormick, Seed and Mitchell were
present, and John Nelson, of No. 2, was duly admitted. The
fourth or Golden Rule degree had been previously conferred
without charge ; it was now ordered that the fee of one dollar
should be paid for the degree. On this occasion the death of the
first member was announced in the person of Solomon Winchester,
of No. 1, and crape was ordered to be worn as mourning for four
quarters. Past Grand Couth resigned as Grand Warden, and
Past Grand Thomas Mitchell was elected to the place; and
Franklin Lodge applied for and received copies of the inter-
mediate degrees of Covenant and Remembrance. The November
quarterly session, in addition to the officei-s, was attended by
Past Grands McCormick and Nelson ; Past Grand Thomas
Scotchburn was admitted a member. An opinion seemed to
prevail at this session that the progress of the Order was retarded
by the sentiments and music of the odes of the ritual ; Entwisle,
Welch and Scotchbuni were therefore deputed to make alterations
in the words and music of tlie odes used in the lodges ; this com-
mittee was instructed to report at the next quarterly session, but
failed to do so. The third annual session convened on February
22, 1823 ; present, the Grand Officei*s and Past Grands Seed,
Nelson and Scotchbuni ; Past Grand Anstice was duly admitted.
It was enacted that no member of the body should be admitted
to its councils unless he could prove himself in the Past Grand's
sign and password. The election of officers now proceeded under
the following : " Resolved, that the Grand Lodge proceed to the
election of G. Officei-s to sei've for the ensuing two years." The
original constitution, now lost, doubtless provided for the annual
election of the officers ; the election that preceded it was for the
term of one vear; and the election under it in 1822 was for a
similar term, although not so designated. Without any pretence
of an amendment, the term was extended from one year to two
years — so great a lack of respect still existed in regard to the
binding force of law among those new converts to written com-
])a('ts. Under this resolution all the officers were re-elected ; the
only change made was in elevating G. Sec. Welch to the pla(*o
(»f Deputy Grand Master, and placing D. G. M. Entwisle in the
more (congenial office of Grand Secretary, where his peculiar
fitness was speedily displayed. During the first year of the

70 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Grand Lodge no detailed fiscal account is preserved ; no such
oflSce as Treasurer was provided for, either in tlie Grand or sub-
ordinate lodges. Grand Guardian Boyd and G. M. Wildey
usually advanced money as needed, and hence acted in some sort
as Treasurers.

In the second year an account was opened by a statement of
the gross receipts and expenditures of the year, thus : receipts
from commencement of Grand Lodge to end of first year
$102.97; expenditures during the same time $100.37; leaving a
balance of $2.60. During the second year there was received
from Washington Lodge, No. 1, $27.58 ; from Franklin Lodge,
No. 2, $16.71; from members for admission fees, &c., $8.69;
which, with the balance of tlie first year, $2.60, made a total of
$55.58 ; the expenditure of this year was fifty-six cents, which
left a balance at the beginning of the third year of $55.02. Nothing
is known of the income of the subordinate lodges previous to
this time except as calculated by the percentage paid in; by
which the receipts of Washington Lodge for the preceding year
had been $275.80, and of Franklin Lodge $167.10. There are no*
data by which the expenses of either lodge can be ascertained.
The " Grand Committee" was assembled on April 13, 1823, with
the Grand Oflicers and Past Grands Seed, Nelson, Scotchbum
and Anstice. The meeting was held to consider a letter received
by Washington Lodge.

THE BOSTON LETTEK.

" Boston, March 28, 1828.

"7b the Most Noble G randy Officers and Brothers of the Wash-
i^igton Lodge, Baltiinore :

" Your favor, through the hands of brother Wilson, was
duly received by Massachusetts Lodge, No. 1. The kind and
affectionate manner in which you received our worthy brother
Wiljion, merits our warmest acknowledgments ; and rest assured
such praiseworthy conduct will meet with a reciprocation from
us, as we are convinced it will tend more closely to cement the
bonds of Odd Fellowship. From brother Wilson's statement
we are satisfied your lodge is legally the Grand Lodge of the
United States. ^V^e do hereby acknowledge you as such, and
beg you to grant us a charter as the Grand Lodge of this State,
under the title of the Massachusetts Lodge of L O. F., No. 1 ;
giving us power to grant charters to such lodges as may, from
time to time, arise in this State, but at all times to acknowledge

THE GRAND LODGE OF MD. AND THE U. 8. 71

your lodge as the Grand Lodge of the United States. We feel
more anxious on this point, as we have just granted a few of our
worthy brothers leave to withdraw from us and form a new
lodge, with no other intention but to benefit the Order by
spreading it more extensively. We are without the lectures and
degrees, and we wish von to state the manner of application and
method of receiving tliem here. We shall at all times be proud
of any communication from you, and sincerely hope there will
be a free correspondence kept up between the two lodges. All
expenses incurred in sending on these degrees, etc., will be paid
by us. Yours, with respect,

" Philemon Stacy, Secretary.
" Approved : Wm. Bishop, M. N. G.

" P. b. You will please send the lectures and degrees on as
soon as possible."

On its receipt the N. G. of Washington Lodge presented it to
G. M. Wildey, who offered it for the consideration of the Grand
Committee. On learning its contents, all informalities were
waived, and the following answer nnanimously agreed upon:

" Resolved, that a Charter be granted to Massachusetts Lodg^
No. 1."

" Resolved, that a dispensation for a Grand Lodge, to grant
charters to other lodges in the State of Massachusetts, be given,
free of expense, to the Past Grands of those lodges, and to be
located at Boston."

This was supplemented by a resolution deputizing the Grand
Master to convey the charter to the petitioners.

The Grand Committee then ordered the lectures and degrees
to be printed ; and D. G. M. Welch and G. Secretary Entwisle
were directed to write out the lectures and charges, and to super-
vise the printing, which was proposed to be done speedily. A
question then arose on amending the constitution, which was
finally referred to G. G. Boyd and Past Grands Scotchbum, Nel-
f^on and Anstice. Before the close of the session the members,
on the motion of G. Secretary Entwisle, gave formal expression
to the obligation of the Order to G. M. Wildcy, " for his assidu-
ity and perseverance in the service of the Grand Lodge." The
Grjiiid Master eloquently responded. The further proc^eedings
upon the Boston application will be detailed in their order. The
fii-st quarterly session of 1823 was held May 18th, when, in addi-
tion to the Grand Oflicers, Past Grands Seed, McCormick, Nelson
and Anstice were present. In opening, the Grand Master stated

72 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

that the regular day of meeting being on Sunday, the 22d instant,
he had called them together on another day, to avoid public cen-
sure. Past Grand William Tong was admitted a member.
The charter of Massachusetts Lodge, No. 1, was ordered to be
signed by the officers and members, and the seal of the Grand
Lodge, with the appropriate colors, affixed thereto. Tlie dis-
pensation for the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts was not in readi-
ness, and in order to complete it, a " Grand Committee " was
ordered to be held on the 25th. On that day the Grand Com-
mittee met ; present, the Grand Officers, except the Grand
Master, Deputy Grand Master and Grand Conductor; Grand
Warden Mitchell acting as Grand Master; Past Grands Scotch-
bum, Anstice, Nelson, Seed and Tong. Past Grand William
Williams, of No. 1, was admitted to a seat. The Grand Dispen-
sation for Massacjhusetts having been engrossed, was signed by
the Grand Officers and members present, and subsequent!}' by
G. M. Wildey, D. G. M. Welch, G. Con. Larkam and P. G.
McCormick.

Previous to the departure of Grand Master Wildey on his mia-
sion to New England, letters were sent to the lodge known to be in
existence in Philadelphia, and to one or more of the lodges which
rumor had located in New York, apprising them of his intended
journey, and a>king penuission for Wildey to visit them and to
commune with the brethren when he was passing through their
resi)ective citi(»s. W^hereupon the Grand blaster left Baltimore
on the 31st May, 1S23, for Philadelphia, and arrived there the
next morning. He found the brethren in that city self-instituted,
through the Jigency of a member of an informal lodge in New
York, known at Franklin Lodge, No. 2. To this lodge the bro-
thel's wer(» looking for authority as a superior, and were not pre-
pared to join the movement elsewliere. But Wildey's explana-
tion was well calculated to arrest their attention. He informed
them of his success in Maryland, and that he bore one charter for
a working lodge at Boston, and another to enable the Past
Grands at that ]>lace to fonn the (irand Lodge of Massachusetts;
and that his constituents were willing, and evi»n anxious, to make
similar grants to the brethren in Pennsylvania. He enforced
these topics by presenting the advantage's that Avere likely to
result to all concerned, should his plan be adopted ; to individual
members, the knowledge of the improvements of the Manchester

THE GBAND LODGE OF MD. AND THE U. 8. 73

Unity ; to subordinates, uniformity in the work and a system of
finance ; to the Past Grands, the dignity of a State Grand Lodge ;
and to all, the importance of a central parental authority in a
Grand Lodge of the United States. The brethren were well
inclined to his offers, but insisted on such delay as would allow
them to learn of the result of an application to what they consid-
ered their mother lodge. Wildey remained another day with
them, and on the morning of the third day of June left for New
York, and reached that city in time to be that niglit in session
with Franklin Lodge, at thehoiise of Bro. Lovett, No. 279 Grand
Street. Here he found two lodges, the one formally and the
other informally constituted. The lawful lodge was claiming
superiority over all the self-instituted lodges of the city, and the
controversy had just reached a crisis. Wildey met the contest-
ants and was made their umpire. He found that Columbia Lodge
had received a valid charter from a lodge of the Independent
Order in England, of the date of the 14th of November, 1S22,
and without hesitation decided in favor of the legal body. Co-
lumbia Lodge at once agreed to apply to the Grand Lodge at Balti-
more, to surrender its charter, and receive a dispensation of the
date of Jime 4th, 1823. The Noble Grand of the Tx>dge began
the correspondence with Maryland, as follows:

New York, June Gtli, 1823.

To the Grand Lodge of ilu Slate (jf Maryland^ it<\^ etc.

Honored Brkthkkn: — Having been visited by(Trand Master
Wildey on his tour to Boston, he was polite enough to inform us
of the method of forming a Grand Lodge of the State. Where-
upon we make application to you, by G. M. Wildey 's recom-
mendation, for a dispensation for a Grand Lodge, so that he
will have it in his power to install our officers on his return from
Boston. Your immediate compliance with this will give us a
great deal of pleasure. We remain in the bonds of F. L. and T.

R. Watts, M, X. G.

On its receipt the Grand Secretary, at a loss what to do, con-
sulted several of the members, and then replied :

Baltimore, June 1), 1823.
li. TFato, M, X. G.

Dear Brother: — Your esteemed letter of ()th instant is
received this morning, and I have lost no time in taking up the
sense of a majority of the Grand Lodge, not indeed in formal

74 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

committee, but meeting to give a degree with several, and visiting
others, the opinion being unanimous, we must wait another
communication from you before we can proceed further. In the
first place, the rule of Odd Fellowship has been, from time im-
memorial, that there must be an application from five brothers
for a dispensation for a lodge, and a Grand Charter can (only) be

fiven to five Past Grands. 2d. In the application signed by the
1. N. G. Watts there is no authority by the lodjje lie belongs
to, and there is no mention made of the name of tlie lodge. As
we have heard of the Shakspeare, No. 1 ; Franklin, No. 2, and
Washington, No. 3, it is iinpossible we should know to which to
grant the dispensation. Tlie first subordinate which takes a
charter will be denominated No. 1, but the Grand Charter will
extend equally to the privilege of tlic Past Grands of the lodges
now fonned, or the numerous and respectable lodges which we
sincerely hope you will in future fonn.

John P. Entvvisle, Grand Secretary.

In three days this had reached New York; the members
were called together, when a fonnal application was prepared
and signed, and enclosed in a letter explaining the reason of the
infonnality in the first instance, viz : that they had personally
applied to G. M. Wildey on the 4th of June for the Grand
Charter, and relied on his having forwarded the necessary
information.

APPLICATION OF COLUMBIA LODGE.

New York, June 12th, 1823.

To the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States :

We, the undersigned, for and in behalf of Columbia Lodge,
No. 1, ot I. O. F., held at Brother Lovett's, 279 Grand Street,
having received a legal dispensation from the Loyal Beneficent
Duke of Sussex Lod<re, No. 2, Liverpool, for the subordinate
lodge, do further petition for a dispensation from your lodge to
form a (rrand Lodge of the State of New York. We trust you
will forward us the necessary documents as early as possible ; as
G. 51. AVildey intends installing our officers on his return from
Boston. Wishing the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the
Ignited States every prosperity, we remain vours in the bonds of
F. L. and T.

P. (t. Jno. B. Bobinson, M. N. G. Thos. Turnbull,

P. (t. Jamks Simistkr, Y. G. Jos. Barton,

P. G. Jamks Claridge, SecCy T. Ball.

P. G. John Grant,
P. G. Pt. Watts.

THE OBAND LODGE OF MD. AND THE U. 8. 75

This was the first formal petition received by the Grand Lodge
of Maryland and of the United States, for a Grand Lodge Char-
ter. It reached Baltimore on the 15th of June, on which day
D. G. M. Welch convened the Grand Committee.

But to return to the brethren in Pennsylvania. So soon as
G. M. Wildey received the oral application of the New York
brothers, he wrote to Philadelphia and gave information of tliat
fact. The brothers, on receipt of the communication, assembled,
and prepared and transmitted what follows :

Philadelphia, June 6th, 1823.

To John P, Etitwidey Grand Secretary, Esq,

Respected Brother: — We have the pleasure to inform
vou G. M. Wildey arrived in Philadelphia on Sunday, in good
health. We assembled a few brothers by two o'clock ; the infor-
mation we received from our worthy brother was pleasing and
instructive. This Lodge had come to a determination to take a
dispensation, charter and degrees; and we hearing tliat a lodge
in riew York had received a dispensation from England, we had
applied for one from them before the arrival of brother Wildey.
Bro. Wildey has written to us from New York, which communi-
cation we received this morning. His letter gives us such infor-
mation as to enable us to apply to the Grand Lodge of Maryland
and of the United States for a charter, etc., and he says he will,
on his return, provide us with other documents. Wishing you
every blessing this world can afford, we remain,

in the bonds of F. L. and T.

Wm. Mathews, N. G.
Jno. Sturois, V. G.
Thos. Hepworth, P. G.
Aaron Nichols, P. G.
Nath'l Longmire, /&6*'y.

This very informal application was regarded as sufficient.
The Grand Committee, as before stated, being called into session
on the 15th of June, 1823, these communications were presented.
The committee first granted the prayer of the petitioners for a
dispensation for the Grand Lodge of the State of New York ;
afterwards the application from Philadelphia was considered, and,
on motion, its informalities waived, and a charter was granted
to Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1 ; after which a dispensation was
granted to the Past Grands of said Lodge to form the Grand Lodge
of Pennsylvania. The latter grant was made in anticipation of
any application therefor; the same as in the case of the grant to the

76 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Past Grands of Massachusetts. The documents were speedily pre-
pared, after the forms used for the Massachusetts bodies, and
witli tlie necessary cliarge and degree books, were forwarded to
the address of TJiomas Wildey, New York, on the 18th of June>
in order to intercept him on liis return from Boston. Meanwhile
G. M. Wildey had left Kew York on the 5th of June, by the
land route for JJoston, which place he reached on the 8th instant;
he found the brethren anxiously awaiting his arrival. On the
9th of June he regularly instituted Massachusetts Lodge, No. 1,
and instructed such members as were eligible in the several de-
gree's of the Order. He then went earnestly to work preparing
the Past Grands i'or conducting the business of a Grand Lodge,
and was enabled on June 11th, 1823, at the lodge hall in Ann
Street, to institute and organize the Grand Lodge of Massachu-
setts. After spending a few days with the brethren, G. Master
Wildey began his jcmrney homeward, and reached New Y'ork on
the 22d of June. He found matters but little changed during
his absence; with the exception of Past Grands Downing and
Robinson, every member of Franklin Ix)dge stubbornly refiised
to recognize the new arrangement, and ceased to meet as a lodge.
The i)ackage of warrants and other documents had arrived from
Baltimore, and at once the (t. M. proceeded to institute and
organize tlie Grand Lodge of the State of New Y'ork, which was
done at No. 270 Grand Street, on June 24th, by the installation of
th(i duly elected ofticiTs. Having imparted all needful instruc-
tions, G. M. Wildey l(»ft on the following day for Philadelphia,
when* he arriv(»d on the same evening. Everj'thing being in
readiness, ho instituted Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, at No. 66 Dock
Street, on June 2()th, 1823. On the next day he organized, at
the same j)lace, the Grand Tx)dge of the State of Pennsylvania.
After remaining a day or two for the pui'j)(>se of imparting infor-
mation, the Grand Master resumed his journey, and arrived at
Baltimore on the 1st of Julv, 1823.

Hut to return to the narrative. A special Grand Committee
was held July 7th, 1823, when all the Grand Officers and several
Past Grands were present. G. M. Wildey made an oral report,
setting forth t\w difficulties he had encountered, and his final suc-
cess in \]\o States of Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania.
WHiereupon a vote of thanks to him was unanimously adopted,
and it was ordered that a circular letter be addressed to the sub-

THE 6RA2(I> U\l>OK vVT MK ANI> 1i«K V. *. Tt

ordinate kxlires> in Marylan^K jrivinjr int\uin)iluM\ %\t'lho u^\>hh^^l«
of the mission of the Gnuul Master to the lu^teiit StHtt^N ^^tul \M'
his safe return.

ciucrtAU,

Special Grand Committkk of thk (^kako Iauh^k or NUhvi.amu

AND OF THK UnITKU StaTKH*

Hai.timowk, »lul) 7i IS\J{I,
M. N. G,, V. 6*., OJii^-ra and AVWAivnv ;

Greeting: — The happy ivturn of our highly h»»»pr»ot«n| \\\\\\
Most Worthy Grand Master calls us together thiM day, and i*eh
sible of the anxiety of our hrothoi^s to Ih» h\rornuM| o\' the »*u«M»eM
which has attended his travels, the Grand ConunltttM* haM hi
strutted nie to announce to you, that the \\\\)M nanguhie nN|iiM»ta
tions we had conceived have been nu)re than reall/.iMl, Tht* Immio
fieial system we proiec^ted, and tiu^ houorahle ti^riuN ol' unhnil
action we proposed, have luu^n so wtdl preKenteil hy our Oi'mimI
Master, as to meet witii tlu? approhation of all our hrollM»r« linre^
toforc astray. He luis h<HMi aoh^ to overcoino every dlllleull y that
stood in the way, and, hy his alniost nuigie, power, he han JM'ou^ht
under the authority ana atispicres of the (Jrund Lod^e of Mary
land and of the llnitfjd States, three other (iratid Lo<lp;;ew, In I'm II
operation, in the States of Massaehu setts, New York and I 'mum
fivlvania. Grand Master Wildey hriup^s sjitiHlarfory proof that
the Order, in ('ach of thes(! States, is in the loioda of flioa<i who
fully undf'rstand thr; principles of our honorahlc iVaferrdty i and
that its lionors and iMTiehts will he properly a/lodnUfer<(d« In
each, in the ^ame manner an they are her*', and that in ev<'ryl|ijn|<
they are actin^i^ l^'^^ally, a/^e^irdinj( Up the Ord^r All hroHier*
brin^^in^ card^ from the^; \f\su'(*n are recoforoen/jed \ti ynut hro^t
erly attention, i*nbject to the ii^ual tXfUttUiH^inth with ^/rettf
deference to the i'f^'A'uy^/'. of our ^irntifl MfuU^r^ (f U fftofH^r y//n
should know that a nnanirnon>t voU', fff iUfittk*^ St'-u, Sti'tn iufoffUA
to him, with H%'f',ry *h',tufm^trHi\fm m lUf i^/'/rer //f lit*' hti$uf\
Jy^ljc to Un^io'A, expre>^ive^/f ifji hHihfH^^ti^^$ ftl itt*i ^ftnl u<f*j'i»$i,
he ha- rendered] xjt the ^>rd^fr.

Wi-ri.'n/ yofjf W^re %\\ U^jfjfiu*^*^ Hn4 j/f<i«fi*rri^7, iff ih^ h/ff^U

IW of'lf'.T^ 4oHSf l^ h%i^t^i,r^ /»///>// H^/f^f/ftfj.

\f^, TTii* x.'X'X'^:^ iih^Ati'^VA^^ 4\,/ 2^>*h, tjj?.-^n -*^i« fi?^, hfj$^A ^ ftf^^in

ir-i-- :.r^:?^'-. -.*:/» 'itt>f If.h \t. 1^V.^U,, 7U^, ^/f*n4 4(;te*fAy if4i#^

78 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

a compact he had made with Columbia Lodge, No. 1, at New
York, to give it a free charter, bearing date on the day the
arrangement was made, on condition that the lodge would sur-
render to the Grand Lodge the dispensation it had received from
the Duke of Sussex Lodge, No. 2, of Liverpool, England. A
charter was ordered to be prepared and forwarded without delay^
upon the conditions set forth in the statement. The second quar-
terly session was held, August 22d, 1823 ; present, G. M. Wildey,
G. W. Mitchell, G. Secretary pro tern, Scotchbum, G. G. Boyd^
G. Con. pro tern, Anstice, and Past Grands McCormick and Nel-
son. The proceedings of the several Grand Committees, as was
usual at quarterly sessions, were read and approved. Past Grande
Maurice Fennell, of No. 1, and Charles Common, of No. 2, were
admitted to membership. The sentiment of the odes, and the
style of the music to which they were set, had become distasteful to
many of the members. At the November session of 1822, the sub-
jec*t was referred to a committee " to make alterations in the words
and music of the ode sung at present in the different lodges.'*
No report had been made, and but one of the committee, P. G.
Scotchburn, was present at this session, but a resolution was
adopted to dispense with music in using the ode, " and that it be
read at the time of nuiking.'^ Another resolution dispensed with
the ojHMiing and closing odes, and provided " that at the opening
and closing of the lodges, two verses of the song of ' Hail Colum-
bia' be sung." This is all very serious, but is rather provocative
of mirth on its reading. It was ludicrous to adopt so strange an
alteration in *" the words and music " as is here attempted. Noth-
ing could be more ridiculous than the reading of '* Brothers, atten-
tive stand," etc., while the action required by the ritual was pro-
ceiHling. It was odd at best to open and close a fraternal associ-
ation with a sonti: which had no kind of relation to the business
transactt^l. It jrrew out of a crisis which naturallv controlled
the elements that were so recently thrown together. In England,
lK>th iK>licv and patriotism had caused all odes used officially in the
Onler, to be fashioned to suit the national anthem of " God Save
the King." The odes and music in use were imported with the
(^nler, and so lonir as it was an English societv there was no
objei*tion to their use. But " times change, and men change with
them " : home habits were discanled, new ties and connections
were fonned, and a total revolution in the old ideas was a neces-

THE GRAND LODGE OF MD. AND THE U. 8. 79

sary consequence. As is usual with proselytes, the new opinions
were held with great zeal and tenacity, and in the haste to get
rid of the old-world characteristics, they rushed without any con-
sideration in the opposite direction. Tliis was intensified by the
native element which had been gradually infusing itself among
them. As will be seen hereafter, this movement went still further,
until a period of reaction set in and brought it back to the old
landmarks.

It was at this session that, on motion of G. G. Boyd, the fol-
lowing was adopted: " Resolved, that a medal be presented to
Grand Secretary Entwisle, in respect to the sen^ice the Grand
Lodge conceives he has rendered." This was the first instance
where tlie Grand Lodge liad bestowed more than a vote of ap-
proval, and coming from Boyd, who was very practical, denoted
that the services rendered must have been vahiable. Past Grand
Maurice Fennell was made Assistant Grand Secretary. Grand
Conductor Larkam was suspended from membership in the Grand
Lodge for a year and a day, on the charge of *' conduct unworthy
of our honorable Order"; but no specifications are given nor
report of trial made. P. G. Anstice was appointed to fill the
vacancy of Grand Conductor. At the third quarterly session,
held November 22, 1823, all the Grand Officers attended, and
Past Grands ]McCormick, Seed, Nelson, Scotchburn and Com-
mon. A report from the committee of April 13th, on amend-
ments to the constitution, was presented. The articles sub-
mitted were modified and adopted, and a conunittee appointed to
have it printed ; but no printed copy of it can be found in
minutes or archives. This instrument was found in two manu-
script copies ; one in the archives of the Grand Lodge of Massa-
chusetts, and the other in those of the Grand Tx)dge of New
York. As the oldest known Constitution of the Grand Lodge,
it is here inserted.

coNSTrnmoN adopted November 22, 1823.

Grand ComtiUition of the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the

United States.

Sec. 1. On the Formation of the Grand Lodge.

Art. L The Grand Lodge is composed of the Past Grands
of all the lodges within the State that shall be acting under a

80 AMEBIC AN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

legal charter and in obedience to the Constitution of the Grand
Lodge, and must consist of at least five P. G.'s from one or more
lodges.

Art. II. Every legal lodge shall be equally represented in
the Grand Lodge, When by-laws are to be made, or when any
alteration, repeal or amendment shall be made to the constitu-
tion ; but in other business, a majority of all the members present
shall decide.

Akt. in. Any motion for an alteration, repeal or amend-
ment to the constitution must be sent in writing to the Grand
Master or Deputy, at least six months before the annual meeting,
at which time alone they can be made, so that the Grand Secre-
tary may communicate the same to the P. G.'s of the respective
lodges, that they may send deputies or appoint proxies to vote
on them; and a majority of three to one shall be necessary to
decide.

Art. IV. Any motion for a by-law to be made, altered,
amended or dispensed with, must be sent in writing to the G. S.
at least three months before the meeting at whicli it is to be
discussed, and a majority of the delegates or proxies shall
decide.

Art. V. Any P. G. desirous of entering the Grand Lodge as
a member, must send a certificate signed by the elective oflicers
of his lodge, and countersigned by a P. G., or if none else have
passed the chair, it mutit be countersigned by the Warden and
Guardian, and must be sealed with the seal of the lodge, to-wit:

That P. G. is clear of the Secretary's books, and under

no charges of breacli of the general articles or the by-laws, and
that he has filled his otiice with honor to himself and with credit
and advantage to the Order. Should he not ])e known to any
member of the Grand Lodge, he shall be obligated that the cer-
tificate is genuine, and the certificate shall only be admissible on
the fii-st session of the Grand Lodge after its date. If the cer-
tificate is satisfactory, the P. (t. desiring admittance must work
his way witli the Grand Conductor through the first, second and
third degrees, and by the sign of a P. G., and after due examina-
tion, shall be conducted to the G. M. and take the obligation;
then to the G. W., who, with the assistance of the G. C, in-
structs him in the signs, etc., and explains the situation of the
ofticers, after which lie takes his situation as a member of the
Grand Lodge*.

Art. VI. The Grand Lodge shall meet annually, on Feb-
ruary 22d, and (juarterly from that date, on general business, and
the G. M. or his Deputy have power to call a special committee,
at their discretion, on extraordinary business.

Art. VII. The Golden Pule or fourth degree shall be read
every quarter, when none but such as have taken it, or do then
receive it, shall be present ; and every P. G. who shall receive it,
shall pay one dollar towards the support of the funds.

THE GRAND JX)DGE OF MD. AND THE U. 8. 81

Art. VIII. p. G.'s entering the Grand Lodge must work
their way by the P. G.'s sign and password.

Art. IX. -No P. G. shall leave the lodge without permission
of the G. M. or presiding officer, and password from tlie G. W.

Art. X. Every member of tlie Grand Lodge summoned to
attend at an annual or quarterly meeting, and neglecting to
attend such meeting without sending a written i4)ology, shall be
fined fifty cents ; and on neglect of a sununons to attend a com-
mittee, without a sufficient apology in writing, shall be fined
twenty-five cents.

Art. XI. No refreshments shall be allowed in the lodge-room
during its session.

Art. XII. The constitution and by-laws shall be read on the
annual session, and the brothers of the third degree shall bo
admitted to hear them, after the previous Imsiness is transacted.

Art. XIII. Tlie Grand Lodge may enact by-laws for the
government of the meetings, and for the regulations necessary to
the pecuniary affaii's, provided they do not interfere with the
<*onstitution.

Sf:c. 2. Ox THE Election and Situation of Officers.

Art. XIV. The officers of the Grand Lodge arc : the Grand
Masti^r, Deputy Grand Master, Grand Warden, Grand Secretaiy,
Grand Guardian and Grand Conductor. The candidates for G.
M. mav be nominated ])v anv member of the Grand Lodire, and
on being seconded, after three times calling, the nominated can-
didates shall be ]>ut to the ballot, and the G. M. shall be ele<*ted
by a majority of tirkcts. The G. M. elect shall then proceed to
nominate three P. G/s as candidates for the office of D. G. M.,
one of whom shall be elected by a majority of tickets. The G.
W. shall be elec^ted in the same manner as the G. M. The G. S.
shall be elec^ted also in like manner. The G. G. and G. C. shall
be appointed by the G. M.

Akt. XV. The G. if. shall hold his office for four years, and
sliall be eligible as a candidate for three years longer, after the
expiration of which he shall not be eligibh* as a candidate till
tlui expiration of four yeai-s, if there are sufficient members to
fill all the offices; but it shall be at the o]>tion of the G. Xf. to
rcsigFi at th(^ expiration of two yeaiv, on notice given to the
(irand I^odge at least one quarter before the annual nu*etin^.
Tlu^ I). G. M. shall hold his office two years, and shall be eligible
as a candidate for r(M»1c('tion as long as the G. M. shall remain
in olKcc ; but it shall 1m? at t\w. o]>tion of the I). G. M. to resign
at the cx])iration of one y(»ar, on notice giv(»n to the Grand
Lodges at least one quarter before the annual meeting. The G.
W. shall hold his otfice one year, and shall not be eligible to re-
election to that oHice for two clear years, if there are a sufficient

6

82 AMERICAN ODD FKLIX)W8HIP.

number of P. G.'s in the lodge to fill all the offices. Tlie G. S.
shall hold his office two yeai-s, and sliall be eligible to re-election
to that office without limited time, but it shall be at his option
to resign, on notice given to the Grand Lodge one quarter before
the annual meeting. The G. G. and G. C. shall hold their offices
one year, and shall not be eligible to reappointment to the same
offices for two clear years, provided there be a sufficient number
of P. G.'s.

Art. XVI. The duty of the G. M. is to preside during the
session, preserving order and due observance of the laws; im-
partially to put to the vote all propositions, and in case of equal
votes to give a casting vote, to administer the obligations to
P. G.'s on their admittance as members of the Grand Lodge, and
occasionally to visit the working lodges in the State. The duty
of the D. G. M. is to examine every P. G. in the Grand Tx)dc:e;
to open and close the meetings ; to support the G. M. by his
assistance, and to take his place in his absence. The D. G. M.
must read all petitions, propositions, reports, proceedings and
communications brought to the Grand Lodge, and on all elections
and votes, correctly to rejiort the statement thereof to the G. S.
The G. W. is to act as Vice-President. He must canse the com-
mands of the G. M. to be respected, take charge of the order
and decorum of the meeting w^hen the G. M. may be engaged in
the business before the Grand Lodge, and to give the signs, etc.,
of the Grand Lodge to newly entered P. G. s. The G. S. must
record a just and true account of the proceedings of the Grand
Lodge, as well as communications from all lodges in the State,
and to transact the writing^ business of the Grand Lodge. The
G. G. is to prove every JP. G. before he admits hitu, to allow
none to depart or enter without a password, and to ])revent the
admission or departure of any during the actual transaction of
business without permission of the G. M. The G. C. is to ex-
amine and conduct new P. G.'s into the lodge, to assist the G.
W. in explaining the signs, etc., to them, and to attend to the
comfort and convenience of the Grand Lodge during session.
In case of occasional absence of tlie G. M., when the D. G. M.
takes the higher situation, he shall immediately appoint a Deputy
pro iem,n, as that important office nnist never be left vacant. In
case of the death of the G. M. or his removal, so as to be unable
to attend, the D. G. M. shall fill his chair until the ensuing
annual meeting, and shall nominate three for the office of D. G.
M., who shall be voted for as usual, and shall serve nntil the
annual meeting; but neither one nor the other shall be entitled
to the honor of P. G. M. or of P. 1). G. M. in consequence
thereof. The titles shall be M. W. G. M., K. W. D. G. M.,
K. W. G. W., K. W. G. S., W. G. G., W. G. C, and W. P. G.

the grand lodge of md. and the u. 8. 83

Sec. 3. On Dispensations.

Art. XVII. On application in writing from five brotliers of •
tlie Independent Order of Odd Fellovvsliip, to obtain a dispensa-
tion, the G. M. or his Deputy shall appoint a committee to con-
sider the same, and if the report of the committee shall be
favorable, the G. M. shall take the sense of the Lodge on the
same, which the majority shall decide ; but if unfavorable, the
G. M. shall, if a motion is made and seconded to that effect, refer
the petition to the committee again for revision, and afterwards
put it to the vote again, and decide accordingly.

Art. XVIII. The dispensation, with the charges, and the
lectures of the firet or white, the second or blue, the third or
scarlet, together with the covenant and remembrance degrees,
shall be charged at thirty dollare to defray the expenses thereof.
The money to be paid or security given on the deliver)^ of the
dis])en8ation.

Airr. XIX. When a dispensation is granted, a member of
the Grand Lodge shall be deputed to deliver the same; to open
the lodge and give instinictions, such as he finds them prepared
to receive, and are necessary to have.

Art. XX. Eveiy lodge acting under the Grand Ix)dge shall
l>ay to the funds thereof ten percentum on the amount of their
(piarterly receipts, which must be sent by a P. G. at the quarterly
meeting of the Grand Lodge, together with a statement of expul-
sions or suspensions (if any), the names and reasons thereof, and
any other circumstances of general importance, which the Grand •
Lodge will cause to bo circulated to all the other lodges in the
State.

Art. XXI. The Grand Lodge shall forward a quarterly
]>assword and explanation to each lodge in the State.

Art. XXII. Every lodge must give a proof impression of
its seal, to be deposited in the Grand Lodge, and all communica-
tions must be sealed therewith.

In connection with this proceeding a resolution was adopted,
directing letters to be sent to the several Grand Lodges, request-
ing them " to send delegates or appoint proxies to attend a Grand
C'ommittee meeting, for the purpose of making arrangements for
forming a Grand Lodge of the Hnited States." To this invitation
it will be seen that all the Grand Tx)dge8 responded as requested.
We will here insert a correction, made necessary by an error
which has crept into the ofticial minute. The foot-note of page
44, vol. 1, of the journal of proceedings of the Grand Ix)dge of
the United States, ])resents these articles as having been adopted
ut the November session of 1821. The compiler of the revised

84 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

journal, in his original note^ confessed that he had failed to obtain
a copy of the articles then adopted in Maryland ; but that he had
received the one presented from the Boston brethren. Without
critical examination, the document was published as the constitn-
tion of 1821. It is evident that he was in error, and he takes
this occasion to correct it. The proceedings show that all the
Grand Officers were elected for a one-year term, during the first
two yeai-s of the existence of the Grand Lodge ; but that an alter-
ation was made at the February session of 1823, by which they
were elected to serve for two years. Of course this constitution
could not have been in force during that period. Tlie XIY and
XV Articles strongly evince that an apprehension had been
awakened of a probable danger to the local govermnent, and that
it was thought necessary to be more consenative in the fundar
mental ai^ticles by which the local power might be affected.
Hence the provisions for the quadrennial term of the Grand
Master, and the limitation of the nomination of the Deputy to
the same officer, &c. It should be remembered that at the period
when this action was had, no plan for the separation of the Grand
Lodge of the United States from the Grand Lodge of Maryland
had been matured, and a feeling of doubt existed, lest by possi-
bility the newly made lodges and Grand Lodges might assume to
(control the local, as well as the general, powei-s of the Grand
Lodge. Tills paper, copies of wliich have been foimd among the
archives of tlie two senior Grand Lodges, Massachusetts and
New York, certified by the signature of John P. Entwisle, the
Grand Secretary at the time, may, without doubt, be received as
the constitution of Koveinber, 1823.

At this session, November 22, 1823, on the petition of P. G.
Thomas Scotehbum, P. V. G. Samuel Bickley and brothers Saun-
ders, Steward, Turnlnill, Moore and Winn, a charter was granted
for Colum])ia Lodge, No. 3, to be located in Baltimore. Past
Grand Joseph Bannister was admitted a member of the Grand
Lodge. The Golden llule (or fourth) degree was ordered to be
conferred on Past Grands after an election by ballot. G. C.
Anstico resigned his office and P. G. Charles Common was ap-
pointed to fill the vacancy ; and a committee composed of Wildey,
Fennell and Common were a])])ointed on the Entwisle medal. A
Grand Committee was held December 7, 1823, when the Grand
Officers and Past Grands McCormick, Nelson and Scotchbum

THE GRAND LODGE OF MD. AND THE U. 6. 85

were present. An order was made that the scarlet degree
members be admitted to the Grand Lodge at the next quarterly
session on proving themselves in the degrees. It was also
ordered, in deference to the differences of opinion before referred
to, that the ode, " All hail, Most Noble Grand ! " heretofore sung
at the installation of lodge officers, be read instead of being sung.
And the following was adopted: "Ordered that the Grand
Lodge open Columbia Lodge, No. 3, and do proceed to make
those proposed, if found worthy ; after which the oflScers are to
be elected and installed, and they to appoint their subordinate
officers." On December 17th tliis resolution was carried into
effect with great pomp, as we have already shown in the second
chapter. A letter was read from an officer of Massachusetts
Lodge, No. 1, Boston, complaining that Grand Master Hei'sey
was assuming authority by visiting a lodge of which he was not
a member, speaking on questions before the lodge without invi-
tation, &c. To this the Grand Secretary was instructed to send
an appropriate reply. The following extract from the response
of Grand Secretary Entwisle indicates his views on the subject
of the rights and duties of a Grand Master of the period : "As
individuals of one great body, we ought to be careful whom we
elect to offices which give weight and consequence to the incum-
bents ; but when so elected, we ought to pay due respect both to
the office and the officer ; and we should reasonably expect that
brothers who thus pass the post of honor, and are admitted mem-
bers of a Grand Lodge, are worthy of trust and confidence in the
Order; and that as a body, their judgment ought to be respected
by tliose who are not so far advanced, and who cannot, therefore,
be presumed to have the same experience. The prerogative of
the Grand Master is of the greatest consequence; inasmuch as
he is at the head of tlie Order, and has the most ample opportu-
nity for obtaining an extensive and general knowledge of the
existing state of affaii-s, as well as acquaintanceship with the long
established rules of the Order, and being required, on many
occasions, to act on matters of momentarv and instant im-
portance, he is necessarily clothed with considerable discretionary
powers. But for the undue or imprudent exercise of w^hich, he
certainly would be answerable in the same manner as other
members. P'or, although he be Grand Master, he is still an Odd
Fellow, and must act with an undeviating reference to the funda-

86 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

mental principles of the Order. But it is not fitting that the
brother who has advanced to this honorable station should be
reflected on, in his oflicial capacity, by persons of limited acquire-
ments, perhaps under the influence of prejudice. And bis con-
duct as Grand Master can only be brought in question before the
Grand Lodge. With respect to his right to visit or attend sub-
ordinate lodges, and their special or general meetings or commit-
tees, it is certain and inalienable. And not only so, but it is his
duty, by personal attendance or by representation through his
Deputy, to attend on all extraordinary occasions, when practicable,
when it is to the interest of the Order that he should be acquainted
with the proceedings of any lodge under his care. And it is
desirable that lodges should individually benefit by his counsel and
advice. Nevertheless, he can have no vote except in the lodge of
which he is an active member."

The annual session was held February 22, 1824; present, the
Grand Otficers and Past Grands McCormick, Seed, Nelson,
Scotchbum, Williams and Bannister. Past Grands Henry
Harris, of No. 1, and John Roach, of No. 2, were admitted as
members. The Grand Master announced that pursuant to the
resolution of the last quarterly session, the Grand Lodges had
appointed proxies to aid in the formation of a Grand Lodge of
the United States. For Massachusetts, Grand Master Wildey;
New York, P. G. Scotchburn, and Pennsylvania, G. G. Boyd.
He then stated that as Grand Master he felt obliged to decline
his appointment, but as he was authorized to name a substitute,
he delegated A. G. Sec'ty Fennel 1 to act for Massachusetts. The
Grand Lodge then sitting as the Grand Lodge of Maryland, pro-
ceeded " to an election by ticket, for a member to represent the
Grand Lodge of Maryland." The vote being had, the choice by
a majority was made of G. Sec'ty Entwisle. He was the first
elected representative to tlie Grand Lodge of the United States,
and as such, may share with Wildey the reputation due to the
father of that great body. A recess was then taken to enable
the delegates to assemble ; after which the representatives and
proxies of the several Grand Lodges convened in Special Grand
Committee. The roll was called with the following result:
present, G. Sec'ty Entwisle, representative of Maryland ; A. G.
Sec'ty Fennell, proxy for Massachusetts; P. G. Thomas Scotch-
burn, proxy for New York, and G. G. John Boyd, proxy for

THE GRAND LODGE OF MD. AND THB U. 8.

87

Pennsylvania. The eomniittee organized by inviting G. M.
Thomas Wildey to preside, and Kep. Entwisle to act as Secretary.
G. M. Wildey delivered what was styled " a very appropriate
address," which was not preserved. After consultation, the fol-
lowing was adopted :

RESOLUTIONS TO FORM A GRAND LODGE OF THE UNTTED STATES.

Resolved^ As the opinion of the Representatives assembled,
that it is essentially necessary to the success of a Grand Lodge,
that it should be established on the most undoubted basis ; and
to which end it is advisable to obtain from the Grand Lodge of
Maryland and of the United States, the charter under whicn the
said Grand Lodge now operates.

Mesolved, That the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the
United States be invited to convey the charter obtained from
England, to the Grand Lodge of the United States, in a separate
ana distinct capacity, for the exclusive use of that body.

And then, after instructing each representative to consult
with his constituent Grand Lodge on the propriety of carrying out
the spirit of the above resolutions, and empowering the presiding
Grand Master to convene another meeting of the representatives
and proxies, to receive and act on the ascertained views of the
several Grand Ix)dges, the Grand Committee adjourned.

The plan proposed in these resolutions for effecting a separate
organization of the Supreme Grand Lodge, seems to have been
reached by a careful examination of the situation in which the
Order in the State of Maryland stood relatively to the portions
operating in the other States. The Maryland brothers desired
to extend to their brethren elsewhere an equitable share in the
governnient of the fraternity ; but to allow the representatives
of the other Grand Lodges to take seats in the Grand Lodge of
Maryland and of the United States, as it was then operated,
would bo to give them undue control over its local interests.
This apprehension caused perplexity in the council of the
brethren, and made it necessary to use caution in adopting any
measure bearing on the specific matter. This was the cause of
the delay that had already taken place, and that still operated in
retarding the business. Hence the care taken to induce the
several Grand Lodges to become applicants for the surrender of
the old charter by the Grand Lodge of Mainland and of the

88 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

United States, instead of being merely the recipient of a proffered
boon, indicates the caution with wliich the subject had been
weighed. By the arrangement proposed, the Grand Lodge of
Maryland and of the United States was not yet conmiitted to
any plan, nor would it be required to surrender anything until
after the other Grand Lodges had jointly requested it to do so.
• Then, as we shall see, it was supposed that the Grand Lodge of
Maryland would be in a position to dictate terms. The MS.
marginal notes on a journal of the proceedings of the G. L.
of the U. S., Vol. I, page 64, say in regard to the first of the
resolutions : " Undoubted basis. That is, that there should be no
mistake as to the authority, or the general consent of all the
respective jurisdictions." On the second resolution they say:
" Impracticable and ridiculous, and a misconception of power " ;
and on the thirds " Difficult to tell what this resolution means,
unless it was supposed that the original so-called charter from
England was assignable by the grantees." In a certain sense
this may be true, but the light afforded by the action of Wash-
ington Lodge in 1821, in surrendering the same document to the
P. Grands of that Lodge, enables us to see that the ordinary
rules were not to be applied in such an emergency. This prece-
dent ill overturning ancient usage was the means of leading to
the bolder step here projected, of a second assignment which
ultimately brought about the re-habilitation of the basis and scope
of the whole Order, by the reception of a new and independent
charter in 1820 from England. If there was any irregularity it
w^as cured by tlie last instrument, which was in a legal sense an
exchange by which the new charter was given in lieu of that
whicli had been assigned to the Grand Lodge of the United
States.

When the Grand Lodireof Marvland and of the United States
resumed its session, the first business announced was a communi-
cation from Isaac Hardman, Corresponding Secretary of the Man-
chester Unitv, in which he stated that the first Grand Annual
Movable Committee of tliat Order was held at Hawley, in Staf-
fordshire, on May the 10th, 1S28, when, among other proceedings,
the following was had : " Resolved, that the general password,
' upon my honor,' be totally done away with, and general quarterly
changeable passwords be substituted for all lodges and districts in
compliance, and that the G. M. of the Manchester District be ap-

THE GRAND LODGE OF MD. AND THE U. 8. 8^

pointed and autliorized from time to time to give or communicate
it." " Resolved, that the password be communicated with the
Manchester quarterly minutes, copies of which shall be forwarded
to each District Grand Master for all the lodges under his jurisdic-
tion, and to lodges separately in strict compliance which have
not formed or joined any district." " llesolved, on the report of
the deputation to consider the alterations in the lectures and signs^
that the lectures and signs now introduced and explained, with
the alterations and amendments, be adopted in lieu of the old
ones."^ Owing to the difficulties attending transmission to this
country at the time, no special information of the changes wliich
had been effected was tlien commimicated. But the Grand Lodge
directed a reply to be sent, expressive of its disapprobation of such
alterations, and requiring further information relative to the
matter. And then a committee, consisting of D. G. M. Welch,
G. Sec. Entwisle, G. Con. Common and A. G. Sec. Fennell, wa&
instructed to prepare a suitable letter, addressed to the brothers
in England, showing the progress made by the Order in this
country, and to have Urelve cifjy'us printed in circular form. This
circular was not transmitted until April, a copy of which will be
found in its aj)propriate place. The question of the utility of a
travelling password, to be used only by members in good stand-
ing while on travel, with cards, was considered, and resulted
in the passage of the following: "llesolved, that a T. P. W. be
adopted for the protection of the Order in the United States."
And then a T. P. W. for the current year wa« selected. An
order was made to hold the meetings of the Grand Lodge in
future on the regular days appointed, unless the day of the month
should fall on Sunday. It was also ordered that when visitors
are jiresent at a session of the Grand Lodge, the order of busi-
ness shall ])e at first confined to lo<*al or State aflairs, and when
these arc dis])osed of, to proceed to the business of a general
character. It was represented in the Grand Lodge that a diver-
sity of opinion existed among the membership in Baltimore in
regard to annual celebrations, when a conununication was di-
rcctcMl to be sent to the subordinate lodges of Maryland, recom-
mending them to adopt the 26tli of April as the general anniver-
sary. The Grand Lodge arrange<l to visit each of the subordinate
lodges in the course of the next three months, and then adjourned,
it having been one of the most laborious sessions of tlio body.

90 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

The Grand Secretary made up a summary of the couditloii of tlie
Order, which is important, from being the initial eflbrt of that
sort of document. It sets forth that there were, subordinate to
the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States, three
Grand Lodges, having under them three subordinate lodges, and
the Grand Lodge itself having also three subordinate lodge©,
making a total in this country of one Supreme Grand Lodge,
three subordinate Grand Lodges and six subordinate lodges.

The financial affairs during the precech'ng year presented a
more healthy condition, showing largely increased amounts on
both sides of the ledger, but a reduced balance. At the b^'n-
ning of the year the balance in hand was $55.02, the receipts a^
percentage from No. 1, $32.25, and from No. 2, $42.56, for char-
ters, $75.00, and from individual members, $29.50, making a
total of $234.33. The expenditures were, for printing, &c.,
$89.42, travelling expenses, $50.00, incidentals, $76.12, making a
total of $215.54, and leaving the balance of $18.79. From the
percentage paid it would appear that the receipts of Washington
Lodge No. 1 had been $322.50, and of Franklin Lodge No. 2,
$425.60, which implies a favorable change in that branch of the
Order. The Grand Committee was convened March 16th, 1824,
when were present G. M. Wildey, G. Sec'y Entwisle, A. G. Sec'y
Feiuicll, G. G. Boyd, G. Con. Common and P. G.'s Nelson,
Scotchbuni and Roach. The session was occupied in the routine
of correspondence with the new Grand Lodges, which required
incessant nui*sing; orders for printing, which was already begin-
ning to show its increasing dimensions, etc., etc. An article had
appeared in the Boston press which met the approbation of the
coiiiiiiittee, and an order was made to have it republished in the
Baltimore papers. The tenor of the article is unknown. The
Grand ('oniniittee was again convened on April 15th, when
were ])rcseiit G. M. "VVildey, D. G. M. Welch, G. Secretary
Entwisle, G. G. Boyd, G. Con. Connnon and P. G.'s McCor-
mick and N(Oson. The G. M. stated that the committee
had be(*n called together to consider a connnunication which
G. Secretary Entwisle was prepared to present on the subject
of orij:anizing a separate Grand Lodge of the United States.
Grand Soc'y Entwisle, as the Representative of Maryland, sub-
mitted the proceedings had at the Special Grand Committee held
February 22d, 1824, to make arrangements to form a separate

THE OBAND LODGE OF MD. AND THE U. 8. 91

Grand Lodge of the United States. He stated that as Acting
Orand Secretary he had sent them to the State Grand Lodges,
tind had received from Massachusetts, New York and Pennsyl-
vania an aflBrmative response ; " and now, as the approved act of
the several Grand Lodges," he submitted the proposal formally
for the consideration of the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the
United States. The whole subject was referred to a connnittee
to report forthwith. It is evident, from the formidable character
of the report, that it had been carefully prepared in advance.
The committee, consisting of G. M. Wildey, G. D. M. Welch
and G. Sec'y Entwisle, presented the following, which was unani-
mously adopted :

OBAND LODGE REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON THE FORMATION OF THE

ORAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES.

Your Committee, while deeply impressed with the delicate
nature and great importance of the matter referred to them, and
fully aware of the magnitude of the result expected from their
labor, have exerted their best endeavor to fulfill the charge satis-
factorily, and respectfully submit the following report :

Your Committee find it necessary to take a view of the whole
ground on which Odd Fellowship has operated, while considering
the subject before them, being convinced that it is advisable to
exhibit all the main historical points which its magnitude so
imperiously donands. Your Committee is entrusted to propose
a radical change in the form of the government of the Order at
large, and to prepare a plan for effecting it in a shape suitable
to be submitted to the several Grand Lodges throughout the
Union, which, at the same time, will be explanatory of tlie
changes deemed necessary. Your Committee would, in the first
plaice, respectfully recall to the memory of the members of the
Grand Lodge the days now gone and past, when Odd Fellowship
in its intantrv as an Order in those TTnited States had to nun^t
and contend against every obstacle which ignorance of its ])rin-
cinlcs in soiiu», and jealousy of \u presumptive success with
others, could throw in its way. And these outside enemies were
more than aided in their endeavors by the conduct of professed
brothers, who, led by an am])ition to appear the grreatest, or bv a
design to impose, under the guise of F. L. and T., on the* confid-
ing friendship and ready credulity of the brethren, inflicted a
damage on the whole fraternity, far exceeding any th«t could be
etfcfted by others. It was at the time the Order was thus suflTer-
ing, when every faithful brother had been called to his post, their
services ])eing needed, that they took a firm stand, although but

92 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

few in numbers, and saved tlie Order from destruction. Thig
minority, by devoted action, strict attention to duty and unre-
mitting zeal, were enabled to become an overwhelming majority,
and to save the Order from a premature grave. The circum-
stances surrounding that eventful period ought forever to endear
to us the champions of the day ; those who sacrificed their time
and money, and, in the eyes of the uninformed, almost their repu-
tation, for our eventual success ; those Past Grands Mho, having
the interest of the Order at heart, felt bound bv the most solemn
and sacred ties to act together for the Avelfare of the whole. They
not only took such steps as would tend to preserve the purity and
ensure the stability of the superstructure, but also were anxious
to add, with proper carefulness, every suitable embellishment
offered for its improvement and advantage.

Your committee Mill next beg leave to bring to your recollec-
tion, among other interesting circumstances, the agreement to form
the Past Grands into a separate body, made betM'een them and
their fellow-members of No. 1, Wasliington Lodge, the Grand
Lodge of Maryland and of the United States of America — the
lirst chartered lodge of Odd FelloMs in the United States, and
which received its charter according to the usage of the Order
in England ; and being the only lodge in America that liad at
that time received a regular dispensation, it took its rank accord-
ingly. Pursuant to usage, the general business liad previously
been transacted by the committee of Past Grands of the lodge,
and the members of this committee made the proposal to the
lodge, to deliver over the English Marrant to the exclusive custody
of tlie Past Grands of that lodge, and to the Past Grands of all
lodges that would unite together in the formation and support
of a Grand Lodge composed exclusively of Past Grands. So
soon as this proposal Mas made and explained to the members of
No. 1, Washington Lodo;e, it Mas accccfcd to M'ith gladness. The
unanimous opinion of the brethren, after a little discussion, set-
tl(Ml down in favor of the principle that the superior poMcr should
be delegated to the most experienced of the membership, that it
should result from a free vote of the brethren of all the lodges in
the district, that no one individual lodge had a just claim to exer-
cise the authority of su])erintendent over the other lodges, or
Mas entith^l to anv y)reference Mhatever, save the respect always
conceded in civil society to seniority. With earnest and sanguine
hopes that this measure Mould lead to a M'ide increase in lodges
and membership, Washington Lodge nobly sacrificed its pride,
gave upM'hat iivv called '' chartered rights,'' and agreed to receive,
as a liuml^le subordinate, a dispensation from the body thus cre-
ated by the voluntary act of its own members. The unanimity
of opinion among ])rothers display(»d on that meiT»orable occasion
has seldom been equalled, and has been foUoM-ed by a series of
successes Miiich could only have been produced by wise and judi-

THE GRAND LODGE OF MD. AND THE U. S. 93

cioiis measures. This Grand Charter was received by Washing-
ton Lodge, in Baltimore, on October 23d, 1820, and was thus
unanimously vested in the body of Past Grands on February
22d, 1821, when it was duly organized as the Grand Lodge of
Maryland and of the United States. The day was purposely
selected, being the birthday of the illustrious Father of his coun-
try, the champion of liberty, the mirror of virtue, and in public
and private life alike, the ornament of patriotic principle and of
social philanthropy. Your committee have digressed for a mo-
ment, in order that you may understand that our annual sessions
are held on this day in honor of the great man of America. Your
committee, with increasing delight, can now proceed toward that
period when the crooked paths become comparatively straight,
and the rough places smooth ; when the emblem of justice was
iiplitted by Washington Lodge No. 1 and Franklin Lodge Xo. 2,
being firmly united in the bonds of Friendship, Love and Truth ;
when a system of equality had been established under which none
could take the lead of the other, except as merit or talent gave
the claim. Your committee will now briefly advert to the mis-
sion of our worthy Grand Master, Thomas Wildey, and the advan-
tages resulting therefrom to our Order throughout the Union.
The brethren he visited in Massachusetts, New York and Penn-
sylvania all testify, in the most decided manner, to the great respect
they entertain for him, and how highly they appreciate the work
he has done. xVnd your connnittee cannot fail to observe with
gratification, the friendly exchange of sentiment and sympathy
which has ever since been maintained, and regard it as the evi-
dence of the formation of the strong bond of a perpetual union.
Your committee beg to express their acknowledgments for
the honor conferred on themselves, in having been entrusted to
perform the duty of preparing the way for a further extension of
e(jual privileges toward the Grand Lodges of the diflTerent States
of the Union, and respectfully submit for consideration the accom-
panying preamble and resolutions.

Th. Wildey,
John Welch,
John P. Entwisle,

Cammittee,

Whereas, It is expedient in sound policy that the Grand
Lodges of the Order ot L O. F. in the United States should hold
a (dose adherence and a regular corresjMmdence with each other,
and it is imperative in strict justice to render the several Grand
lodges in the T^nion indejiendent of each other, to be equally
ropresont(Hl in the Grand Lodge of the United States either by
r(i]>resentatives or ])r()xies, and that it is inexpedient, as well as
invidious, that the Grand Lodge of Maryland and the Grand
J^)dge of the United States should act under the same charter

94 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOW8HU\

and be presided over by the same Grand Master, whereby the
office of Grand Master would be confined to the State of Mary-
land, to the preference of one State and possibly to the injury of
the whole. Therefore be it resolved,

1st. That we higlily approve of the city of Baltimore, in
the State of Maryland, as the permanent seat of the Grand
Lodge of the United States, being central in situation as well as
senior in order.

2d. That we hail with grateful remembrance the day when
the Grand Charter was vested in the Past Grands ; the death-
blow to schism and dissension, and the epoch of prosperity to the
Order.

3d. That the Grand Charter of Maryland and of tlie United
States be vested in the Past Grands of tlie Grand Lod^e of the
United States, and that Maryland sliall rec^eive a Grand Charter
from the same, and thereupon resign all claim or title to or from
it, other than in common with the other Grand Lodges ; which
said Grand Charter shall have and contain, in the engrossing
thereof, a clause representing the said investment and condition ;
and further, that the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the
United States doth give the said charter on condition that they
keep the Grand Longe of the United States in Maryland*

4th. That the Grand Master and the proxies of the several
Grand Lodges do proceed forthwith, and are required to complete
the Constitution of the Grand Lodge of the United States, and
have the same brought forward for c'onsideration and adoption,
on or l)cfore the second quarterly meeting of the Grand Lodge,
the 22d of August.

5th. That when passed, a correct copy of the Constitution
be forwarded to each Grand Lodge within one month after the
aforesaid time, in order that the necessary information may be
received thereon, previous to the next annual meeting.

The resolutions were immediately transmitted to the State
Grand Lodges for consideration, but did not meet with the gene-
ral approval. The Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania had objection
to the expression in the 1st resolution, nuiking Baltimore "the
permanent seat of the Grand Lodge of the United States," as well
as to the last clause of the ^d resolution, but did not give imme-
diate utterance to it. Meanwhile the members designated by the
4th n^solution applied themselves to ])reparing the fonn of a con-
stitution in conformity to the plan proposed, so as to be ready to
submit it at the August session. The quarterly session was held
on May 22d, 1824 ; present, G. M. Wildey, D. G. M. Welch, A. G-
Sec'y Fennell, G. G. Boyd, G. Con. Common, and P. G.'s Nelson,

TH£ GRAND LODGE OF MD. AJND TH£ U. 8. 95

Scotxjhbum, Williams, Roach and Harris. Washington Lodge,
No. 1, applied for the privilege to meet " fortnightly " instead of
" weekly," as heretofore, which was granted, with a recommen-
dation to the other two lodges to adopt the same plan. The com-
mittee appointed at the February session for the purpose, reported
having interchanged views with the several Grand Lodges, and
that they had transmitted in printed form a circular letter to the
brethren in England, of which the following is a copy :

CIRCULAR.

Grand Lodge of the United States of America.
To all whom it may concern^ in the honds of t\ Z. aiid T.

Greeting: — The brethren of the Order who have passed the
presiding Chair, and now have the privilege of meeting the Grand
Lodge, feel a pleasure which it is impossible to describe, in holding
a communication with friends and brothers in far distant lands,
which many of them never saw, and perhaps never will see.
Still the same sentiment pervades the mind and directs the pen, to
offer to our unseen brothers the friendly assurance of respect and
good will, when distance prevents the exemplification of it by the
grip and sign ; by participation in the joys, or sympathizing in
the sorrows of this checquered life. Those only who study the
principles and act out the part of Odd Fellows, in the true sense
of these words, can feel the lorce of these friendly emotions ; and as
there can be nothing more pleasing to the sensitive mind than
to give and receive, and thus delightfully reciprocate enjoyment,
we have the supreme gratification, in compliance with a resolu-
tion of the Grand Lodge, to address the Independent Odd Fellows
throughout England.

Dear and respected brothers, it affords us great joy to learn,
through various diannels, that the Order is increasin^j in num-
bers and improving in respectability in your part of the world ;
but we regret that our intercourse, by correspondence, has
been so limited, and it is with the twofold view of cheering
you with the account of our prosperity, and of eliciting from
you a return of information at once pleasing and instructive, that
the Grand Lodge has directed me to conmiuni(»ate with you by
circular. As I presume the information will be gratifying, 1
acquaint you that our Order was established in this city on
April 2(»th, 1S19, and from a small and weak beginning, has
been increased by the unremitting attendance of the faithful,
and has ovcrcromo every diflSculty which ignoranc^e, prejudice,
and unworthy membership have thrown in our path ; the
hydra-head ot Discord has been bruised, and, according to ])re-
sent appearance, deprived of animation. May the sacred flame

96 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

of friendship burn on the altar of the human heart, nnqnenched
by the waters of adversity, ever fed by the oil of affection, and
supported by the noble and unappalled front of truth and honor.
We number in the United States at present Five Gkand Lodges,
viz: I. The Grand Lodge of the United States, which pre-
sides over all, and is the centre point of conmiunication £nd cor-
respondence of all the rest, and which meets yearly, on February
22a. IL The Grand Lodge of Maryland, which meets once a
quarter, in Baltimore, having under its jurisdiction the Washing-
ton, No. 1, Franklin, No. 2, and Columbia, No. 3. III. The
Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, which meets in Boston, and has
under its jurisdiction the Massachusetts, No. 1, and Siloam, No.
2. IV. 'The Grand Lodge of New York, which meets in the
city of New York, and has under its jurisdiction the Columbia,
No. 1, and Franklin, No. 2. V. The Grand Lodge of Pennsyl-
vania, which meets in Philadelphia, and has under its jurisdic-
tion the Pennsylvania, No. 1, and another just opened, the name
not yet returned. The numbers of the membership are consider-
able, and their respectability entirely satisfactory, and from all
appearance we shall soon be very widely extended over this vast
continent. We shall always have pleasure in seconding any mea-
sures calculated to promote the general good, and to tnat intent
we shall be glad to receive and reciprocate any information in
your possession or ours. We find but little difticulty, compara-
tively, in communicating with our societies here, although the
facilities are far less than with you ; having a central and general
head, enables all to act in unison, so that we fear no enemy. In
answer to a communication we have received from the King
George the Fourth, or Victory Lodge, in Liverpool, we have
written a long letter, and requested that lodee to make it public
to the Order generally. We regret to hear that there should be
any misunderstanding in the fraternity, as it will not fail to injure
the cause more or less ; but for our views on these subjects I
respectfully refer you to the letter before mentioned. In concln-
sion, permit me to renew assurances of the sincere respect and
brotherlv attachment entertained for you by the fraternity on this
side of tlie Atlantic, and of our best wishes for your present and
future welfare, both in your individual and social capacities.
Believe me, respected brotliers, yours in the bonds of the Order.

John P. Entwisle, Grand Sec^y,
Baltimore, ^M^rili 1824.
Approved : Thomas Wildey, G. M., John Welch, D. G. M.

The above is the last of the documents which appear with
the signature of the most useful of the men who counselled with
the G. M. during his early career. A Grand Committee was
called by the Grand Master on July 6, 1824; present, G. Master

THE GRAND LODGE OF MD. AND THE U. 8. 97

Wildey, D. 6. M. pro tern, Scotchbnm, A. G. Sec'y Fennell,
G. G. Boyd, G. Con. Common, and P. G.'s McCormick, Nelson,
Williams and Roach. Tlie G. M. announced that the meeting
was lield in consequence of the sudden death of the Grand Sec-
retary John P. Entwisle; whereupon it was proposed to pay to
the widow of the deceased the amount heretofore appropriated to
purchase a medal, intended to be presented to him in recognition
of the service he had rendered to the Order ; which was unani-
mously agreed to. The second quarterly session was held, August
23, 1824 ; present, G. M. Wildey, D. G. M. pro tern, Scotchbum,
A. G. Sec'y Fennell, G. G. Boyd, G. Con. Common, and P. G.'s
Nelson, Williams, Roach and Harris. P. Grands Ezekiel C.
Gill, of No. 2, and Samuel Bickley, of No. 3, were admitted to
membership. After sundry letters were received, read and dis-
posed of, it was announced that by the demise of the late Grand
Secretary John P. Entwisle, a vacancy had occurred in the
position of Representative of the Grand Lodge of Maryland to
the Grand Lodge of the United States, when it was resolved to
proceed to an election to fill the vacancy, and P. G. Charles
Common was duly elected. The committee, as indicated by the
4th resolution of April 15, 1824, submitted the form of a consti-
tution suitable for the Grand Lodge of the United States in its
separate capacity. The Grand Lodge then carefully considered
its provisions and approved it, and an order was made tliat a
copy of the proposed constitution be forwarded within one month
to each of the Grand Lodges for concurrence. The Grand Lodge
omitted to direct the printing of this document, and copies in manu-
script consumed much time in the preparation, hence there was
so inucli delay that few, if any, of the Grand Lodges received a
copy in time to consider tlie subject before the period arrived for
final action at Baltimore. The copy for the Grand Lodge of
New York was not received until January 15, 1S25, when a
sp(^cial session was held " to consider the merits of the constitu-
tion ]>r(»pared for the government of the Grand Lodge of the
UnitiMl States." This Grand Body met monthly, and had held
sessions in the preceding months of October, November and
December, so that the copy did not reach New York until after
the D(»cember session. The presumption is fair that it wa«
ecjnally late in reaching Massachusetts. A copy, however,
reached Pennsylvania in time to be laid before a special session
7

98 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

on December 16, 1824, when on the question of approval the
following was adopted : " Resolved, That our Representative
be informed that in the opinion of this Grand Lodge, the word
permanent in the 5th Article of the Constitution should be
stricken out, and the word present inserted, and also that the
word central^ in the same Article, should be expunged." The
delay in transcribing the copies, doubtless contributed to the
want of harmony that prevailed at the period of effecting the
new organization. This constitution was adopted on the 15th of
January, 1825, and will be found in the journal, on page 70.

The third quarterly session was held November 22d, 1824 ;
present, G. M. Wildey, D. G. M. Welch, G. W. Mitchell, A. G.
Sec'y Fennell, G. G. Boyd, G. Con. Common, and P. G.'s McCor-
mick. Nelson, Scotchbum, Roach, Harris and Bickley. Past
Grands Freeburger and Arman, of No. 2, and Colt, of No 3, were
admitted to membership. The record of the proceedings
of the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States, Ifrom
its organization to the close of the last session, was read by the
D. G. Master, and approved. Sundry letters were read and dis-
posed of, among which was one from the Grand Lodge of Penn-
sylvania, relative to the surreptitious admission into the Order of
a certain James Day, whereupon a resolution was adopted pro-
hibiting his admission into any lodge of the Order " throughout
the globe." This premature action was afterwards repudiated,
when the power belonging to a State Grand Lodge was better
understood. The routine business of the Grand Lodge having
been performed, Grand Master Wildey addressed the Grand
Lodge, informing the members that his term of oflSce as Grand
Master was about to expire, and that pursuant to notice previ-
ously given, it now devolved on that body, in its capacity of the
Grand Lodge of Marj^land, to proceed to the election of Grand
Master and of the other Grand OflBcers. Previous to which,
however, the Grand Lodge proceeded to consider the amendments
proposed to the constitution of the separate Grand Lodge of Ma-
ryland ; whereupon, on motion, the amendments to the 14th and
15th Articles were adopted, by which the terms of service of the
Grand Master, Deputy Grand Master and other Grand Officers
were fixed for one year, and that they each should be eligible for
re-election. The following amendment to the 6th Article was
adopted : " That the annual session of the Grand Lodge of Mary-

THE GBAND LODGE OF MD. AND THE II. 8. 99

laud be held on January 15tli, in lieu of the 22d of February " :
the record says the latter " being the day set apart for the organ-
ization of the Grand Lodge of the United States, and also the 15th
of January being the birthday of the founder of Odd Fellowship in
the United States." The constitution as thus amended, was read
and approved. The Grand Lodge went into the election of
Grand Master by ballot, and there appearing an equal number
of votes for P. G. Common and P. G. Scotchbum, the G. M. gave
the casting vote in favor of P. G. Charles Common, of Franklin
Lodge, No. 2, and declared him duly elected Grand Master of the
Grand Lodge of Maryland for the ensuing term. The election
was proceeded with, when P. G. Thomas Scotchbum, of Columbia
Lodge, No. 3, was duly elected D. G. Master, P. G. John Nelson,
of Washington Lodge, No. 1, was elected G. Warden, and P. G.
Ezekiel C. Gill, of Franklin Lodge, No. 2, was elected G. Secretary.
The G. M. elect then announced that he should nominate P. G.
Henry Harris, of Washington Lodge, No. 1, as G. Guardian, and
P. G. Freeburger, of Franklin Lodge, No. 2, as G. Conductor.
As the business of the Grand Lodge was drawing to a close, the
following was submitted and unanimously adopted :

" Resolved, that G. M. Wildey, after leaving liis seat, be pre-
sented with a medal, as a small token of our respect for his emi-
nent services, his indefatigable and unremitting zeal in spreading
the Order of Odd Fellowship throughout the United States, and
his unexampled assiduity and attention to its best interests while
Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United
States." Past Grands Common, Scotchbum and Fennell were
delegated to procure the medal.

After the Grand Lodge had arranged to visit Columbia T^dge,
No. 3, on the 29th of the month, as the Grand Lodge of Mary-
land, it closed the quarterly session, to open in annual session on
January 15, 1825; and the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the
rnit(Ml States, having thus arranged to organize the Grand Lodge
of tlie L^nited States, as a separate body, on February 22, 1S25,
closed fiine die. And thus teniiinated the first experiment to
organize, extend and govern a social and benevolent institution
which, divided into many branches, found its way triumphantly
into everv State.

The Masonic fraternity in its Blue lodges of ancient renown
has never been united under a central government. It is only

100 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

in its less numerous branches that it has attempted anything of
the kind, and that has been since the example set by our Order.
The experiment was novel and had no precedent, but the result
has shown the greatness of the plan. The means set on foot for
our organization extended in their operation from February 22,
1821, until November 22, 1824, inclusive ; a period of three years
and nine months. But the termination of those labors in so
grand a manner did not cause a cessation of the undertaking ; it
merely changed the nature of the machinery employed. Casting
away the clumsy tools of an obsolete antiquity, they invented new
instruments, required by new conditions, and boldly produced an
organism that has no parallel among moral or benevolent institu-
tions. When the material of which these workmen were com-
posed is carefully regarded, our wonder almost deepens into
reverence. The Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United
States seems but a feeble power to w^ork out such wonders.
During its career it received in all but twenty-eight members
into its communion ; of whom some ten or twelve had to
bear the whole burden of the adventure ; head and heart and
hand alike were busy ; and toil worthy of being classed \\ath the
labors of Hercules, under the blessing of heaven, had its reward.
And thus the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States,
that curious anomaly, passed away ; it had done its part and
made its own history. The Order was no longer local ; three
great States had been brought in to share the labor and responsi-
bility, and that which had been confined to one city was now like
an infinite circle, to have its centre everywhere, and its space
limitless. But the body, at its dissolution, by a true metempsy-
chosis parted with all its divine faculties, its living soul, to the
new body to which it gave existence. Or, to change the figure,
that which was first in use for the building was not mere scaflTold-
ing, but sound material, which was only removed to form an
essential part of the building about to be constructed. The little
band was to assume a new role and play its part on a greater
stage ; some would retire, others grow slack and lose their interest
in the enterj)rise, and one master-spirit had just gone down to the
grave; but the leader was alive and vigorous, and was to fulfil
his destinv as the hero of the drama. lie alone was to see the
end and enjoy the victory, and /</.y fame was to be assured
ere the curtain should fall upon the splendid spectacle.

n^r

CHAPTER V.

B«[cire tut bullila o

— QAV'8 FABI.S.

tLOH, Ektwible, WiLDKT, are the names written down
'here ae tlie primary agents in setting on fool the Order of
ellowBhip. The first and the last we have not inscribed
order of tlieir eminence, but rather in the order of tlie
ion of this history; for Wildey was always tirat. In
naini-s will be found the master-spirits of the incipient
of the first decade. We might indeed add humble instru-
to this number among worthy brothers of the same era, did
ord of the early labors of Washington Lodge remain for
rnsal ; but the original minute-book has for many years
usaing, and not a single trace of it remains. Hence the
of the early menil>ers is unknown, and the transactions of
Ige are buried in oblivion; the only facts preserved are
rotben Welch and Wildey were presented with silver

for valuable Per\'ices rendered. Moving in a sphere
his lodge, Welch was too intimately connected with the
of the Onler and its early history to be passed over with-
lorable mention. In fact, he lias Iwconie a necessary part
B time* as a historical character. He and his two assoi'iates
occasions appear as prtmvs infer paren ; and with them
,to fully identified as to have shared all their etrngglcB in
rilons times of the Order's infancy. To these, according
p several faculties and labors, belong the honors fit to be
sd to public Iwnefactors ; a title sui>erior to patents of no-

For what merit can surpass that of those who organized
ijtution second to no secular society, however venerable or
id among men i This Trif> came together by some favor-
mjottction, III unite as one in a work so great as to require

JOHN WELCH,

104 AMEKICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

the 26th of April, 1819; they disappear and never again rise to
the surface. We may be tolerably certain that there was good rea-
son for this silence. . We have no doubt they were migratory par-
ties, who did not remain to share the fortunes of the lodge ; or if
any remained, they were such material as were not worthy of
special mention. No doubt the lodge had many accessions from
the English, who would naturally seek the society of their coun-
trymen; but of these, few would long be stationary, and others,
on trial, would be found unworthy.

Of those prior to 1821, we have the names of Couth, Larkam,
Boyd and Entwisle ; of these, Boyd was a fine acquisition, and
Entwisle was of the greatest importance. Then follow Win
Chester, Wilson, Mitchell, Seed, McCormick, Nelson, Scotchbum
and others, who are only known as members of the body of Past
Grands, all Englishmen ; so that a very small minority, if more
than three or four, were of the native population. It follows that
for several years the institution was British, and an importation
not yet made acceptable to Americans. The struggle between
the old conservative and the new reformatory elements has been
fully set out in other parts of this volume. The difficulty then of
a firm foundation for the Order was greater by reason of its being
of foreign origin and under foreign auspices. Prudence as well
as vigor were requisite ; this was the chief feature in the character
of W^elch, and it was never found wanting in any emergency.
At the meeting of Past Grands held February 7th, 1821, Welch
was again at the side of Wildey. The Grand Lodge of Maryland
and of the United States was then organized, and Welch became
the first Grand Secretary. Here he follows his friend into a new
and broader field, requiring all his capacity to give him efficient
aid. The duties of this office he perfonned for the space of one
year, a full term. He was, on the 22d of February, 1823, duly
elected and installed as Deputy Grand Master, which he held
until the 15th day of January, 1825, when the Grand Lodge of
the Tnited States was organized. He was then unanimously
elected the first Deputy Grand Master (now Sire) of the Grand
Lodge of the United States, the duties of which he faithfully dis-
charged ; his last appearance in that character being on Monday^
May 4th, 1820, when he refused longer to hold the position.

From this time he appears no more on the journal, or in any
way connected with this history ; but he had carved his name

JOHN WELCH. 105

upou the foundation, and on each upward layer, until he saw it
deeply graven in the last rough ashler which lay upon the sum-
mit. It was not his life-work, as it was that of Wildey. He had
borne the heat and burden of the day, and the field was won ;
henceforth there was much to do, but it lay with others, then
present and to come, to build on the foundations. He foresaw
that even Ws great leader must soon retire, or submit himself
to others than himself for guidance, and that the new machinery
would effectually do the work. Faithful counsellor! he had
stood by and advised his friend in every hour of darkness, doubt
and disaster; he had shared all his hopes and all his fears. He
had met him at the " Seven Stars," w^th but three more for com-
pany ; he followed him from public-house to public-house, and
from one hall to another, until he sat down with him in the first
Odd Fellows' temple on Gay Street. He was in the contest of
Wildey with Jackson, and clung to Wildey ; and he saw two
brawny children, born of their mutual energy — Franklin and
Columbia Lodges — begin a vigorous existence. He devised
with him and Entwisle the plan of taking the old charter from
Washington Lodge and giving it into hands wiser and abler to
maintain it. He saw Wildey starting from Baltimore to go the
then great distance to Boston, and after many counsels, bade him
God-speed upon his errand ; and he, with Entwisle, received the
triumphant trophies of Wildey's prowess in the apj)lications from
New York and Penns^^ylvania, that vindicated their estimate of the
coming man. He saw order arising out of confusion, and the
native population lending its aid to perfect and carry on the
enterprise. A central Grand Lodge of the United States begins
to oj)en its arms to embrace a continent. He is there to give his
])ruden(*e and energy to the first five years of those preparatory
movements that were necessary for a final victory ; and now he
retires into modest seclusion, before the day when an admiring
brotherhood shall give him his meed of gratitude and praise.
True to his friend to the very last, and in the very sensitive mat-
ter of his own great merit and services, he nobly hides himself
away, and leaves Wildey to wear hU jewels in his well-won crown.
Who, from this narrative, can fail to see the modesty and dignity
of this inestimable brother — the Mentor of the early days?

In all the great events we have narrated he was a necessary
agent. He was superior to Wildey in manners, education and

106 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

social position. His thoughts tended to religion, and this ten-
dency he impressed on all around him ; in later life he became
an ornament and support in one of the Christian churches.
Thus he had other associations and other aims, his family, his
church, his social relations, outside of the Order. He alone was
not given to the convivial bo\Vl or the hilarious song, but in the
midst of the motley crowd, furnished the dignity and decency
that gave color to all that was done. He saw in it from the
first the dawn of a moral movement for the men who came
within its influence, and no one more rejoiced than he to see it
spuming the public-house and turning the " Host " out of the
lodge-room. He it was that helped to inspire young Entwisle
with the lofty sentiments that glow in the pages of the gifted
Secretary. He left the Order indeed in its prosperity, but he had
never faltered or given way when the burden of its success lay
upon him. Grand Secretary Ridgely well remembers his atten-
dance at the first dedication of the Hall on Gay Street; the
deep interest he manifested; his countenance beaming with
kindness and good humor; his gentle manner, and his manifest
pride and pleasure at witnessing the proud day when the Order
took its place among the institutions of the country. Many
pleasant hours were spent by the young member conversing with
the veteran of the early days, continuing from time to time until
the gentle brother, worn out by infirmities more than by age,
expired in the year 1851, full of honor, and surrounded by
weeping friends.

THE NESTOR OF THE ENTERPRISE.

Ilis work more than that of any other will bear analysis.
Wildoy all energy, Entwisle all imagination and invention, but
tempered by a sobriety beyond his years, were his coadjutors.
To restrain, direct and counsel, such were particularly the parts
allotted him. The difficulties were of great magnitude. Wash-
ington Lodge was the first great obstacle. The members were
disposed to cling to their precious charter, and retain the honor
it conferred upon them ; the disposition of Wildey led him to
conceive that it should be demnndid for the common good; but
Welch, by showing the effect of such action, induced him to seek
it by other and gentler means, which could alone succeed. The
same was true when Maryland was called upon for the same

JOHN WELCH.

107

charter to be given to a federal head. The quiet wisdom that
dictated the first cession of the charter again interposed, and by
the potent influence of personal solicitation and persistent argu-
ment, made the second cession a necessary consequence. In all
this no one has questioned that he and the Secretary were the
master-spirits who set Wildey on the track that led him to the
federal compact. To such a man as Wildey, when left to him-
self, moderation was impossible, for his energy was riotous, and
sometimes tended to excess ; it was therefore necessary that a
bridle should be put upon such reckless tendencies. At times
indeed liis zeal far outran his discretion, as was illustrated by his
support of Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, against its rightful
superior; when he had to retrace his steps and make a proper
sul^mission. These were lessons by which he was not slow to
profit. They sent him frequently to his advisers, who thus be-
came more necessary to him. On such occasions he leaned
upon his early friend with a confidence that was never shaken,
and never betrayed. His moderation appears in his official
documents as a conspicuous element ; that moderation was the
spirit of Welch, infused into the leader by the teachings of his
sagacious and unselfish minister. It toned down his roughness
and put a finer edge upon his earnestness ; so that often it might
be said that the voice was that of Wildey but the matter was
that of Welch, the politic and wary pilot who had given him
tlie cliart for his discourse. In a word, Wildey was the heart
and iiand of the imdertaking, Welch and Entwisle were the
head, and the latter also the executive moral power of the
movement.

Among the select three, Welch stands on the right hand of
Wildey, a worthy sn])porter, who has earned his place and will
keep it. On the left of Wildey, as will appear in the succeeding
narrative, will ho found one as worthy and as full of interest,
tlie intellectual member of the trio, who will bo equally entitled
to sn)>port the central figure of the group — Entwisle. But this
c}ia])ter must come to a (rlose We have extricated a brother from
the neglect of many years, and now leave it to a noble Order to
greet with fitting honors this portraiture of its first Deputy
Grand Sire, the friend of Wildey, virtue and benevolence, a
true knight of the great Order of Odd Fellowship.

CHAPTER VI.

THE GRAND LODGE OF MARYLAND.

By the action taken at the November BCBsion of 1824, the
Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States divided itself
into two bodies ; one of theui assumed anthority over the whole
Order, through the several Grand Lodges ; the other subsided into
a State Grand lx)dge, having only a local authority within the
State of Maryland. As previously arranged, the first annual ses-
sion of the Grand Lodge of Maryland convened January 15th,
1825, at the hall on the corner of Calvert and Water Streets.
The members present were Grand Master Wildey, Deputy Grand
Master Welch, Grand Warden Mitchell, Assistant Grand Secre-
tary Fennell, Grand Guardian Boyd, Grand Conductor Common,
and Past Grands Seed, Nelson, Scotehburn, Williams, lloach,
Gill, Freeburger, Arman and Colt. After the Grand Lodge had
been formally opened in the Grand Lodge Degree, it w^as opened
in the Scarlet Degree, to admit brothers of that rank to witness
the installation of the Grand Officers. Several Vice Grands,
Past Vice Grands and Noble Grands availed themselves of the
privilege. The Grand Master, in a suitable address, set before
them the new condition of affairs. He stated that he was in pos-
session of a charter for the Grand Lodge of Maryland, granted
by the Grand Lodge of the United States; that he was author-
ized to present it, and would do so during the session. The
constitution of the Grand Lodge was then read ; when G. M.
Wildey announced the arrival of the time when it became neces-
sary for him to retire from the office which, by the preference of
his brethren, had been entrusted to him during the last four years.
He gave a cursory history of the body during his term, and hav-
ing commended his faithful associates for the powerful aid they
had rendered, did not hesitate to indulge in blame of the Past
Grands who had shrunk from the performance of their duty.

The following Grand Officers were then duly installed :
Charles Common, G. Master; Thomas Scotehburn, D. G. M.;

(108)

THE ti&AlYD LODGE OF MARYLAND. 109

John Nelson, G. W. ; and E. C. Gill, G. Sec y. Short addresses
were made by the officers. Thomas AVildey, as G. M. of the
Grand Lodge of the United States, directed tlie Grand Charter
to be read. This was done by Deputy Grand Master Welch.

CHARTER OF THE GRAND LODGE OF MARYLAND.

ORDER OF INDEPENDENT ODD FELLOWS.

To all lohom it may concern :

The Grand Lodge of the United States, held in the city of Bal-
timore, in the State of Maryland, doth hereby grant this Grand
Charter to five Past Grands of the Order of Independent Odd
Fellows, residing in the State of Maryland, to form a Grand I^dge
for the said State, for the encouragement and support of brothers
of the said Order when on travel or otherwise. And the said
Grand Lodge being duly formed, is hereby authorized to grant
Warrants or Dispensations to true and faithful brothers to open
lodges according to the laws of Odd Fellowship, and to admin-
ister to Past Grands all the privileges and benefits appertaining
to the Grand Lodge, and to enact by-laws for the government
of their lodge. Provided, always, that the said Grand Lodge do
act according to the Order, in conjunction with and ol)edience to
the Grand Lodge of the United States ; adhering to and support-
ing the constitution thereof, in default whereof this charter may
be suspended or taken away, at the discretion of the (Jrand Lodge
of the United States. And further, the Grand Lodge, in (consid-
eration of the due performance of the above, do l)ind themselves
to repair all damages or destruction of the charter, whether by
fire or other accident; provided sufficient proof be given that
there is no illegal concealment or wilful destruction of th(^ same.
In w itness whereof we have displayed the (colors of our Order and
8ubscri))ed our names, and affixed the seal of the Grand Lo<lg(^ of
the United States, this twenty-second day of February, A. I), one
thousand eight hundred and twenty-five.

Thomas VVildky, G. M. William Williams, G. S.

JoHx Welch, D. G. M. Thomas Mit(miell, G. G.

Charlp:s Common, Rep. of Marj'land.

Maurk^e Fennell, Proxy of Massachuscjtts.

Thomas Scx/tchburn, Proxy of New York.

John Boyd, Proxy of Pennsylvania.

The Grand Charter having been read, M. W. Grand Master
Wildey delivered the following address:

Mont Worth// Grand MaHter^ Right Worthy Deputy (irand
Master^ (fraud Officers and Past Grandn of the (irand Ij)dg6
of Maryland:
On this highly important occasion T have the honor to a])pear

before you as the bearer of the legal instrument just read in your

110 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

hearing ; which conveys to your respectable body all the rights
and privileges of a Grand Lodge ot the Order of Independent
Odd Fellows. The (irrand Charter of the Grand Lodge of Mary-
land and of the United States having been vested solely in the
Grand Lodge of the United States, a body composed of officers
and representatives of the several State Grand Lodges, has

f ranted this charter to the officers and members of the Grand
lodge of Maryland, in consideration of the concession made by
that Grand Lodge for the general welfare of the Order, in re-
signing all claim or title to the charter under which you have
hitherto conducted your business, and in taking rank in common
with the other State Grand Lodges. You will find this Grand
Charter contains clauses to that eifect, and I now deliver it
into your keeping as your warrant of authority. It is a sourcje
of unfeigned gratification to me, as it is to the Grand Lodge I
here represent, to find your body in so flourishing a condition ;
which enables me to look forward with the most cheering antici-
pations to a successful future ; especially so, in view of the
unanimity and cordiality which are so strikingly manifested
among you. By this cliarter the power is secured to you to
govern the Order in this State ; it places your local afl'aire at
your own disposal, to be acted upon according to your own sense
of prudence and discretion, but requiring you always to adhere
to tlie constitution. The Grand Officers having been instructed
in their respective duties, will now proceed in the faithful dis-
charge of them ; and it will aflbrd me great pleasure, at any time,
to render any assistance in my power, by explanation and advice.
And now that you have begun so well, it is my wish that you
may continue in the same course ; that you may increase in
numbers and respectability, and improve in the knowledge and
practice of the principles of the Order, and be always the ])ride
of our fraternity, as you will be regarded the conier-stone of its
institution.

The pithy and practical nature of this address commends it
as a rare model of force and condensation. These few words, so
well chosen, covered the whole ground of the new situation, and
left nothing to be added which would have made it more suitable
than it was. The lack of the presence of this inestimable quality
has often weakened or broken down the interest which naturally
belongs to important occasions. This brevity sits M-ell upon a
man of action like AVildev, who was of that kind who more
often strike than speak. The Grand Lodge of Maryland under
the new warrant was then ready for business. Its first action
was on(i of gratitude. G. M. Common arose, and turning to
Past Grand Master AVildey, began an address. In words of

THE GRAND LODOK OF MARY LAN IK I t (

eulogy he presented to liini a token o( the generul eoutUli^neiik»
It was a splendid " breast-plate/* the girt of the ineniheii^ oC tlio
Grand Lodge. The Grand Master in hin unnwer e\|M*ei»i»iHj hln
high estimate of this denionstratii»n. A Tier providing Tor a
Mitre for the Grand Master of Maryland an ad<litional regallni
the session closed. Thus a separate Grand liodge of Maryland
at length rises to our view. Washington liodge wan at llh^i
everything; it was the Grand Lodge of the United Htiiten, thii
Grand Lodge of Maryland, and also a suhordinatn or working
lodge. Its first division left Washington Lodg«! the llrst nuhor
dinate, thus dividing the power into two parts; the nej<t division
left three units; the two last being the (iraiid Lodge of tho
United States and the Grand I/odge of Maryland* Independenei^
was secured by orderly rank and relation, and the ()f$tr, hiul
become Thkee. Alxiut six years were re^juired for this elifnlria-
tion. A glance disi:over» the magnitude of tfie nndi^aklrig; ifn
delicate nature is apparent. W%; who live after ffie evi^iif, fJnd \i
all verv easv and natural ; but the s^/lniion w ha a dis/overv ; jtn
originators full of pra/rtieal genius.

The Grand I»dge of Marjland held itn ftni ffunri^^iy ^'^um
on April L>ih, 1S25. It ba^l eight ttWu'MT^ : i^o \'hM. (hnufU x^er^
presrent, and five were al^erit, thi* inf^k^ a t//tal f4 ftfU'^^t rr^f r^
ber* in alL At thU me^^ing V. G, (^f^fH^tU^ of So. 'A *ffn* h^U
mitted by the a.«QaI vf/fe, TT^e ^nlff/rfUhf^te I/i/|/^<< /^^^e ft/hU^'4

of Xo'fnrr Gran/i until h^ hiw rer^^^^i fh^ d^^vr^''^ ir» ?K^ ''•^•rfr/'*
Thirrj xer^ aI:*o as*kM f/p ptwft a hy-U'^t, p^ro-^'Win/-* fhj*f sir* / rcAtri-
b*rr xho ml^i* f;ill In *rr^an </fWr ^j^^r*/^^ '»f.^,'-,.4 f»^»' V ^nNtlM

Tr^ 'pAfti^rij p'^^xr»rd and ^^ptanAflon -v^r^, -i^I^a^M. 4w "i**-'/.!'^,
b^ t ^or#>o^*r;i^ -^jtIt, f>rtA*n xcc^ndrCk^nfA ^r'-K/^^^ti *o *r.^ .^a-
tr.i.-^ 'it' -ni^ ft.r^i V-^r^Jjfr l>fpp^^ h? R ^/. .W. "^^^ .^Vv. r^A

▼ b* pr>'\ii*>fi 'i-.Ar *h«» -u-v^r-tinitrA .*vtij.*« :><»« ♦ •; -a r. * -h'^t ^^^
•^r?* «iil D^onr? ^jrr»ut '*iri5. Tjw* *.*»*•"•/>• .f* • > •^«i» fUVwe-

112 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

mally made ; the theory of the manner of the alteration will
appear elsewhere. No authority for it is to be found in any
reported action of the Grand Lodge of the United States. Rich-
ard Marley, of No. 2, appeared, and was duly elected and ad-
mitted as a member. At this session the Grand Sire announced
the reception of the Patriarchal Degree from England ; the new
degree was then conferred on four of the Past Grands.

An adjourned meeting was held on November 18th, 1825.
The 19th General Law was up for consideration, when it was
decided that, by its true construction, " each member on visiting
any subordinate lodge shall pay 6i cents." P^or some reason not
explained, the second annual session did not take place on the
day designated by the constitution, but was convened on Febru-
ary 14th, 1826. Present, the officers and eight Past Grands ; two
of the latter were elected and admitted. During the session P.
G. Roach was promptly fined for " disrespect to the chair." The
G. Secretary stated that Columbia Lodge had never made a report,
when that officer was directed to call on that lodge for full state-
ments from December 17th, 1823, and regular quarterly reports
thereafter. The eligibility of a P. G. for G. Master was then
fully discussed. G. Sire Wildey offered the following, which was
passed by a vote of eleven to nine: '' Resolved, that all members
of the Grand Lodge are eligible to the office of M. W. G. M."
But inmiediatoly afterwards it was nnaniniouslv detennined
" that no member shall be eligible for the office of M. W. G. M.
unless he has served in three elective offices in a subordinate
lodge." Several Scarlet Degree members were present as visitors.
Charles Common was re-elected G. Master. A committee, of
which P. G. i^oyd was chairman, was required to procure a suit-
able room for the use of the three subordinate lodges. At this
time the Grand Lodge and AVashington and Franklin Lodges
convened at the intersection of Calvert and Water Streets
and Cheapside, in what was formerly known as St. John's Hall ;
and Cohiinl)ia Lodge met at the corner of Bridge (Gay)
and Jones ( Front) Streets, in the parlors of Bro. Wildey *s dwell-
ing, which that lodge had fitted up in 182i. The object was to
unite all the bodies at one meeting-place ; this was ultimately
effected by the Grand Lodge buying out the interest of Columbia
Lodge in its location.

THE GRAND LODGE OF MARYLAND. 113

Pursnant to adjournment, a meetiug was held on February
!28, 1826, when it was agreed to have the future meetings in the
room of Columbia Lodge, and the committee was instructed to
remove the emblems and Grand Charter to that place by March
12th ensuing. Columbia Lodge, No. 3, made a settlement,
paying for charter, charge books and lawful percentage, fifty-
eight dollars. It seems that before this time some eflbrt had
been made to obtain an act of incorporation from the Legislature
of the State. G. Sec'y Wilson had visited the General Assembly
for the purpose, and his expenses were paid at this session. No
doubt the object was to secure the power to make contracts and hold
property in the aggregate, and thus to relieve a few persons
from the burdens of contracting and being responsible for all ;
a very excellent expedient, but one that did not succeed for a
number of veal's, by reason of circumstances beyond their con-
trol. The session adjourned to meet the 14th March, in the
room at Wildey's, afterwards called the New Hall. It met at
that time with the Grand Officers and a quorum of Past Grands.
Its first action was summary, and however proper, was lacking
in all the elements of a judicial decision. P. G. Williams sub-
mitted a motion to expel P. G. William Larkam " for disgracing
the lodge and himself" Larkam had been suspended since
August 22, 1823, and no other proceedings appear upon the
record. There were no charges or specifications, no examination
of witnesses in the presence of the accused ; Init an ex parU
motion was adopted, and the usual notice of the expulsion
ordered to be given.

The advance in the direction of fraternity was evidenced by
a novel proposition. The benefit system was the life of the
Order, and the secret of the power which held it together.
But other and higher objects were sought; the social fea-
ture was also an integral, and therefon* necessary part ; and
ai)ov(» all rose the proud assumption of practices and prin-
(•iples tending to foster virtue and improve mankind. To nu»et
this vi(»w, G. Sire Wildey proposed " that it be reconmiended to
the subordinate lodges to admit honorary inemhem^ on their
l)aying the regular initiation fee, but not to be entitled to any
])ciicfits from the Order." The action had upon this proi>osal,
and th(» various modifications from time to time suggested, will
subsc(|uently appear. The fiscal business of the lodges received
8

114 - AMEKICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

due attention ; the keeping of the accounts and the collection
of dues were then, as now, considered with jealous care ; it waB
therefore recommended that the lodges should choose permanent
Secretaries to take charge of their financial affairs, as "highly
requisite and beneficial to the Order." Without regarding the
previous notice required by its constitution, the Grand Lodge
proceeded to alter the Article on the election of Grand Officers,
BO as to provide that the elections should take place at the third
quarterly session in each year ; the officers to be installed at the
annual session. A regulation was made on the subject of re-
galia, by which a brother w^as permitted to wear on his apron all
the colors of the degrees he had taken ; and an order was made,
instructing Wardens when examining those present at the
opening of a lodge, not to rely upon the grip alone as proof of
membership, but to examine in the password also. Another
practical and essential order was that requiring candidates for
initiation to be carefully interrogated as to their health, to
prevent such as had bodily infirmities from entering and be-
coming burdens on the lodge. A suitable strong box w^as
ordered to be procured for the use of the Grand Lodge. It was
also determined to celebrate in an appropriate manner the ap-
proaching anniversary of Odd Fellowship, and each lodge was
requested to appoint a committee of three on the subject. It
was determined that the celebration should be limited to mem-
bers of the Order.

From the fii*st, much importance was attached to celebrations,
but a diversity of opinion existed as to the specific date which
should be selected for tlie purpose. The general opinion tended
to the selection of soiiie day as the anniversary. A majority of
the members of Washington Lodge urged that lodge's natal day
as the most appropriate; but the minority, and many members of
the other two lodges, were much divided. Some wished for the
selection of the 15th of January, Wildey's birthday, and others
for the 22d of February, the birthday of Washington, after
whom the first lodge had been named. The latter urged the
further reason that the Grand Lodge of the State and of the
United States was organized on the 22d of Februarj'. Indeed,
there were not wanting those who were averse to the selection
of any such day, contending that such an act would be an inno-
vation on ancient usage, a new feature for which no warrant

THE GBAKD LODGE OF MAEYLAND. 115

could be shown. But in practice, the first of these suggested
days had been already set apart by a kind of general consent.
It is asserted that the small band of Washington Lodge, in num>
ber not exceeding forty persons, assembled at Woodward's in
Frederick Street, on April 26, 1820, and celebrated the first
anniversary of that lodge. P. G. Wildey was the principal
speaker, as it was at this time he retired from the chair of N. G.,
which he had filled for four successive quarters. In 1821 the
same day was again used for the purpose ; we have no knowledge
of any of the incidents, save that there was a banquet and the
table was spread at Woodward's. Nothing is known of the
proceedings in 1822 and 1823, but there was a celebration on the
26th of April 1824, at which time G. Sec'y Entwisle was toasted,
and made a reply which has been handed down in these pages.
It will be found in the biography of that brother, and seems to
settle two points, that there had been four previous celebrations
on that day, and that they were confined to the members and
their families. No doubt the latter idea was induced by sound
policy, as the Order had neither the prestige nor the capacity for
making a respectable appearance before the community.

At the time when the Grand Lodge of the United States was
separated from Maryland, it left whatever it had of property in
the exclusive possession of the Grand Lodge of Maryland. This
consisted principally of regalia, emblems and books ; no schedule
was made, no formal transfer of possession ; but it was retained
bv its new owners as a matter of course. The cash balance was
$10,681. The accounts of the Grand Lodge of Maryland in
the first year of its separate existence were : Balance on hand,
$16,683; receipts, $102.50; total, $119,183. Expenditures,
$191.06i ; balance due the Treasurer, $71.87J. From which it
appears that the first year of the separate Grand Lodge of Marj'-
land was financially a failure.

The first quarterly session of the second year was held on
April 14th, 1826, when the four Grand Officers, G. S. Wildey,
P. D. G. M. Welch, and nine Past Grands were present. P. G.
Theirlc, of No. 3, was admitted. The first business was to order
each lodge in the State to procure a suitable seal as soon as pos-
sible, and to send proof impressions to the Grand Ix)dge. It
must not be supposed that the subordinates had no seals before
that time, but this action was to secure uniformity, and put the

116 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

matter in proper working shape. The resolution offered at the
last session, by G. Sire Wildey, to amend the general laws in
such a manner as to pennit himorary membership in the lodges,
was properly referred. The subject of conferring degrees on
Sunday had been brought before the Grand Lodge long before,
by Columbia Lodge, No. 3, but the petition which asked the pro-
hibition of the practice by that body was intentionally ignored,
and excluded from the record. The older members were averse
to alteration, and thought that so radical a change would be
unsafe and unpopular. But they were mistaken, and the peti-
tioners, having more regard for present prosperity than ancient
usage, became only the more zealous after their failure. They
saw the damaging effect of the practice upon the reputation of
the Order. Accordingly, armed with facts and arguments, they
presented the same request at this session, and effected their pur-
pose. It was promptly determined that the degrees should be
delivered every Friday fortnight, in place of every Sunday fort-
night ; the hour of attendance to be the same as with the subor-
dinate lodges. It was also " ordered that the fourth (G. R.) degree
be read " ; surely no very onerous task, when the whole of it was a
simple fragment, with so little substance as to be scarcely
worth the trouble.

A special session was called to consider a charge made against
P. K. G. Daniel Weaver, of Franklin Lodge, No. 2. It met on
May 26th, 1826, P. D. G. M. Scotchburn presiding. The speci-
fications were stated, " that the accused had given the quarterly
password to a visiting brother from Pennsylvania." The G. M.
read the obligations of the first, second and third degrees as they
then stood. P. G. Weaver, who was present, was then called on
for his defence. He admitted the truth of the charge, but excused
himself on the score of his ignorance of his duty in the premises.
He then retired. It was moved that the brother do "receive a
severe reprimand from the Grand Lodge." G. W. Marley moved
to amend, by making the motion to read that P. G. Weaver
" should be expelled." There was much discussion, and the vote
being by ball ballots, the motion as amended was lost, and the
brother was acquitted. This is the first brief record of the an-
cient manner of conducting a trial before a Grand Lodge. It
would seem that but little form was observed, and the summary
proceedings left but a slight chance for escape to the accused

THE GRAND LODGE OF MARYLAND. 117

party, unless the prevailing sentiment was favorable to his
acquittal.

In this case the accused was tried by the Grand Lodge, of
which he was not a member. Nothing could be more irregular
or unjust than such a mode of procedure, yet we are assured that
this was the usual mode of dealing with such cases. By this very
method, Humphreys, Petherick and Larkam were convicted and
expelled ; the result might have been different had provision
been made either for review or appeal, but there was no such
check upon the power of the Grand Body. The specific com-
plaint against Weaver, when considered in connection with the
manner in which lodge business was then conducted, was simply
ridiculous. Some five years afterwards, when P. G. S. Kennedy
was initiated, the N. G. instructed him in the quarterly password,
from the chair, and in the hearing of all present, members and
visitors alike. The experience of others verifies his statement, and ^
such was no doubt the practice in the lodges at that time. This
same Weaver afterwards became Grand Secretary.

On the 26th day of April, 1826, an effort was made to cele-
brate the anniversary of the Order. For this purpose the Grand
Officers of the Grand Lodge of the United States and the Grand
Officers of Pennsylvania were invited and were in attendance.
We have no particulars of the occasion save that it was celebrated
" in a becoming manner," and that " an elegant and sumptuous
collation was prepared and partaken of by the members and vis-
itors " ; after the cloth was removed, the Grand Sire concluded
his address with the following: "7%^ ^Qth of AprU^ our guests^
and Odd Fellowship throughout the worldP

The second quarterly session of the second year was held on
July 18, 1826. P. G.'s Thomas Baker, of No. 1 ; Joel Wright,
of No. 1, and Daniel Weaver, of No. 2, were admitted to mem-
bership. In all cases there was a vote by ballot, electing or
rejecting the candidate. Weaver had two black balls. This
led to an inquirj', and there was a discussion upon the
legality of the use of ball ballots for such a purpose. To end
the discussion, on motion of G. W. Marley, the vote was di6r0-
garded, and the brother admitted upon the faith of his certificate.
At this meeting three of the leading members, Marley, Welch
and Nelson, were fined for not giving the password to the Grand
Warden. A special session was held on September the 6th,

118 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

1826, for the purpose of Becuring the passage of an act of incor-
poration of the Grand Lodge from the State. Present, G. M.
Common, D. G. M. Briee, G. W. Marley, G. Sec. Wilson, G. Con.
Freeburger, P. G. M. Scotchbum, G. Sec. Williams, of G. L. U. S.,
and nine Past Grands. Tired of waiting for the slow action of
the Legislature, it was at length concluded to enter the field of
politics, and send men who would represent Odd Fellowship and
get them an act of incorporation. The object having been
stated, the following resolutions were offered and unanimou^^ly
adopted.

liesolved^ Ist. That we will support those, and those only,
who will pledge themselves to make use of their influence and
talents in Dehalf of this society, so that we may obtain a charter
from the General Assembly at the next session.

2d. That we make choice of John S. Tyson and R. Purviance,
Esqrs., in whose behalf we will use all fair and honorable means
to insure their election, if they agree to the first resolve.

3d. That the G. M. appoint a committee of five whose duty
it shall be to wait on the above named gentlemen, and after
putting the question to them, "Will you support or not?" the
committee shall report their reply to the G. M. or his Deputy.

4th. That the committee of five shall have full power to co-
operate with other committees that are or may be formed in the
city for the purpose of supporting their favorite candidate.

From these proceedings we may infer an overweening anxiety
to procure a legislative charter, and become a corporate body.
But whatever the motive for its obtention, the difficulty of pro-
curing it was in the ratio of tlie desire to have it. The candi-
dates for the General Assembly, at that time, were men of rare
attainments and great experience, but these qualifications were
just such as to prevent their ursfing the matter in the legislature.
They could not understand the objects of the association beyond
their mere business significance, and felt keenly the ridicule
attaching to action with reference to a moral movement which
was more than suspected of immorality. The very names of the
proposed incorporators alarmed them, associ};ted as they were
with oyster cellars and drinking bars; they therefore warily
avoided the matter or flatly refused to give it their assistance.
It followed that every effort to efiect the purpose failed, and in
spite of the zeal of Wildey, who gave it his personal attention.

THE GRAND LODGE OF MARYLAND. 119

came to nothing. It was nearly seven years after the passage of
these resolutions before the charter was obtained. In the mean-
time the moral aspect of the question was changed : Ridgely,
who was a lawyer, and George Keyser, afterwards 6. Sire,
who was an architect, were selected, the former as chairman,
and the latter as a member of the committee to draft and
.procure the passage of the instrument. It was prepared
and passed, and bears date the 9th day of February, 1833.
To eftect the result, such phrases and general terms were
nsed as enabled the legislature to pass upon it without
going into those questions which, even at this day, puzzle so
many of the iminitiated. The names of the corporators were
a guaranty of the fitness of the act : not to particularize James
L. Ridgely and George AV. Williamson, there were Augustus
Mathiot, Elijah Stansbury (afterwards Mayor of the city),
John A. Kennedy, Andrew E. Warner, and many others,
whose names would have given assurance of the respectability
of any association.

But to return to the political action of the special session of
1826. It is noticeable that neither Welch nor Wildey attended
this meeting, but seemed to be standing back and refusing their
aid, though we have no notice of any protest against the resolu-
tions. The presumption is that the whole scheme was an empty
threat, of no significance, excepting as venting the spleen of the
disappointed actors, and as it produced no eftect, was allowed to
sleep in peace. But the accessions of the next few years included
men of a different character, who were difierently aflected by it.
They saw the record and condenmed it, and on December 29th,
1831, more than three years afterwards, we find the following:

'' P. G. Young moved to expunge from the record the pro-
ceedings of the Grand Lodge on the 5th September, in the year
1820, which was unanimously determined in the affirmative."

Accordingly, the Grand Secretary proceeded to expunge the
offensive record. He carefully went over each word with his
l»en, joining, altering, and in fact so defacing the whole as
])ractically to destroy it. Above, on a narrow space, he inserted,
*' Expumjed from the record^ hy resolution of the Grand Lodye^
Dec, 2\}th, 1831. Jas. L. Ridgely, G. Sec'y,''

In the light of our principles, this solemn act of suppression
speaks volumes for the Order. We have always claimed not to

120 AHEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

interfere with the reh'gion or politics of our members, be they
what they may. But professions are one thing and practice another.
The State atiects to disregard the religioufi tenets of the citizen^
yet often admits sectarian bigotry to the l^slative hall. The
churches teach in the words of the Master, " My kingdom is not
of this world ''; yet, sometimes they have openly avowed politi-
cal creeds, and winked at the marshalling of sects in the arena of
parties. Odd Fellowship is younger than the parties and
creeds of the country, and may yet live to betray the prin-
ciples of toleration; but so far it has been faithful to its
mission, and with inflexible resolution has abstained from inter-
ference with either religion or politics. That such may continue
to be its action, all good men will devoutly pray. In view of
these reflections, the example of the Odd Fellows if Maryland
should be hung on the walls of every lodge-room, and recited
with joy in every jurisdiction. It was a bold and striking avowal,
made in all frankness, that they had been false to principle ; and
tlie nmtilated record is to-day a silent witness of their repentance,
a beacon to guide their descendants. Honor and praise to the
manhood that could assert itself against such an error, to vindi-
cate the noble principles against which the Order had offended!
The third quarterly session of the second year convened Octo-
ber 17th, 1826, when the Grand Officers and thirteen P. G. Offi-
cers and P. G.'s were present. G. AV. Marley, chairman of a
committee, submitted rules of order, which were adopted. Be-
fore this time, ancient usage and the dictum of the chair regulated
the proceedings. A committee was appointed to prepare an
exhibit of the receipts and expenditures of the Order from its
beginning, and tohaveitprinted, together with such of the general
and benefit laws as they might select, to lay before the General
Assembly of Maryland. This was a continuation of the effort
to secure a charter, which failed. At the suggestion of Washing-
ton Lodge, a resolution was adopted to procure " a banner for the
Grand Lodge," to be used in public processions. The matter was
placed in the hands of a committee, G. Sire AVildey being the
chairman. The flag was procured. Its design was a white silk
field embellished with all the emblems of the Order then in use.
This was the fii-st standard raised by Odd Fellows in the United
States. It has many times floated over vast processions, and is
carefully preserved by the Grand Lodge of Maryland. P. G.

THE ORAliD LODOE OF MABTLAKD. 121

Charles F. Exe, of No. 1, was elected and admitted to membership,
P. G. Gill, of No. 2, sent in a letter containing charges against P.
G. Weaver, of No. 2 ; when, on motion, it was " Resolved, that
P. G. Gill, as a suspended member, is entitled to no privilege in
this lodge or any other of the Independent Order." He had
been suspended for the non-payment of dues. P. G. Weaver be-
haved so badly on the occasion that he was fined for contempt
shown to the chair. This closed the session.

An adjourned meeting was held November 7th, 1826, when
the G. Officers and one P. G. Officer and nine P. G.'s were pre-
sent. G. Sire Wildey and G. Sec'y Williams, of the Grand Lodge
of the United States, were also present. G. Sec'y Williams read
the proceedings of the special G. Committee of the Grand Lodge
of the United States, held October 3, 1826. It was a statement of
the facts connected with the G. Sire's visit to England — the honors
paid to him, and the new charter from the Manchester Unity,
which gave us independence. It also appeared that the Grand
Charter had been formally accepted by the Grand Committee.
The election for G. Officers for 1827 resulted in the choice of P.
D. G. M. Scotchbum as G. Master, D. G. M. Price as
D. G. M., G. W. Marley as G. Warden, and G. Sec'y Wilson as
G. Secretary. It was resolved that a G. Marshal should be annu-
ally appointed, and that the G. Master should be exofficio G. Rep.
in the G. Ix)dge of the United States. The adjournment was to
Tuesday, the 14th of Novemter, 1826, when, fourteen in all be-
ing present, G. Sire AVildey was very active, and had the follow-
ing adopted :

" Resolved, That the G. Secretary be compensated for
writing the by-laws in a book, and that when done it be
laid before the presiding officer in open lodge." " Resolved,
That brothers having received either of the degrees shall
vote in any lodge upon application for such degree." "Re-
solved, That the Patriarchal degree be printed." " Resolved,
That a crozier be procured for this degree, and that the Grand
Lodge pay for and retain it as its property." And also, " That
all P. G.'s appointed on committees and accepting the appoint-
ment, shall not vacate the office , and all members of committees
neglecting the duties assigned them, shall be fined not less than
fitly cents nor more than five dollars."

12'2 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

The G. Sire's example was contagious, and it was determined, on
motion of P. G. Bickley, " to impose a fine of fifty cents on all P.
G.'s who do not attend the adjourned meetings of the Grand
Lodge, or send a reasonable apology." And on motion of G. W.
Marley, " That all P. G.'s retiring without leave from the chair,
should pay a fine of twenty-five cents." G. Sire Wildey also pro- *
cured the adoption of the following : " Resolved, That the price
of the several degrees be advanced after twelve months from this
date." " Resolved, That tlie subordinate lodges shall report all
P. G.'s suspended for arrearages, every quarter." " Resolved,
That the new signs and passwords be put in operation in the
State of Maryland." " Resolved, That the Grand Lodge purchase
a copperplate for travelling certificates, and that there be an altera-
tion in the manner of conferring degrees." To perfect the cer-
tificates, it was, on motion of P. G. Weaver, " Resolved, That sub-
ordinate lodges be requested to provide themselves with ribbon,
sealing wax and a seal to stamp travelling certificates." To con-
clude the business, G. W. Marley oflered the following, which
was adopted : " Resolved, That the emblem of the corner-stone
and angles be purchased by the Grand Lodge," and then finally
it was " Resolved, That the members of the third degree be, and
they are hereby invited to attend the yearly meeting of the Grand
Lodge of Maryland."

An analvsis of the work of this session will exhibit the con-
stnictive force of Wildey. It is full of his energy, and indicates
clearly the best and the worst points in his character. When
Marley was asked by P. G. Sire Kennedy what was meant by
the resolution allowing a brother to vote m any lodge upon
applications for degrees, he was answered " that voting a degree
was not a lodge question, but a family question, and that every
member of the degree had the right to a voice on the question of
admitting a new member." This was certainly an equitable
view, but one of no practical value. The fines to be imposed for
non-attention to dutv, indicated an inflexible determination that
every obligation should be discharged. The smallness of the
body made it necessary to enforce the obligations of every member.
But after this attempt he carves out work of an important nature.
1st. That the price of the degrees should be increased. Before
this session, the conditions imposed for conferring the subordinate
degrees were various. Li some cases they were gratis or lion-

THE GBAND LODGE OF MABTLAND. 123

orary, in others depending on duration of membership or upon
the passing of certain offices. The money price was nearly
nominal. Upon these terms they were but little sought for by
the membership. The G. Sire was untiring in his efforts to
induce the brethren to take them, but with very little success.
This failure was imputed to the ease and cheapness with which
they could be had. The remedy lay in the increase of their
value, and making their attainment more difficult. The pro-
vision for seals "to stamp travelling certificates," was another
step in the right direction, giving dignity and authenticity to
those valuable documents. Until that time there were no such
means devised for the verification of certificates.

The new signs to be put in operation were those received
February 22, 1824, by the G. Lodge of Md. and the U. S., and
were at that time repudiated until " further information " should
be obtained. The G. Sire during his recent visit to Manchester,
wjis convinced of the necessity of the change. He therefore urged
tlieir adoption witliout waiting for the action of the 6. Lodge of the
United States on the subject. He also had a resolution adopted
to effect a change in the manner in which candidates for degrees
should be introduced into the lodge-room. The G. Lodge of the
United States at its subsequent session adopted a similar
resolution.

" The emblem of the corner-stone and angles" was purchased
as proposed, and was for a long time an object of curiosity. Of
what it was emblematic no one has been able to discover, cer-
tainly of nothing in the Order. It was a day of wonders, and
the G. Sire in his report to the special committee of the G.
Lodge of the United States, made October 3, 1S20, refers to it as
*' the foundation-stone laid bv our forefather Adam." If such
was the fact, it was not apparent without an appeal to the
wildest fancy. In form it was a mechanical combination of the
crank, pulley and windlass, supported by a thnn^-pole dtTrick
used for raising heavy bodies. It was a small model, mostly of
brass, with a stone cuIh? swinging to the pulley, and was a pretty
piece of mechanism. But cui botwf

Washington Lodge gave notice of the expulsion of P. G.
David Iiams(»y, its permanent Se<Tetar}', which action wjis on
motion approved. G. Sire Wildey then addressed the G. Lodge
on the subject of the improvement of the lodges in the know-

124 AM£SICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

ledge of the laws of the Order, and the proper method of con-
ducting lodge business. His remedy was that the Past OflScerB
should take the chairs and educate the members by instruction
and example. To that end he announced himself a candidate
for N. G. in Washington Lodge, and urged the P. G.'s of Col-
umbia and Franklin Lodges to make the same oiFer. This inter-
esting session closed with the usual invitation to the Scarlet Degree
members to attend the yearly meeting to witness the installation
of the Grand OflBcers.

The third annual session convened January 16, 1827. P. G.
J. F. Craig, of No. 1, was admitted to membership, making in all
18 members present. The committee to whom had been referred
the admission of honorary members, submitted a report, the con-
sideration of which was postponed. The honorary membership
here suggested was adopted February 20, 1827. It was a sort of
roving commission to a brother who did not wish to continue an
active member. The regulations were as follows :

1st. Brothers who shall have obtained the above certificate,
may visit any lodge in the State of Maryland, but shall have no
claim whatever on the benefit fund, and must conform and be
subject to all the laws and ceremonies of the Order while in any
lodge.

2d. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to keep a list of all
brothers who may draw such certificate, and should such accept
of an elective office in the lodge, they shall be charged with the
same dues and fines as if they were benefit members while in
office.

3d. Brothers wishing to deposit their certificates and become
benefit members, must do the same in open lodge, and six months
thereafter they sliall be entitled to all the rights of benefit
members, provided they were free from all known diseases at the
time of depositing the same.

4. Nothing in the foregoing regulations shall preclude a
deceased brother from burial with the honors of tlie Order.

*

Thus the members were divided into two classes — beneficial
and honorary. Honorary membership was at the election of the
member if he was in good standing. On the 16th of April,
1829, the following was adopted : " Resolved, that an engraved
copperplate be procured of the certificate of honorary member-
ship, and that a committee of five be appointed to take into con-
sideration the propriety of admitting gentlemen over forty-five

THE GRAND LODGE OF MAKYLAMD. 126

years of age." At the next meeting held on July 15, 182U, It
was unanimously " Resolved, that the subordinate lodguu bo per-
mitted to initiate gentlemen over forty-five years of age, but they
shall not be entitled to the benefits of the lodge." "lluwlvod,
that three Past Grands be appointed to investigate the <?hara<jter
of all persons proposed for honorary membership." The latter
provision was repealed on the 15th of (>)etober, 1829, and the
following substituted : " Resolved by the R. W. Orand Ixjdge,
that the subordinate lodges may initiate candidat<3S at forty-five
years of age and upwards, but not excei^^ling fifty years. Vor
every such candidate, previous to In-ing initiated, a disp^mfiation
must be obtained from the Grand J^Klgo, which shall Iw rea^l to
him at the time of initiation, and he stiall 1^ entitli^l Ut all Hw
prix-ileges of the Order, the same as honorary infmilMjrs."

This class of meml^ers was restricted by a^ftion hw] Aufptini
9, 1S30, as follows: " liesolve^l, that Past Grand>* who are
honorary memljers will not be allowfjr] to hold any oflSc^? in i\w
Grand I>xlge.*' Applicants ovi^ forty-five yeani of s^^c w#fr#?
afterwarrL* al lower] to lif* initiate.'^] liy a din|i#^i»atir/fi 4f}tiHiftf^l
from the Gr;ind Ma^^ter in the rerresA, or in case f/f hi* hirknem
or al^?!^n e lrr>iii the city, by his de|#tjty.

But to T^tnm to the yie^/um </f Jantiarr lOf h- 1 *!27. Tlie c//rif-
mittee on the sn^/je^rt of ftn*p<m*ion for the n^/rf-|/fliyni*'tit c/f
da»r5-, rep»>rte^l in favor of the hpd^fi'h \muy: aiitf»//ri/e<J to r^f*f//re
a mernl/^r fm the payment of five dollar* when hh in/JeMe/JnejM
ex'':*reiie»l rliat arnoant. yr^fruiefl hw chararrter w»i fair at the
tLix.e- Till- lav wa.* to f^ffntiune in f^^/fr^e f/iT fmt .*ix lu^^^thp^^
},rr, TT*^ kepf ;ilive nntW Fe^jmary K'^h* H^:^, wji^n it ^j»^
aru'-n^i*:^ an/i frumfrfl into a permanent re^laf i/iTi* fo xif :
- When * hrj>f her apph'e* for re-a^niMi/jf^* It .-^han fi*; f i'>e drsfy
of :r^ X. G- •«/ apprnnt a er^mtruttee ^>f three: t// rn'^^fisraf^ hi-*
eharot-rer, ;tn«i -f 'he r^-p^ifT Fie fafvorJ'>l^, thte eati4i4afe -*hall ''"<*»'
ha...irrri: f.^r. ^in*! [f ialj eler^eii, .^hall V^ Inifl^M ov^r ft^ln.
^^r.ar'.rr/.Ahiy ^i ^he 2reti<^al Ia"»*. fc»it rf a ''>r''>^her ma kin*/ a^p^
oii'-'-i'^'^n *.^ •j''*=rr f*'>fr7-JX':?e vean otf a^e. h<^ '^im onl-v hie adnr,*refl
1.- m r.r/nr.nr- ri'i^s-mr/er, an«i ^hali be enrirlert to a '*^r*ilW*ate fo
-.i:ir -tf*-*^. V pay.ri'jr S^e d-vilAr* an4 ^#mpty inar xlrh rh** n.**^
tnti •"^i ir,.,n.- n;:i*le anil pro'yirteft jJbr 'he -jame," An *pp(>a'
•■•n V I** :r.;ti:e ly R <r. J'^inn F, F^^ *nd '->rh«n^^ r^i W;i**hintjr*'»n
r>r«:r/.', y*,. U t4ir ;^ «li«fp#^naa€iim to <>peii a l«>dtfB in Baifimor**,

126 AMKKICAK ODD FELLOWSHIP.

to be styled AVilliaiu Tell Lodge, Ko. 4, and that it be authorized
to conduct its business in the German language. The petition
was granted and the lodge instituted ; G. Sire Wildey having
drawn his card from AVashington Lodge to become one of its
charter members. It is worthy of mention that the G. Sire was
so well satisfied with his choice that he remained a member until
his death, in 1861. The lodge then adjourned to meet on the Slst
instant. This was the first German Lodge instituted in the
United States, and as such, heads the list of that long line of
lodges in which our German brethren have done noble work for
the Order.

At the next meeting, held the 31st of the same month, a com-
mittee was appointed to superintend the translation of the charges
and degrees into the German language. This w^as done, and
P. G. Santmyer, of that nationality, vouched for the correctness
of the translation. Bro. Hanzsche was selected to print them, and
to qualify him for that duty, the degrees w^ere allowed to be con-
ferred upon liim by a special resolution. As the lodge had a
mixed membership, permission was granted it, on the 15th of
January, 1830, to w^ork in the English and Gennan languages;
this practice has been allowed down to the present time, and has
been shared by several sister lodges which have been formed out
of brethren of mixed nationalities. This appearance of Germans
in the Order is notewortliy. Tliey, above all others, are lovers of
social life ; for ages they have been founders of associations for
social purposes. The convivial feature appealed to their whole
nature, and their thrifty habits were in full harmony with the
beneficial system. The German element, since that time, has
grown to vast proportions ; in every State and Territory it has
formed a noble material ; none are truer to our principles, none
more laborious or successful in the work. They have a proud
record. Xot only have they aided in our greatness at home, but
thev have awakened the masses of the Fatherland to the merits
of Odd Fellowship. AVhen the beloved Morse, that noble ambas-
sador, offered the Order to Germany, he found the soil ready for
the sower. Willing hands and noble hearts were awaiting him,
and opened up his way to give an empire to our principles. Judg-
ing from what we have seen in this country, Germany may yet
rival, or even surpass, us in the growth of the Order. It is to the
Teuton a second nature, and its Saxon features will commend it
in all the lands of that mighty people.

THE GRAND LODGE OF MABYLAND. 127

On the 3l8t of January, 1827, the G. Lodge met; twenty
members were present. The G. Officers for the ensuing year
were installed : Thomas Scotchburn as G. M. ; Charles Price
D. G. M.; Richard Marley G. AV.; Ezekiel Wilson G. Sec.;
AVm. Williams G. C, and Saumel Bickley G. G. On proceeding
to business, it was agreed that the degrees should be conferred on
members in the subordinate lodges in the following order: Ist,
the first degree; 2d, the Covenant degree; 3d, the second
degree; 4th, the liemembrance degree; and 5th, the third or
Scarlet degree ; that no member should receive a degree until
he had been a member for one month, and that there should be
an interval of one month between the taking of each degree.
Subsequently, on the 13th of Febniary, 1828, the price of degrees
to be charged in future Vy subordinate lodges was fixed as
follows: P'or the first degree, one dollar; the second degree,
two dollars ; the third degree, three dollars ; the fourth degree,
four dollai-s; and for the fifth degree, five dollars. These rates
were found to be so satisfactory that they remain as the law on
that subject to this day. The time at which a candidate might
receive the degrees was, March 7,1831, regulated as follows:
All applications for degrees were to be made in open lodge, and
an api)licant, if qualified, should receive the same at the time
of his application.

At the meeting of 31st JanuMrv, 1827, brothers were made
ineligible for the chair of N. G. before they had received the
fifth degree, and for V. G. unless they had received the second
degree. G. Sire AVildey offered the following: "Resolved, that
all questions in the Grand Lodge shall be determined by ballot."
No explanation was given, and no good reason occurs to us for
su(!h an anomaly. It is rec^orded on the minutes as "deter-
mined," but this was a mistake, as at the next quarterly session
a similar motion to apply to the admission of P. G.'s failed to
pass. The object might have been to seeui-e an imbiased vote by
screening the members from censure by interested parties. Most
likely it was to mitigate the existing national jealousy of the
old members, and chiefly of Wildey himself; at all events it wjis
calculated to serve no useful puq^ose, and would have been a
fatal drag on the business of the body. It may be that the offer
was intended to sers^e some pur|)ose which was accomplished
without the passage of the resolution. A standing committee

128 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

of three was appointed to audit all expenses that should be
necessary for the Grand Lodge, and also, that no money should
be paid or expenses incurred without a report being first made
by that committee and sanctioned by a majority of the Grand
Lodge. A special committee was then appointed to examine the
accounts of members charged with fines. It was ordered that
fifty blank warrants for subordinate lodges be printed, and last
of all, a committee of three was appointed to negotiate a loan of
one hundred dollars for the Grand Lodge. At the next meeting
the committee reported that G. S. Wildey had promptly loaned
the money.

The lodge then adjourned for three weeks, and met again the
20th of February, 1827, wlien, in addition to the legislation with
reference to honorary membership, as before recited, another
question arose. It seems that Washington Lodge was not satis-
fied with the honors awarded to the Grand Sire and Grand Mas-
ter, and suggested that tliey be allowed the privilege of keeping
their seats when addressing the chair, but the Grand Lodge had
the good taste to pa^^s by the petition in silence. And then the
lafit session of the second year closed.

The second quarterly session of the third year was held April
17th, 1827; seventeen members present. A communication,
the fii'st of the kind to this body, was received from the Grand
Lodge of Pennsylvania, adverse to changing the signs, &c., when
an answer was returned, recommending the use of the new signs.
Three months afterwards, the Grand Lodge instnicted their rep-
resentatives to petition the G. Lodge of the United States to
reconsider the resolution requiring both signs to be used, and to
provide for the use of the new sign only. On the return of the
G. Sire from England, he addressed letters to the Grand Lodges,
advising concurrence in the changes made in the work by the
Annual Movable Committee of 1828. The G. Lodge of Penn-
sylvania protested against the change, on the hth of Januar5%
1827; the vote standing 4 to 2.

For more than a year all the lodges had been meeting at the
corner of Gay and Front Streets, then called Bridge and Jones
Streets. The Grand Lodge now concluded to assume control of
the premises, and a committee was appointed to purchase the fix-
tures and regalia of the subordinate lodges. At the next meeting,
held 1 5th May, 1827, a report of the purchase was made. Colum-

THE GKA^D LOLX^E OF MAKYLAND. 129

bia Lodge had agreed to take tour hundred dollars for the fixtures,
decorations and regalia, and Washington and Franklin Lodges
thirty-four dollars and fifty cents for their regalia and property,
reserving a portrait of General Washington to Washington
Lodge, and the Odd Fellows' " Coat of Anns " to Franklin Lodge.
At the latter meeting a lease of the premises to the Grand Lodge
was produced, and the yearly rent to be charged to the subordi-
nates was fixed at thirty dollars, to commence on that day.

It was on this occasion that G. Sire Wildey and seven others,
including G. M. Scotchbum, proposed a novel and startling
feature which changed the whole organism of the work. This was
that a lodge should be chartered for the sole purpose of confer-
ring the P., the G. R., and the R. P. degrees, and that the Grand
Lodge should resign the right to confer them into the hands of
tlie membei*8 of the proposed body. These degrees heretofore
had been conferred only upon Past Grands, and that in the body
of the Grand Lodge itself. The new lodge was to confer them
on members of the fifth degree. Thus the " sublime degrees," as
they were afterwards designated, were made to fonn the basis of
a new but brilliant departure. This was the origin of the
Encampnient branch of the Order. The petition was read and
the charter granted at the same meeting, and the charter fee
fixed at forty dollars. Tlie history of this movement, its origin
and success, and its place in Odd Fellowship, will be fully treated
of in the chapter on " The Degrees and Encampments/' The
meeting closed with the inauguration of a plan for the improve-
ment of the work in the lodges. A committee of five P. G.'s
was required to examine every N. G. elect before installation,
and if he was found deficient in the first, second and third
dc«i!:rces, he should not have the office and the lodge must elect
another.

No matter of moment occurred at the third quarterly session
held July 10, 1S27. At the special session held August 19,
1S27, the committee to examine N. G.'s elect had their duties
in<)diti(Ml, so that they were now to examine the candidates for
that ofli((5 prior to the election. P. G. Harris was elected G.
Marshal, and candidates for the other oftices were duly nominated.
On motion of G. Sire Wildey, the 7th Article of the Constitution,
which i)rovided for the reading of the Golden Rule degree every
quarter and fixing its price, was repealed, that degree having
1>

130 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

been parted with to the Encainpment. Tlie fourth quarterly
meeting was assembled October 10, 1827, but ten members being
present, including the punctual and indefatigable Wildey. The
rent to be charged to the Encampment Lodge was fixed at twelve
dollars per annum. It was ordered that three copies of the
degree books should be furnished to each of the subordinate
lodges. An election for G. Oflicers resulted as follows : Thomas
Scotchburn, M. W. G. M. ; John F. Exe, R. W. D. G. M. ;
Thomas Charters, R. W. G. Warden ; Daniel Weaver, R W. G.
Secretarv.

One may judge how imperfectly the record w^as kept, by the
silence of the minutes of this meeting upon the subject of the
expulsion of P. G. William Williams, which had recently occurred.
The records of the Grand Lodge of the United States, of May 1st,
1828, show the name of Williams in the table of " expulsions,"
for breach of trust, &c. The facts are detailed elsewhere. A
letter had been written by J. J. Roach, as G. Sec'y pro ian, of
the Grand Lodge of the United States, addressed to the Cor. Sec'y
of the Manchester Unity, with information that AVilliams had
absconded, after having defrauded G. Sire Wildey and G. M.
Scotchburn of a sum exceeding twelve hundred dollars. This
was a severe blow to the G. Sire. Entwisle was his first guide
and counsellor, and his death was a great mi^fortime to Wildey.
Williams ingratiated himself into his confidence, and he fondly
hoped tliat he had found a substitute for that able Secretary. The
G. Sire considered himself so identified with the Order, that the
G. Sec'y of the Grand Lodge of the United States was expected
to serve as his private secretary. P. G. Fennell, as Assistant
G. Sec'y, acted from July, 1824, to Fel)ruary, 1825, but his ser-
vices were not satisfactory. At the first election of the separate
Grand Lodge of the United States, in 1825, the G. Sire nomi-
nated Williams, who, of course, was chosen G. Secretary. It is
supposed that the nationality of the candidate caused the prefer-
ence ; if so, it was a costly prejudice. The experiment was so
signal a failure, that the lesson led him afterwards to be more wary
in the choice of his confidants.

The fourth annual session of 1828 began January 16th, and
having adjourned after the business of the day, met again on the
13th of February. The officers elected were duly installed.
Tliere were but fifteen members present, including P. G. John

THE -GRAJiD LODGE OF MARYLAND. 131

Brannaii, of No. 1, who was admitted at the opening. The
Grand Lodge had been previously opened in the Scarlet degree,
when brothers of that rank were admitted to witness the
installation of the officers. P. G. John F. Exe, who had been
elected D. G. M., being absent, an election was held, at which
P. G. Warden Richard Marley was elected to fill the place, and
was installed with the officers previously elected. The annual
rent of twelve dollars, to be charged to the Encampment Lodge,
was reduced to eight dollars. For the first time we find on the
minutes a statement that reports had been made to the Grand
Lodge by its subordinates. Only the amount of percentage paid
is given. Washington Lodge had paid $5, Franklin $8.50,
Columbia $6.-K), and AVilliam Tell $7.00, making the receipts
for the quarter $26.90. At the adjourned meeting eighteen were
present, including P. G.'s Frederick Jordan and John Sauerhoff,
who were elected and admitted. The expulsion of P. G. J. F.
Craig, by Washington Lodge, was approved. The copperplate
for printing certificates having been procured, their price was
fixed at $4r per hundred to G. Lodges, and at $6 to the subordi-
nates.

A change was made in the mode of introducing a brother into
the lodge-room to receive the degrees, but was not much regarded,
the lodges having a decided preference for the former practice.
A certificate was presented to G. M. Scotch])um, as representa-
tive of ilaryland in the G. Ix)dge of the United States. This
w jis under the resolution that the Q. M. should also be the Grand
Kepresentative, but a brief experience was sufficient to convince
the ])ody that a brother might be useful in the one place but not
(capable of filling the other. The result was, a return to the orig-
inal plan of an election, at which the brother most capable could
be selected. On the 15th of October, 1820, it was determined
that the G. Master, in future, should not be the representative in
the (f rand I^dge of the United States, but that any member of
the Grand Ixxlge should be eligible for the office. The rights of
candidates in the subordinates were then secured by allowing them
to ])c j)roposed at either of the two last meeting nights previous to
the election. It was resolved that any brother who should be in
arreai-s at the time of his death to the amount of two dollai-s and
fifty cents, should not be buried with the honors of the Order.
This i)rovi6ion has long since ceased to be law. The finances

132 AMESICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

received due attention, and a notice was given that a fiscal report
would be made at the next quarterly session. Notice was also
received from the G. Lodge of New York, that Strangers' Kefuge
Lodge, No. 4, of that State, had forfeited its charter. Before the
adjournment, the plan of visitation to the subordinates, for the
months of March and April, was announced.

It is proper to state that the officers of the G. Lodge, in the
recess of its sessions, were always employed in giving their per-
sonal attention to the subordinates. Every lodge was visited and
inspected, and was praised or blamed as its conduct merited.
Especial attention was paid to the manner in which the Work
was performed, and the Grand Officers were expected not only to
instruct, but to help to do whatever was necessary. Turbulent
and troublesome members were rebuked, incompetent officers
shamed, and the worthy and capable publicly complimented.
Rising talent was marked, and zealous brethren selected for future
promotion and honor. In all this G. Sire Wildey was the mover,
and his activity kept the whole Order in motion.

The first quarterly session of the fourth year met April 17th,
1828, and after admitting P. G.'s Philips and Seabrooks, ad-
journed to meet on the 21 st of April, 1828. On that day fifteen
membei's were present. It was provided that a brother accepting
a place on a committee should, for neglect of duty, be fined not
less than fifty cents nor more than five dollars; that a P. G.
who should leave the lodge-room without the permission of the
G. if., should be fined twenty-five cents. On the subject of a
change of membership, it was required that a brother joining a
lodge by the deposit of his certificate, should obligate himself to
support the lodge under its charter. Then followed a tabular
statement of the finances, by which it appears that on the 15th
April, 1 828, there was a total indebtedness, over and above assets,
of $580.68 ; of this, $24.38 was due to Franklin Lodge, and
$556.25 to G. Sire Wildey. The initiations for the preceding
quarter were four, expelled one, suspended for non-payment of
dues four, death one, rent collected from the four lodges $30,
percentage $12.63. Total amount from subordinates, $42.63.

The second quarterly session of the fourth year met 16th July,
1828. Eighteen were present, with P. G.'s Robert Gott, of No.
3, and Jacob Hardtner, of Xo. 4, who were newly admitted. Tlie
proceedings of the Grand Lodge of the United States, of May Ist,

THE ORAUD LODGE OF HABYLAlO). 133

1828, together with a proposed new eonstitntion for that body,
were received and referred to a committee, of which G. Sire Wil-
dey was appointed chairman. The next question considered was
one of importance, and its solution was the beginning of a system
whose benefits cannot easily be calcnlate<l. At that time a bro-
ther who wished to travel or to retire from his lodge could take
a " certificate." This act relieved him from the payment of dues
and made him an honorary member. If he desired, within one
year, to resume his membership, he might do so by depositing
his certificate and paying the sum of twenty-five cents. The
lodge, on the contrary, had no power to refuse to receive back a
brother of whom it had certified that he was " worthy, true and
faithful.'' He could not visit a lodge out of his own jurisdiction
but by the deposit of his certificate, in which event he became an
honorary member of that lodge. This was not only awkward,
but was destructive of the rights both of the lodge and the mem-
bership. It made membership a transitory tie, and gave no secu-
rity for permanence to the sulx)rdinate lodges. By this means
afiiliation was dependent upon the whims of members or the ac*ci-
dents of fortune. It was now —

^^Jiesolvedj That it be recommended to the subordinate lodges
to adopt a card in lieu of the r^ular certificate, so as to enable
brothers going to a neighboring city for a short time, to visit
lodges without withdrawing their membership from the lodge to
which they are attached."

This is the first l^slation on the subject of visiting cards
which we have discovered. The Manchester Unity had adopted
a plan upon which the practice we have detailed was founded.
A member could at his option draw his card and deposit it in
any other lodge he might select. Tlie lodge had no choice but
to accept the card and enroll him a member. He was still at
liberty again to take the card he had deix>sited. When a brother
drew his card for the purpose of " going on tramp," it was not
deposited, but simply shown to the lodges when he had occasion
to solicit assistance. When assistance was rendered, the amount
contributed was endorsed uix)n tlie card, which was then returned
to tlie wayfarer. But if the brother acquired a residence, there
was a limit to the card, beyond which it became invalid. Until
that time he was a member at large.

134 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

The visiting card was not a substitute for a " certificate," which
still had its place for other purposes. Tlie certificate was used to
sever connection with one lodge and to enable the brother to join
another. The new card was to protect the lodge in its member
and the member in his lodge. Lodges could now allow members
to travel and visit anywhere, and continue over them the segis of
their protection. No distance could break the bonds of their
union. On the other hand, the member carried his lodge privi-
leges wherever he went. True, he could not interfere in the
business of the lodges that he visited, but he retained all the
material advantages which were proper to be exercised. He
could meet his brethren in the lodge-room, mingle in their rites,
claim their sympathy and assistance, and give them a suitable
return. Above all, he was still a member of that family where
he first saw the light of Odd Fellowship; he could claim his
place, though absent, and returning, find himself at home. But
little has been added to this fii'st idea, which, somewhat amplified,
is now a valuable feature of American Odd Fellowship.

The Grand Lodge next proceeded to nominate candidates for
the offices. Before closing, a report was made of the finances;
the amount received from the subordinate lodges was nearly
doubled, but there still remained an indebtedness of $565.62.
This was due to G. Sire Wildey. The visiting card recommended
to the lodges was adopted by the Grand Lodge. On the 16th
April, 1829, a committee reported a form for a visiting card,
which was adopted, and fifty copies ordered to be printed for each
lodge.

The third quarterly session of the fourth year was held
October 16, 1828. There were eighteen members present, in-
cluding P. G. Augustus Mathiot, of Washhigton Lodge, No. 1,
who came in at that session. Bro. O. B. Tyler presented the
Grand Lodge an engraved copy of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence of the United States, with facsimile signatures of the
signers, which was accepted with thanks. Tlie election for officers
for 1829 resulted as follows: for G. M., John Roach, Sen.; for
D. G. M., P. G. Santmyer ; G. W., Thomas Cafferty ; G. Sec.,
John Sauerhofl'. The financial report of the quarter showed
that the lodges had promptly paid their rent and dues, but there
was still the sum of $551.10 due to the G. Sire.

THK QKAND LODOK OF MARYLAND. 135

The fiftli animal session was held January 16, 1829; twenty
members, with P. G.'s Cotteral of No. 2, and Steinman of No. 4,
then admitted, were present. The constitution was amended so
that a P. Grand having his certificate, who should have charges
preferred against him, would not be received until tlie matter
was settled. It was enacted that a Past Grand should not dis-
cuss financial affairs in a subordinate lodge of which he was
not a member. Past Grands Santmyer and Sauerhoff having
declined to serve as D. G. M. and G. Secretary, D. G. M. Marley
and G. Sec. Weaver were unanimously re-elected. The following
were then installed : Jolin Eoach, G. M. ; Richard Marley, D.
G. M. ; Thomas Cafferty, G. W.; Daniel Weaver, G. Sec; and
the following appointed officers : Frederick Jordan, G. Con., and
Thomas Charters, G. G. A new charter was granted to Encamp-
ment Lodge, No. 1, by the style of "The Encampment of Pa-
triarchs." No doubt the anxiety to change the name had much
to do with the change of the charter, but the appellation was
yet indefinite. It was not until a Grand Encampment was
^organized by the supreme authority that it assumed a proper
title. It then received the name of Jerusalem Encampment,
No. 1. The substituted charter was merely an amendment of
the original ])apeis and contained the same date of issue and
names of the officers of the Grand Lodge. The debt due was
still $547.08. We have stated that on 15th May, 1827, the
Grand Lodge purchased the furniture, fixtures and regalia of
Columbia Lodge, and became the proprietor of its meeting
room. G. Sire Wildey, who was acting as Treasurer, advanced
not only the $100 referred to in the minutes of April 17, 1827,
but the $400 which was afterwards paid to Columbia Lodge.
These items, with previous advances, made him the creditor of
the Grand Lodge for the amount of $660.

By the statement now made, the principal sum was reduced
$113 in one year and eight months, which, under the circum-
stances, must be (•onsidered a sign of prosperity. It may be
remarked that the constitution did not ])rovide for a Grand Trea-
surer. In the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United
States, John Boyd acted as treasurer. At the meeting prelimi-
nary to the organization he was selected as G. Treasurer, as well
as Grand Guardian, hut at the organization, 22d February, 1821,
he is only mentioned as G. Guardian. Afterwards he is regis-

136 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

tered only as G. G., until he became proxy Eepresentative of tlio
Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, when he is styled Rep. Boyd.
Neither of the constitutions adopted by the joint bodies of 1821
and 1823, or those of the G. Lodge of Maryland of 1824 and 1829,
had provisions for such an oflBcer, and none such was installed
under any of them. John Boyd was tlie first G. Treasurer in-
stalled in the G. Lodge of Maryland. This occurred January
15th, 1831, yet it does not appear that he was elected to the office.
G. Sire Wildey, until January, 1831, was the fiscal agent of the
Grand Lodge of Maryland. The position was certainly no sine-
cure. The minutes are silent as to who performed the duty of
cashier.

Tlie word " Treasurer " (not Grand Treasurer) occurs no lesB
than seventeen times in the minutes of the G. Lodge of Md. and
of the U. S. from Febr'y 22d, 1821, until Nov. 22d, 1824, and but
once with the addition of a name. In that interval there had
been four elections for G. Officers, whose names are displayed on
the minutes, yet there is no mention of the election of any such
officer. On 22d of May, 1824, a paper appears in the minutes, in
the handwriting of Assistant G. Sec. Fennell, which certifies a
fiscal statement as follows : " The foregoing accounts and pro-
ceedings of the G. Lodge of Maryland are all just and correct.'^
This is subscribed by Thomas Wildey, G. M.; John Welch, D.
G. M.; John P. Entwisle, P. D. G. M.; Thomas Mitchell, G. W.;
John Boyd, G. G.; Charles Common, G. Con.; Maurice Fennell,
A. G. Sec. and five P. G's. A balance of $23.52 is mentioned,
but no hint is given as to the holder of that sum. The exception
occurs May 18th, 1823, with the following entry : " leaving a bal-
ance in the Treasurer's hands this day of $68.88 -'; under this we
find, in the handwriting of the G. Sec, " John Boyd, Tr." This
faint intimation is all that we find on the subject in a record of
four years. After the separation, the G. L. of Maryland changed
for the better ; at two sessions in 1825, reference is made to " bal-
ance in Treasurer Boyd's hands," and A])ril 14th, 1826, the G.
Sec. closes his cash account thus : " To balance paid over to G.
S. Wildey $14.50." From that time G. S. Wildey acted as banker
for the body, as he was continually in advance. When he was
paid in full for his advances, P. G. John Boyd was installed as
Treasurer. The financial statement closed the annual session.

THE GRAND LODOE OF MARYLAND. 137

A special session met February 17, 1829. P. G. Samuel
Lucas, of No. 1, was admitted, making seventeen members in
attendance. The meeting was called to defeat an act of incor-
poration from the State Legislature. G. Sire Wildey, in the
recess, had so pushed the measure as to induce a city member to
offer the bill. The bill was offered, but with a title which was
not satisfactory. Fearful that it might pass in the objectionable
shape, the G. Sire hastened to defeat it. It was entitled, ^^An
Act to Incorporate the Mutual Relief Society of Odd FeUows^^
This title had been inserted without the knowledge of the G.
Sire, who was quite indignant. It was unanimously agreed that
no charter w^ould be accepted unless it was designated by the
proper title, "^n Act to Incorporate the Grand Lodge of Mary-
land of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows,^^ A committee
was appointed to have a proper act passed, but it came to
nothing. At length, on the 27th of October, 1832, a final com-
mittee was appointed, consisting of P. Grands George Keyser,
McClintock Young, James L. Ridgely, Thomas Wildey and
Robert Neilson. The committee took the matter in hand, and
succeeded in procuring this long wished for act of legislation.

Thus the agitation for a charter, begun on September 6,
1826, had a successful result, which was entirely owing to the
men who had entered after that date. The gratitude of the
Order was boundless. P. G. John A. Kennedy, afterwards G.
Sire, submitted tlie following, which was adopted :

" Resolved by the Grand Lodge of Maryland, that Bros. George
Keyser and James L. Ridgely, for their arduous, devoted and
successful exertions in obtaining for this Grand Lodge an act of
incorporation, are entitled to the lasting gratitude of every
brother.

" Resolved, that a committee of three be appointed, with power
to prepare and present to Bros. George Keyser and James L.
Ridgely, on behalf of this lodge, a suitable token, in testimony
of the grateful sentiments entertained by this lodge to those
brethren, for their valuable services." P. G.'s Kennedv, Blair
and Jackson were appointed the committee, which reported as
follows :

" Resolved, that the sum of $80 be and the same is hereby
appropriated to carrj' into effect the resolution of the 15th of
February, 1833, to be expended under the direction of the com-

138 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

mittee in procuring suitable pieces of plate, to be presented to
Bros. Keyser and Kidgely, as stated in said resolution." The
yeas and nays being called, the resolution passed by a very large
majority. On November 1, 1833, the presentation was made in
open Grand Lodge to each of these brethren, of a beautiful silver
cup, which, says the journal, " was accompanied by an able and
eloquent address."

The first quarterly session of the fifth year met April 16, 1829,
with the usual attendance ; P. G.'s Wilcox, of No. 3, and Knob-
lock, of No. 4, were admitted. The committee to revise the de-
grees reported a modification, which was agreed to: the change
consisted merely in the erasure of superfluous expressions. A
resolution was adopted instructing the Grand Rep. to vote for
Tliomas Wildey for the office of G. Sire for the next tenn of four
years. The lodge then closed after the usual financial report.
Tliis meeting preceded the tenth anniversary of the Order but
three days, and was the end of the first decade, but the subject
would be unfinished should the narrative close before the termi-
nation of the current year. We shall, therefore, complete tlie
annals for the year. In conclusion the whole naiTative will be
summed up in the grand event of that period, the building of a
hall by the Grand Lodge of Maryland. The second quarterly
meeting of the fifth year was held 15th July, 1829; present but
14 members. Nominations for Grand Officers were made, when,
as the minutes say, " the evening being very warm, and but few
members present, on motion the lodge was duly closed."

The third quarterly session of the fifth year was held October
15th, 1829. P. G.'s Charles Wilkins, of No. 3, and Nicholas
Prangen, of No. 4, were admitted to membership. A full lodge
of twenty members were present. It seems that im worthy
candidates, when rejected in one lodge, were sometimes proposed
again, until some lodge, ignorant of their antecedents, received
them. The remedy was adopted as follows : " Resolved, that no
subordinate lodge shall initiate any candidate who has been
rejected, within six weeks after his rejection ; and the secretarj-
of every lodge in which a rejection shall take place, shall imme-
diately inform the Grand Secretary and all subordinate lodges
thereof." This excelh^nt rule, with an unimportant amendment, is
still the law, and fully serves the jmqiose for which it was
intended. The election of Grand OflScers resulted in the selec-

THE GRAND LODGE OF MABTLAND. 139

tion of Ezekiel Wilson, G. M. ; Kichard Marlej, (for the third
time), D. G. M. ; Thomas Cafferty, G. W. ; and Daniel Weaver,
G. See'y, who were installed into office at the annual session of
15th January, 1830. The accounts still showed a balance of
$565.83 in favor of G. Sire Wildey.

Past Grand Samuel Lucas, of No. 1, who had been a member
of the body for about eight months, boldly proposed the removal
of what was considered a comer-stone of the Order. Long before
the Grand Lodges existed, a practice prevailed which dated back
to the earliest meetinj^s of Odd Fellows, and was intended to ex-
press approbation of certain measures or sentiments, or as a token
of admiration of particular persons. The practice was known as
" Giving the Honors,'- and was performed by a boisterous clap-
ping of the hands. In early days '* the proj>osition for harmony"
was a regular order of business ; under that order it was custom-
ary " to give the honors " when a song was well sung, a recita-
tion well rendered, or when receiving agreeable infonnation, or
on the visit of a distinguished brother. When Grand Officers
began to exist, the entrance and departure of these dignitaries
were often the ofcjLsion of verv noisv demonstrations. Brother
Lucas proposed to dispense with these attentions, and that
honor be accorde<l them in a different manner: that on their
entrance the whole lodge, except the N. G., should rise and salnte
them with the connteniign, at the time they were saluting the
chair. It was laid over for several sesj^ions, but at length, on the
20th Octol>er, 1x30, this ancient landmark was removed by a
solemn re^ihition of disapproval.

It is imjM>ssible to state the exact condition of the Order in
Maryland at this time. The repr»rt made to the G. S. of the U.
S., to May, 1h2*.», omits to state the numlK*r of memlxrs. The
next report was made to Si'j»tem)K'r, 1^3^ >, being ten months and
a half later than this -esf-ion. In the interval of sixt<*en monttis
a revolution liad fK-eurre^l ; the memlKTship had grown from 372
to Toil, bv initiations, which numlwfrffd 337: the 5th hxltre had
l)een chartererl ; the Eneainpment containe<^l 20 memlK^rs ; there
had been but one ^iif^j^^-nsion and two expulsions, and the revenue
was $2427. When the causers for this prf>s|K'rity an* shown, vre
must eonehide that in Si'ptemlKT, I H2!i, there were not n:ore tlian
400 contributing mem)>ers, and tin* revenue did not exected
$12<^>0. Tlie lodges were four, Wideh that curious lo<]g<' which

140 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

was called the Eucanipinent. The undertaking wliieh resulted
in this increase was set on foot at the next meeting, it being the
15th January, 1830, and the sixth annual session; it was then —

'^ Resolved unanimously, that tlie propriety of procuring a
suitable lot of ground, in some central part of the city, be recom-
mended to the subordinate lodges, to build an Odd Fellows' hall ;
the building to cost $3000, to be divided into 300 shares, at $10
per share, payable by instalments of one dollar per month."

This was iollowed by the grant of a charter to another lodge,
March 22d, 1830 : Gratitude Lodge, No. 5, so called as a com-
pUment to G. Sire Wildey, was organized by J. T. Woodward,
William Edgar, James Cox, James Deveroux, Absalom Han-
cock, James II. Warfield, J. B. Bosley, J. S. Merriken, Wil-
liam A. Schaefler, Jonathan Jackson, John Easter and Augus-
tus Mathiot. On Tuesday, 30th March, 1830, the lodge was
instituted and the officers installed. Contemporaneously we
find the execution of a perpetual lease to trustees, of a part of the
lot now owned on Gay Street, for the use of the Order. The
building of a hall on this lot now became the passion of the mem-
bers ; every meeting witnessed some new device to carry out the
purpose. But the number interested was few ; there was no capi-
tal, and the progress was slow and difficult. It was at this junc-
ture, on the 20th July, 1830, that P. G. James L. Ridgely
accepted a nomination and was elected Grand Secretary.

This brother had been initiated in Columbia Lodge, No. 3,
on the 27th day of May, 1829, and was elected V. Grand, Oct.
14, 1829, and N. Grand the 17th February, 1830. He entered
the Grand Lodge at the special session of May 27th or June
22d, 1830, and his name appears on the minutes as a member on
July 6, 1830. The joui-nal has omitted the names of those
admitted at these special meetings. P. G. Ridgely had formed
the acquaintance of P. G. Robert Gott, who had been admitted
to the Grand Lodge, July 16, 1828. The statements of Gott
roused Ridgely's (airiosity, and he was particularly struck with
the assumption of moral functions, and the anxiety of the obscure
society to obtain incorporation. Under these influences, he
allowed P. G. Gott to propose and have him elected in Columbia
Lodge. He was in his twenty-second year, had been admitted
to the bar in Baltimore in June 1828, and one month later had
married. It is but justice to him to state that he ranked well in

/

TH£ GRAND LODGE OF MARYLAND. 141

a law class whose members became tlie great lawyers of Mar}--
land. His education had been liberal, but his meaus were
limited to the profession which he had just entered. When he
became a member, he met all the chiefs of the enterprise. His
knowled<'e of the city members of the legislature drew attention
to him, as one who might render valuable assistance in procuring
an act of incorporation. Afterwards liis advice was taken by
those having the matter in hand. His services in proi»uring the
Act have been already recounted. When he entered tlie Grand
Lodge, he found the resolution adopted which recommended tlie
building of a hall by the subordmates. To this he denmrred.
He saw that the plan was bad and could not succeed, and by
proper representations he caused its abandonment. The hall
was now to be built by the Grand Lodge itself, and not by its
subordinates. This change of plan was magical in its effects, as
will appear in the sequel.

At this point Ridgely fully identified himself with the cause,
and thereby fixed his earthly destiny. He did not dream that
Mutual Relief would become the object of his life ; that the
members of those lodge families would be his coadjutors for half
a century ; that for them and their successors he would forsake
his profession and the friends of his youth ; for them, visit
every part of his own country, and seek their kindred beyond
the stormy Atlantic. Still less could he foresee the fame of the
leaders, or the glory that would crown their work ; that this \
Fraternity would assemble her children, and sitting down beside
the two great oceans, embrace a continent in her anns. Nor
could he foretell this day, when, now past three-score years and
ten, he is alx)ut to close his career, amidst the love and tenderness
of a nation of Odd Fellows.

But to the narrative. The lot had been obtained, but the
enterprise stood still. Some very crude means were devised to
obtain the money ; such, for instance, as a tax of one dollar on
every initiation. At the meeting at which Ridgely was nomi-
nated for Grand Secretary, a draft of a certificate of stock was
proposed, and 200 copies ordered to be printed. A stock Inmk
was subsequently obtained in whic^h to enter the certificate
when issued. The shares, at first to consist of 800, were in-
creased to an indefinite number. A building committee had
already been appointed, composed of G. Sire Wildey and

142 AMBBICAI^ ODD FELLOWSHIP.

P. G.'s James L. Eidgely, Augustus Mathiot, John Bojd and
Samuel Lucas. This committee, after many ineffectual efforts,
were discouraged, and it became necessary to invoke new
measures to insure success. Once indeed the work was stopped,
and the prospect was so gloomy that an opponent of the scheme
suggested that the unfinished building should be roofed over as a
monument of the folly of tlie enterprise. But this \vi\s but a
momentary check to the parties interested. It was at once
proposed to enlarge the plan, and instead of a cheap edifice, to
construct a hall not to cost less than $10,000. Tliis, after some
nmrnmring, was agreed to, and the committee made bolder
efforts to secure success. G. Secretary Ridgely, accompanied by
P. G. Marley, undei'took to canvass the membership in person,
and to go through the lodges to procure subscriptions. They
everywhere met with substantial marks of favor. Upon a closer
view, the individual members became warm partisans of the
enterprise ; money came in freely, and the work was rapidly
carried on upon the larger plan, which had been adopted. But
one more stoppage occurred ; ready money was imperatively re-
quired, when G. Secretary Ridgely, whose father-in-law was a
director in the Franklin Bank of Baltimore, had his note dis-
counted for $2000, and furnished the money. Of this note
llidgely was the maker, and Samuel Lucas, then Grand Master,
was the eiidoi*ser; and on its maturity, Ridgely advanced the
money, which was afterwards returned to him by the Grand
Lodge.

And thus, after many discouragements, by indomitable per-
severance, pei'sonal solicitation, and the use of private credit,
the first Odd Fellows' Hall in America was built for the Order
in the City of Baltimore.

One great element of success was found in the enterprise
itself. The project awakened attention to the Order, and enlisted
the interest of a (^lass of persons who had hitherto looked upon
it as of but little importance. When the fact was made known
that the Hall would certainly be completed, and that it would
be dedicated on the 2r)th of April, 1831, a rush was made to
enter the lodges, and to share in the glory of that day. Origin-
ally the working classes of the rougher grades constituted
almost the whole body; now the case was different. Law-
yers, physicians, merchants, skilled mechanics and tradesmen.

THE GRAND LODGE OF MARYLAND. 143

eiigineei-ft, farmers and retired gentlemen, were among the
applicants for membership. The lodges had increased to
seven, but such was the pressure of work upon them, that it
was impossible to perform it at the stated meetings. Accord-
ingly special meetings were held for initiations, in the morning
and afternoon and at night. The one room at Wildey's was
insufficient, and other rooms were improvised for the emergency.
The dwelling of Bro. Wildey, at the corner of Front and Gay
Streets, was a three-story building of brick ; the entrance was
on Front Street, in the rear of the main building, by a gateway
in a brick wall, which opened into the yard ; the lodge-room
occupied the front of the house. Tlie dwelling was entered
through a naiTow passage, on the right of which was a small
room used as a dining-room, being immediately over the kitchen.
On the second floor was the lodge-room, on the left of the plat-
form at the landing; this was accessible by passing through the
anteroom, a small space cut off from the large room of about 4
by IT) feet. The lodge-room itself was in size about 30 by 16
feet. This was the only room occupied by the Order ; but the
times were extraordinary, and one after another of the rooms were
appropriated, until the whole dwelling was sometimes in temix)-
rary use, to the exclusion of the family. The new applicants
included many Masons (whose Order had never recognized Odd
Fellowship with favor), who stood high in that ancient brother-
hood, and who had the best of standing in the community.
Among these we may name George Keyser, then Grand Mai-shal ^

of the IVfasonic Grand Lodge of Maryland, afterwards Grand
Sire with us; Joseph K. Stapleton ; Thomas Phenix, for many
yeai's Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Marjland ; John
D. Miller, Abraham G. Cole, Francis Bums and John Coates,
the two last for many years Grand Masters of the Masonic
Order. Also Edward Spedden, Hugli Devallin, David Martin,
Samuel Child, and James M. Buchanan, afterwards United States
Minister to Denmark, and others of sucli position as to be re(!Og-
nized as first among the citizens and business men of Baltimore.
From this statement, which falls below rather than above the
mark, it may be fairly conceded that tlie fortliconiing dedication
was preceded by events which foreshadowed, for the 12th anni-
versary' of the Order, tlie proudest day which Odd Fellowship
had seen since the hour of its origin, and that tlie celebration

144 AMEBICAK ODD FELLOWSHIP.

would be one of the most brilliant that the city had ever
witnessed.

Difficulty was encountered in securing an auditorium in
which to have the oration, and it was not until the city was can-
vassed that a church building was allowed to be used for the pur-
pose. The struggling Order had neglected no effort to secure the
good-will of the ministry and the churches ; it recognized their
eminence, and wooed them to assist in its benefactions. On Sep-
tember 10th, 1830, the following was adopted: "Resolved, that
ministers of the gospel, under forty-five years of age, be admitted
into the Independent Order of Odd Fellows without paying the
initiation fee." This invitation was not accepted ; and although
we have since counted among our best and noblest, the members
and ministers of all divisions of the Protestant family, whose names
are forever registered in the red-letter calendar of our greatest
men, yet it is true to-day, as it was then, that the church and
its ministry are not with us. The causes lie chiefly in the igno-
rance that springs from indifference, or perhaps, in our tolerance
of creeds, and our public avowal of moral pui-poses, which many,
without reflection, torture into an assumption of religious func-
tions. In this direction we take no portion of the blame; we
have never attempted to lay unsanctified hands upon any altar
at which Christians worsliip ; the Bible is an indispensable
part of tlie property of every lodge-room, and tliousands of the
best men of all communions crowd our secret penetralia ; are
lovers of our principles and doers of our work. If we, with those
who refuse co-operation, are common losers by this antagonism,
our skirts are clear, for our hearts have always been open to such
a confederation, which would have added to our potency, and
given a new impetus to the gospel that "goes about doing
good."

The committee on the celebration found one generous man,
a minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church, who took part in
the ceremonies. The record is fiiU of gratitude to this good
man ; the following was offered and was unanimously adopted :
" Whereas, this Grand Lodge entertains a lively sense of grati-
tude towards the Eev. J. V. Bai-tow, of Trinity Church, in this
city, for the use of his church, which was so kindly proffered to
the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, on the occasion of the
dedication of Odd Fellows' Hall, 26th April, 1831, and for the aid

THE GRAND LODGE OF MARYLAND. 145

rendered by him in the ceremonies of that day ; therefore, Re-
solved, that it be recommended to the brethren of the Order to
attend the sacred concert on the 22d of December next, at seven
o'clock P. M., as a testimony of their gratitude, and that the
subordinate lodges be requested to close on that evening for the
purpose of attending the said concert, and that a copy of these
resolutions be transmitted to each lodge." Not satisfied with
this, at a subsequent meeting, G. Secretary Ridgely submitted a
motion that the Grand Lodge subscribe for twenty-five tickets to
the concert, which was amended, by consent of the mover, to
fifty, and in that shape passed unanimously. So heedful were the
fathers of the obligations of gratitude; may not this incident, so
honorable to all concerned, answer the question as to the moral
status of our ancestors, at whose honest record no blush of shame
can ever mantle the cheek of the most fastidious of their
posterity.

But this digression, though inviting discussion, cannot be in-
dulged ; we return to the new hall, in which the Grand Lodge of
the United States met for the first time on the 5th day of Septem-
ber, 1831. It cost the sum of $13,267, a lai-ge sum at that day.
The ground was bought in fee for $1690.42 ; the debt due on its
completion was $3500, and upon a call for new subscriptions,
$5050 was obtained, out of which excess the ground was paid for,
and no further debt was left to be liquidated. The whole amount
due subscribers was repijpsented by certificates, upon which
interest was paid until both principal and interest were dis-
charged, and all the stock certificates were cancelled. Wlien
we consider that this was done by the members of but seven
lodges, who, a short time previously, could scarcely obtain
lodgings at a public-house, and whose poverty had become
a proverb, we are not only astonished, but filled with admira-
tion. The general memberehip through the Lodges and En-
campments, had assumed $12,850, and the leading men $1700,
making the entire loan $14,550. The payment of this large sum
was made by instalments ; no misunderstanding occurred between
the pai-ties to the contract, and the burden was neither felt nor
complained of; the plan was admirable, and the execution was
in every way worthy of the plan. From that day Odd Fellow-
ship became a member of the body politic, and was a ])ennancnt
fixture in the community.
10

• ^t^ « ^ser

1 *^« ' •«• '«

146 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

The dedication of the hall, perhaps the greatest event in the
career of the young Order, has received but little notice, and has
no place upon the minutes of that epoch. The only contempora-
neous account is to be found in the daily papers of the time,
which is here given ; this is quite barren, considering the novel
character and striking effect of the pageant. About six hundred
persons appeared in line of procession, with music and banners,
under a chief marshal and his aids. The regalia of the members
and various symbolic devices being all new, the general appear-
ance was respectable and imposing. The exercises at Trinity
Church were in charge of a select corps of amateur vocalists, led
by I3ro. John Welch, who made his appearance for that purpose ;
and an ode was prepared by Bro. John H. Hewitt, who is still
living. We have often thought of the local effect of this occasion
and of its salutary influence upon the career of the Order. We
look back to its interesting incidents with pleasure, recognizing
it as the initial point of active progress.

It gave character to the institution, by displaying to public
gaze the respectable class of citizens enrolled under its banners.
In addition to those before named we mention McClintock
Young, afterwards Assistant Secretary of the Treasury of the
United States ; George W. Williamson and Jacob Deems, who
helped to swell our ranks. Everytliing was harmonious; the
young members took possession of the procession, and the old
sticklei-s for " ancient usage " moved f^t their side, catching their
enthusiasm, and wondering at finding themselves in the broad
illumination of so much pomp and publicity. Large sums of
money were funiished and liberally expended for flags, banners
and regalia. Every prominent emblem was emblazoned with
gilding and borne in the line; such as the Ark of the Covenant,
the Serpent, the Rods and Wands, elaboratelv carved and
decorated. Conspicuously elevated was the banner before de-
scribed in this chapter, which still remains, a glorious relic of tlie
day. Altogether, as a public pageant, it was a grand display.
No such parade was anticipated, and it accordingly took the
masses by suq^rise. Every Odd Fellow in Baltimore was jubilant,
particularly the " corporal's guard " of the old membership, who
now saw the dawn of a rising future whose light would reveal
their principles, and with them illuminate the world.

THE GBAND LODGE OF MABTLAND. 147

The press knew nothing of ns ; it was of the old school,
which understood nothing but what pertained to grave matters
of churcli or state, and whose news was mostly confined to the
advertising column. The sensation-loving reporter had not yet
found his way to the editorial sanctum, to enlighten that then
sleepy respectability as to " the very age and body of the time."
The interviewer was in the womb of the future, and his appear-
ance on the occasion would have been as great a matter of aston-
ishment as the procession itself. The following extracts speak
for themselves :

From the Baltimore American, Wednesday, April 87, 1881.

" The Grand and Subordinate Lodges of Odd Fellows pre-
sented a handsome and imposing appearance in the procession
wliicli was formed yesterday, preparatory to the dedication of the
beautiful new hall recently erected on North Gay Street. The
fraternity moved from the Exchange about ten o'clock in the
morning, and after passing through Second, Water, Calvert,
Lombard, Hanover, I^ratt, Eutaw, Franklin, Howard, Baltimore
and High Streets, arrived at Trinity Church about noon, where
an oration was delivered by James L. Ridgely, Esq., and a full
choir peribrmed the music selected for the occasion. The line of
procession was subsequently taken up, and having passed through
Exeter and Gay Streets, entered the Ilall about two o'clock P. M.,
when the ceremony of dedication took place, and an oration was
delivered, we learn, by Thomas Yates Walsh, Esq. The number
of persons in the procession exceeded, it is said, five hundred."

From "Niles* Register," April 80, 1831.

"The* Odd Fellows' of Baltimore celebrated their anniver-
sary in this city on Tuesday last, and dedicated their new and
magnificent hall on Gay Street. About five hundred were com-
puted to be in the procession, with their banners and other
ornaments, and made a very respectable and imposing show.
One oration was delivered, in Trinity Church, by James L.
Ridgelv, Esq., and another, after the dedication of the hall, by
T. Y. AValsh, Esq. Tlie number of this association in Baltimore
is said to exceed 1500."

Wliile all this was in progress, the scheme for obtaining
articles of incorporation from the Legislature of Maryland was
also in motion. The ground for the hall had been conveyed to
trustees for the Grand Lodge, but in a short period the legislative

148 AHEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

charter was obtained, and the trustees, who were Wildey,
Kidgely and others, conveyed the property, by deed duly executed
and recorded, to the Grand Lodge of Maryland. And here we
leave the old jurisdiction, having seen her in possession of all her
honorable wishes — incorporated ; in a hall sacred to Odd Fellow-
ship, the only one upon the continent; without strife or con-
tention or the shadow of an anxiety, a7id in the possesion of the
men who have maintained her honor at hmne^ and carried her
fame wherever on the green earth the L 0. 0. F. unfurh its
banner of Fraternity.

CHAPTER VII.

augustus mathiot.
The Young Amebican of the First Decade.

The men of the first decade, of any prominence then or
afterwards, have passed away. They were all humble, and were
confined to a sphere which gave them no social consideration
worthy of mention. They were all of foreign birth save one,
and he was little better than the others in position when he
joined their company. The common tie led him to them and
bound them together : he was a mechanic, and a good one, and
in entering a lodge, he but formed a closer union with his brother
artisans. But here the similarity ceases; he was a native
American, and his habits and education separated him widely
from the rest. As the first American who rose to distinction in
the Order, he takes his place, in number, the first of that long
line who have made an exotic institution native to the soil.

Augustus Mathiot was bom in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on
the 4th day of August in the year 1799. His ancestors came
from France, in the emigration of the Huguenots from that
country. The family formed connexions w^ith some of the best
families in Pennsylvania, and were always considered as among
the most respectable of those who fled the persecution. His
father was a retiring man, and gave more attention to religion
than trade, and becoming reduced in his circumstances, removed
to Baltimore. He early lost his father, was apprenticed to a
chair-painter, and served his time with fidelity. In this business
he became proficient, and on coming of age followed his trade.
But soon his talents were recognized, and he began the chair and
cabinet business on his own accoimt. It is about this time we
find him entering Washington Ix)dge, where he stands on the
record as Number 177. The date is somewhere 'in the early
part of 1823. Some of his contemporaries have furnished us
many incidents that illustrate his character at that time. He

150 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

was a peculiar man, and one apt to provoke notice and considersr
tion. His chief trait was a sensitiveness which he never over-
came. Of French extraction, politeness and the forms of good
society were part of his natnre. He loved company, but he
required of his companions the observance of all the ordinary
amenities. It followed that he asked nmch more than he usually
received, and in fact more than he ought to have expected. The
result of this will be seen as we follow him through his career as
an Odd Fellow. Of public opinion he had the highest estimate ;
honor was his common theme, and it must be confessed that no
one had better reason, for he had rare integrity, and was almost
romantic in his ideas of what was due to this virtue. Among
the rising young men he soon became popular, and his pleasing
address added to the impression. Several of those who after-
wards became the solid men of Baltimore attached themselves to
him, and were his friends through life. Of these no fiirther
notice is necessary ; but if it were proper to do so, a list of names
the most honored in the city would appear to have been warmly
attached to young Mathiot. We who knew many of them
have reason to be proud of his first associations.

But another marked characteristic was his love for reading ;
as a reader he was insatiate, and was never weary of perusing all
that came in his way. Nor did he confine himself to literature ;
his taste for science was remarkable. Natural philosophy,
chemistry, but above all, archaeology, were his favorite subjects.
Of course his limited education was a great drawback in such
pursuits, but this did not deter him. His thirst seemed only to
increase with the draughts he so laboriously drew from the wells
of learning. His habits of impatience and the quickness of
his perception he could not overcome, and he passed hur-
riedly from subject to subject, from book to book ; but his
information was great, and, for many purposes, of an interesting
character. It will be found that in his declining years his chief
solace came from this source.

MASONRY AND ODD FELLOWSHIP IN 1823.

Mathiot was at once a man of mark, and took high place in the
Order. But *in a few months he sought entrance into a lodge of
Masons, and to his dismay, was rejected on the ballot. To con-
done the matter, he was notified tliat the only objection to his

■\'-'"

AUGUSTUS MATHIOT. 151

admission was one easily removed. They informed him that he

f belonged to " that Bacchanalian Club of Odd Fellows," and he
had only to leave it and the Masons were ready to receive him.
How he acted in this connection has already been shown. It
was just such an incident as would excite Mathiot beyond any
other ; the sense of wrong stung him to the quick. It was an

. open shame, and he was not the man to rest for a moment under
any imputation aifecting his character. He took no counsel and
suffered no delay, but at once notified St. John's Lodge that he
spurned their offer. He did not rest here ; there was indeed too
much ground for the imputation, and he saw that the l^asons had
some reason for their act. He appeared before Washington Lodge
in a condition which made it easy to attack the cause of his rejec-
tion. How he proceeded, and how he at once had a resolution
passed to banish liquor from the lodge-room, has been fully de-
tailed.

It does not follow that Mathiot was an advocate for total ab-
stinence ; this he never was. His genial qualities were always

^ somewhat convivial, and no one better liked a cheerful glass ; but
his nature rose against excess, and indeed against all those lower

/ forms of drinking that lead so soon to vice. By nature he was a
gentleman, and he abhorred anything that was low and gross;
one may judge then how his bile rose at the fumes of reeking
pipes and the smell of common beer and gin. His opposition was
a part of his constitution, and he would have shown it even if it
had not been forced upon him.

A writer in the American Odd Fellow^ of May, 1866, has gone
to great trouble to establish for him the paternity of the temper-
ance reform in the Order. Tlie writer, who disguises himself
under the nom de plume of " Dan'l Renz Meataxk," is well
known to us. We recognize at once the graceful and classical
pen of P. G. Rep. Alexander K. Mantz, of Maryland, the author
of the paper. The contents are creditable both to the head and
heart of the brother, but they are beyond the real facts of the
<*ase. Mathiot did not propose to remove the lodge from the
public-house ; that was a later movement ; but he was tlie first to
<lenounce its presence in a subordinate lodge, and he was a bold
man to do it. Mathiot himself was prouder of this fact than of
any other part of his record. Tlie article referred to has the
following passage:

152 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWBHIP.

" Early in 1849 the question was mooted in that (Washington)
lodge as to which of its members was the first to denounce the
glee club, bar system of early Odd Fellowship, and thereby
secured its banishment, and per consequence the elevation of the
character of the Order. A committee was on motion appointed
to investigate the records and traditions, with a view to a correct
solution of the question. That committee reported on the 26th
of February, 1849, a preamble and resolutions. The first set
forth that it had been proven to the entire satisfaction of the
committee, that to P. G. M. Augustus Mathiot, of Washington
Lodge, Np. 1, the credit was due, for having brought about the
reform indicated. The resolutions were as follows : Resolved,
that P. G. M. Augustus Mathiot, by his unwearied eflbrts during
the infancy of our beloved Order, was the instrument by which
the bar and its appendages were banished from the lodge-rooms,
and the Order purified from their obnoxious influence. Resolved,
that P. G. M. Mathiot was the first who submitted a proposition
to the effect named in the first resolution. These were imani-
mously adopted by the lodge."

We have been at pains to copy this paragraph, that we may
do justice to all concerned. We have gone over the whole
ground in our second chapter, and need not repeat the facts there
detailed. Mathiot there and here is given the credit for all he
did, and we would rather add to than detract from so proud a
reconl. As the first open advocate of the change, he is alone in
the Order. His protest was the beginning of the great reform,
but it was feeble, and for the time totally ineffectual. Yet it
bore rich fruit at last ; and when Columbia Lodge on its institu-
tion pledged itself to water only in the lodge-room, the victory
was near at hand. But it must not be forgotten that the cup,
the pipe and song, the latter sometimes very loose indeed, were
never banished from the lodge building until the Order in Balti-
more entered its Hall on Gay Street. " The spirit was willing,
but the flesh was weak," and even Wildey, when he kept the Order
in his house, had an oyster and drinking cellar below. It was
when the Grand Lodge of Maryland occupied its own house
that the bar was finally banished, and left " no trace behind.'*
But it does not follow that Bro. Mathiot did not do a great and
noble work, or that his effort did not produce lasting and honor-
able results. On the contrary, it is a laurel that must always

AUGUSTUS HATHIOT. 153

be his, that he stood forth as the champion of order and decency
when he had no helpers ; that he never gave it up ; tliat he was
always with the foremost of the later reformers ; that he was
superior and more potent than all others at the beginning, and
that he was worthy of his position. Bro. Fennell, in a letter on
the subject in 1871, says : " I shall never forget Brother Mathiot's
manner in advocating the passage of his resolution ; it took us
all by surprise. I believe there was but little opposition ; but
Brother Mathiot's powerful appeal, and the pleasant manner in
which he made it, overcame it easily. I repeat it, I never shall
forget it — it was irresistible." In another letter lie feelingly
says : " Brother Mathiot's appeal not only reformed the lodge,
but had an equally powerful eifect on many of the members
individually. I shall never cease to remember it with gratitude."
By these extracts we discover that the eflect at the time was
very great, and no doubt was of a much deeper and more durable
nature than is shown in the cuiTcnt lodge history.

THE TEMPERANCE QUESTION IN 1823.

Men of this day have no conception of the public opinion of
1823 on the temperance question. A glance backwards to that
time will shed much light on this incident. It will be found
that no total abstinence society existed at that time, or indeed
any society which interdicted the use of liquor. True, in 1808
"The Temperate Society of Moreau and Northumberland,'*
Saratoga County, New York, began a feeble movement with
forty-three members. This was the first known society of the
kind, and the pledge is a curiosity : " No member shall drink
nim, gin, whiskey, wine or any distilled spirits, or compositions
of the same, or any of them, except by the advice of a physician,
or in case of actual disease (also excepting wine at public din-
ners), under penalty of twenty-Jive cents. Provided that this
article shall not infringe on any religious ordinance." And
further, that " No member shall be intoxicated, under the penalty
of Jifty cc7its,^^ And again, " No member shall offer any of said
liquors to any other member, or urge any other person to drink
thereof, under the penalty of twenty-Jive cents for each offence.'*
Such were substantially the scope and requirements of all the
earlier temperance societies until 1836, when for the first time
" The American Temperance Union " adopted the principle of

154 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

total abstinence. Hathiot was fully abreast of the reform
then in progress, and his influence began in the Order what no
otlier had even thought of in tlie same connection. Measured
by public sentiment, he was a reformer in the first rank, and will
be honored accordingly.

HIS PBOOBESS IN THE OBDEB.

But at this point he drops from the record, and cannot be
traced in his lodge for several yeai's ; but we know that he was
active and eificient, and gave it great attention. He was in the
minority, and had but few to sympathize with his tastes and hab-
its ; he was considered somewhat visionary, and was too much of
a refonner to gain the general confidence. Thus, we find him
always at work, but subordinately, imtil 1828, when his merit
absolutely forced his passage of the chairs. On the 16th of Octo-
ber, 1828, he appeared, was elected and admitted a member of
the Grand Lodge of Maryland. Here he at once assumed his
true importance, and had full recognition by that body. On the
18th of March, 1830, he was among the petitioners for a charter
for Gratitude Lodge, Xo. 5, which was granted. He did
this to help in organizing it, and afterwards returned to
Washington Lodge. As an indication of the struggle then
going on between the old and the new elements, we would
state that the name given to this lodge was the result of a
compromise. It was to have been called ^'Wildey Lodge,"
but the applicants positively refused the name. Wildey
was then so wedded to the old element that the new men were
deeply oflended ; they therefore expressed their feelings by exclud-
ing his name; but a sense of justice led them to consider his emi-
nent services, and they paid him the compliment of expressing
that feeling by the word *' Gratitude." Mathiot led this move-
ment. To indicate his position, we may state, that soon after, he
was made chairman of the committee to submit a code of general
laws for the goveiTiment of subordinate lodges. On the 20th day
of October, 1830, he was elected D. G. M., and James L. Ridgely,
G. Secretary. Here, at length, lie had free scope for his
energy, and associates ready to sympathize and assist. Here
began also that series of events that kept him from attaining
all the honoi-s of the Order. At a meeting held on January
22(1, 1831, the Grand Master resigned his office, leaving Mathiot
in the chair.

AUGUSTUS MATHIOT. 155

Now the peculiarities of this brother at once make their ap-
pearance. His romantic sense of honor forced him to decline a
position to which he had not been elected ; accordingly, at the
close of the meeting, he resigned. But the majority did not share
his sensitiveness, and resented such extreme delicacy. The
result was, that although nominated for Grand Master, he
was defeated, but was again elected D. G. Master. This
touched Matliiot deeply and sorely ; but he again took the place,
and served the residue of the term. At the next election, Octo-
ber 15th, 1831, he was again defeated for Grand Master; the
members being still provoked by his former declension. On the
20th January, 1832, his term expired, and he retired ; the feeling
went so far that he was not assigned a place on any committee by
the new administration. He was also defeated for Representative
to the Grand Lodge of the United States, six months afterwards,
by a large vote. He was again defeated for Grand Master in
1833 and 1834, and being nominated in 1835, declined to stand.
By this time he became better and more favorably known, and
a reactionaiy feeling set in ; so that no one could be induced to
oppose him, and on January 22d, 1836, he was elected Grand
Master by acclamation.

All this did not abate his ardor in the cause, or induce him to
neglect the Order ; on the contrary, he was never more attentive,
never more solicitous for the cause ; he had joined from a sense of
duty, and could not be diverted from his purpose. His appreci*
ation in other quarters no doubt gave a keen edge to the un-
friendly treatment of his Grand Lodge. He entered the body in
October 1828, and was singled out by the leaders for special and
superior work ; they were in the federal Grand Lodge, where
they had a majority, and the young member was at once called
to a post of honor. On May 4th, 1829, he was elected Grand
Secretary of the Grand Lodge of the United States, and held that
otHce until September 2d, 1833. At the end of the term he was
elected Grand Treasurer of the same body, and held the office
until October 9th, 1835. At the organization of the Grand Lodge
of the United States, William Williams became Grand Secretary.
Williams al>sconded in 1827, and John J. Roach and John Starr
had filled the office pro iem,^ until Mathiot was ele(?ted.
From Fennell to Starr inclusive, he was by far the best of them
all. The place was, at the time, merely a clerk's office for the

156 AHEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

record ; there was indeed mach need of some one to give his whole
time and energy to the place, but the time was unpropitions.
Wildey, at Entwisle's death, had the choice, and he selected Wil-
liams, an Englishman. His nationality was his only merit, and
his services were more an injury than a benefit; he betrayed his
patron, and absconded with about $1200 belonging to Wildey and
G. M. Scotchbum.

At "Wildey's instance, the several trials were made which at
length resulted in the election of Mathiot. But the sensitive
and faithful secretary was entirely unfitted to cope with the
rugged blacksmith ; liis nature was retiring, and his modesty was
almost a defect in his organization ; hence he served well and
gave a good record, but he did not become Wildey's counsellor
or aspire to guide him. The time was not yet when the one-man
power should devolve on the many, or when some bold man
should challenge Wildey's supremacy. Yet Mathiot was not over-
looked by the founder, who turned his talents to a good account.
Many an address and resolution bore the name of Wildey, but
the hand of Mathiot had furnished them. Sometimes he was
quite happy in these efibrts, and generally gave great satisfaction
in this and all other parts of his work. His whole term of Sec-
retary was with Wildey, and he went out on the final retirement
of that brother. The office of Grand Treasurer could hardly be
said to have existed before this time ; Wildey and Welch, as has
been shown elsewhere, being the stewards of the lodge; the
former generally furnishing the funds. So that in 1834 Matliiot
had no settlement to make as Treasurer, but the settlement was
made by Thomas Wildey, acting Grand Treasurer. The books
were closed by Wildey's retaining $284.58 for advances, leaving
the elected Treasurer a balance of $8.52. Bro. Mathiot then
opened an account, and in the next year reported $308.49. In
1835 he reported $415.62, and paid over a balance of $78.60 to
his successor. As before related, he became Grand Master of
Maryland the ensuing year. At the important session of 1840
he was a proxy representative in the Grand Lodge of the United
States, and did good service in that body for his constituents.
But we now turn to his labors in another field. In 1827, mem-
bers of the Grand Lodge of Maryland formed an Encampment
of PatriarcrliP, and he was soon a member. He duly passed the
chairs, and united with others in procuring a charter for the first

AUOUBTU8 MATHIOT. 157

Grand Encampment in September, 1831. Wildey was the first
Grand Patriarch, and he was succeeded by Mathiot, thus securing
to him the prestige of having been the second on the roll of that
eminent position.

In the meantime he became known to the whole brotherhood
in Baltimore by liis presence and serWces on important occasions.
He was a ready speaker, and wrote well ; his stores of information
were extensive, and his intelUgence on all questions made him
acceptable. At home he had nothing to desire, and he had put
his name in enduring form among the proceedings of the Grand
Lodge of the United States. He had reached his acme as to
place and influence, but he did not believe it. The ambition to
stir in the higher circles of the Order, to sit in the federal Grand
Lodge, it may be to pass its chairs, took possession of him. He
knew his just value, and that in fitness he surpassed many
who had easily passed before him. But this desire was not
generally perceived, nor indeed known or guessed at, beyond the
circle of his intimates. He was deeply impressed with a sense
of the ingratitude which, overlooking so much merit, conferred
its honors on inferior men. He was partly right and partly
wrong. He was in most things certainly the superior of more
fortunate brothers, but not in those qualities that ensure success.
His sensitiveness had been growing on him ; his sense of his
own importance was increasing, and his rank as a man of
business was now assured. But he had, with all his ambition, a
modesty rarely found, and shrank from a contest as another
might from a blow. He could not solicit votes, even by that
honorable implication which is always commendable. It was
not merely an election he looked for, but a call to come forward
by the common voice ; not a majority, but unanimity. If he had
pressed his claims, he would have had much of, if not all he
sought ; but he did not. Sometimes his modest reserve was taken
for coldness and indifference, sometimes for an assumption which
repelled. At length he ceased to expect such honors, but to the
very last felt the pang which tells of hope deferred and
defeated.

But no one must conclude that his nature was soured or his
energies in the cause relaxed. To Washington Lodge at least, bb
its old members passed away, he remained to be loved, admired
and venerated. The ruling men of the Order had only to meet

158 AHEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

him to give him the full measure of their confidence. Hence-
forth he became a model workman in Maryland. His lodge was
dear to him as his own flesh, and he gladly sought its shelter as a
kindly refuge. There he became a constant attendant for nearly
forty years, becoming by his age its father, and by his good
deeds its benefactor. At all the sessions of his Grand Lodge
and Grand Encampment he sat in the place of honor, and was
second to none in the general esteem.

HIS SUCCESS IN BUSINESS AND HIS LIBEBALITT.

Here another part of his character shone forth conspicuously ;
his liberality. His was truly an open hand and generous heart.
Fortune had come to him in his business, which had now become
large and valuable. He began an export business to South Amer-
ica, and wealth poured in upon him. His family relations were
such as to round the circle of his happiness ; sons and daughters
of marked intelligence and refinement made his home-life a holi-
day. His social station was high, and he was able to gratify his
tastes in company, where his graceful bearing and genial humor
made him an ornament. Many of his early friends had, in like
manner, won their way, and he stood among them as a friend and
. citizen of whom all were proud. All this mellowed his nature,
quieted his nervous diffidence, and helped in every w^ay to harmo-
nize his life.

As he was most able to give, so he was ever ready, whatever
and whenever the call; he was indeed a generous giver, and many
a family may thank him for its sustenance and preservation. On
one occasion a seedy Odd Fellow called on him for assistance.
P. G. M. Mathiot, in his usually punctilious way, examined his cre-
dentials and listened to his sto^}^ The brother was very worthy,
but very poor; and as he told his tale, Mathiot gazed upon him
with great compassion. Finally he spoke of his dependence
upon his brethren, and the P. G. Master began unconsciously
to draw oft* his coat. The tale proceeded, the coat was
in the hands of Mathiot, who tearfully besought the speaker to
put it on. The brother took it and left ; those who 'wntnessed the
act say that the veteran Odd Fellow almost tore the rags from
the back of the needy brother to put his coat upon him.

Another incident of a different character will show his pecu-
liar traits. He was, later in his career, much in request to talk

AUGUSTUS MATHIOT. 159

and lecture to the lodges ; on one of these occasions he sought
the writer, to act for him in his absence. The lecture was
delivered; the P. G. Master made inquiries if it was sat-
isfactory ; and learning that it was, immediately sent a fine office
chair to his substitute, as a token of his approval. Noble and
generous heart, now at rest forever! In that cliair, with all the
memories it conjures up — sitting and recalling those gentle
tones and winning manners, that pure soul of honor, that ideal
Odd Fellow — he now limns this picture, and hangs it high in
this history.

A OBEEN OLD AQE.

In his old age he had everything to smooth his passage, but
his chief delight was in books. We can see him now, as
night after night he sat in the Odd Fellows' library, poring over
the volumes, or passing through its alcoves, with a very
ecstasy of pleasure. We see him, erect and vigorous for liis
age ; a little over the middle height ; a slender man, with a bright
eye and brisk manner, with glass in hand examining the numer-
ous titles, and literally gloating over the crowded catalogue. He
thought " that none but the wilfully blind could plead darkness
in the midst of such light, and he blessed the memory of those
faithful servants, tike autliorSj who have left their blood, their
spirits, their lives, in these precious pai>ers, and have willingly
wasted themselves into these enduring monuments, to give light
unto othei-s." Chi-onology and archseology were his passion, and
what was dry and difficult to others, was to him as absorbing and
delightful as the pages of Scott or Dickens. The Grand Repre-
sentatives who were present in Baltimore in 1865, will remember
the summons to meet him at his residence ; the banquet, the toasts
and the fraternal greetings under his hospitable i*oof, where they
sat as a great family at his fireside, and in gay and grateful terms
acknowledged his fraternal attentions.

HIS DEATH AND THE "THREE ODD LINKS.''

Thus Mathiot declined as a summer's day, bright and genial to
the close. His religious views and feelings were i^eculiar; but
nominally he was attached to the German Kefonned Church, in
the interests of which he ex]^>ended time and money. His l)elief
in man's immortality and his accountability to a Supreme Being

160 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

was strong and unshaken, and in full confidence of a Father's
love he was not afraid to die. Suddenly, in the midst of his
family, without a sigh or struggle, on the 12th day of July, 1872,
he took his departure. He had no previous illness, no confine-
ment to the house, no special warning ; but he was waiting for
the call, and the old Odd Fellow entered, as was meet and fitting;
into the Celestial Lod^e,

One incident in his biography will conclude this memoir.
Somewhere about 1822 a secret association was fonned, called the
" Three Odd Links "; its first members were Wildey, Boyd and
Couth. Its origin as to place, manner, time and object^ is
unknown, except that it had reference to something in the Order.
Tliere could be no larger nmnber than three, and Ujwn a vacancy,
it was to be filled at once by those remaining. On the death of
P. G. Couth, the survivors selected P. G. M. Mathiot as the Odd
Link. The secret, w^hatever it was, has never transpired. Some
thought it a commemoration of the first half decade, others a
secret pledge never to desert the Order, othere to secure a private
celebration of the natal day of Washington Lodge, and again that
it was a renewal of the ancient vows of the old members. What-
ever color existed for these guesses, it is certain the " Links "
privately met on the 26th of April, in every year, and parted
with tokens of the fondest friendship. On Wildey's death it fell
to Marley to fill his pla(;e ; but darker days came on, and old age
w-as upon them. Marley passed away, and before he had a suc-
cessor, Boyd also was no more. Mathiot was the last man, " the
odd link," but not in a trinity of numbers. He stood alone, and
as if the object of the arrangement was completed, left the
vacancies unfilled. In the same beautiful cemetery, not far
apart, with the roof-tree of the Common Father above them, they
have met again. Wildey, Marley, Mathiot — the Three Odd
Links ; do not the silver aspens that tremble above them whisi^er
of the old frateniity?

God's-Acre is a sacred dwelling-place ; how sweetly sleep the
household where tliree such heai'ts have mingled into one!

RICHARD MARLEY.

' ,

CHAPTER VIII.

RICHARD MARLKY.

HoDor and shame from no ooDdlUon rise :
Act "well your part,— there all the honor lies

—Pope.

We liave been dealing, for the most part, witli men who
were never known among tlie refined and educated. Our walks
liave been among tlie workshops, where the toiling masses pass
weary lives of hardship. True, the scenes have been laid in a
favored land, where the poor become rich and the obscure eminent:
the paradise of the indigent, where public sentiment extols
merit, however clothed, and where no one may despair of rising
to any position of which he is worthy. Liberty has diffused itself
in all directions; it is found in social life, in the church, and in
the state. It does not astonish us when a tailor becomes Presi-
dent, or a shoemaker from Massachusetts presides over the
national Senate. It follows that a certain dignity attends every
vhv/Am ; a man of merit may ply a trade, and at the same time be
a man of mark in the country. The subject of this sketch is an
example often met with among us. He began at the bottom of
the scale, and in his general circumstances never ascended. But
in one direction he moved above his surroundings, with an ease
and dignity which were all his own. To the world he died as he
lived, an unpolished workman; respected to be sure, and beyond
tlu^ reach of calumny, but in few circumstances differing from
other hard-working mechanics. But in his special sphere, as an
Odd Fellow, he assumes a place so high and honorable that his
name has spread over all the land. There he stood for near half
a century, a very tower of strength, a tnisted counsellor, a digni-
fied officer, a model member. In that great family he sat in a
grund circle of admiring children ; his words were cherished, his
acts venerated, and his walks were among thousands who rose to
do him reverence.

11 (Wl)

162 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

The classification of society will show how varied are the
qualities that make up a great character. Some, like Midas,
turn all they touch into gold ; others, by speech or with the pen
adorn everything they indite or utter ; others, by great power of
will bend men to their purposes : some carry everything before
them by sheer activity and persistency; and othei's again, by
calm wisdom and consistent conduct, extort from all the utmost
respect and confidence. But further illustration is not neces-
sary. Our subject was a person who, under every discour-
agement, made himself a record that survives him ; his good
works will forever praise him, and the lesson of his life will not
be lost to the world.

ODD FELLOWSHIP A FIELD OF LABOR.

Odd Fellowship is a practical institution. Its whole system
is one of labor ; in all its parts it requires constant attention ;
its machinery is not self-moving, but regular and patient effort ia
the law of its existence. A lodge-room is a work-room, and a
busy one ; members must be made, degrees conferred, money col-
lected and disbursed, the sick reported, children provided for
and widows relieved. Its centre is its treasury ; its gi-eat con-
servative officer the Treasurer. Here means are devised to caiTy
on the plan ; financial ability is recognized, and integrity held at
its true value. The lodge-room is the home of the family where
the new member first arrives. Here quarrels are settled, crimes
punished, and comfort and aid given to the persecuted. The
Odd Fellow who does not love his lodge is truly unfortunate. It
is the bond of union — the secret of our power. The subordi-
nate lodges are oases that, fresh and green, furnish the living
beauty and fadeless laurels of the Order. Presence at the
meetings is a primary duty, and is indispensable. Constant
attendance is with us a cardinal virtue. The institution would
soon die but for the faithful few who tread from year to year the
beaten track, who are present at all seasons and in every station,
who keep the work alive and ensure its execution. Such men
are the life-blood of the Order; or, to change the figure, they are
the " regulars," and the others but a sort of uniformed militia. To
this small but compact army of true and tried brethren, the
narrative of a most extraordinary amount of lodge labor will be
welcome. Acceptable, because the subject was a veteran, and

RICHARD MAKLKY. lt)3

alx)ve all, because he was the prince of workmen; a steward of
the Order, who received and made members, a moulder of lodge
policy, a fibre of the nucleus wliich holds the framework to-
gether.

HIS HISTORY AND WORK.

Richard Marley was born in the city of Philadelphia, No-
vember 12th, 1791, of poor but reputable parents. He learned
the trade of shoemaker, which he pui^sued all his life. He removed
to Baltimore in 1820, and some time in 1823 joined Franklin
Lodge, No. 2. His services at once became valuable, and he
rapidly passed through every office in the lodge. On the 18th
of October, 1825, he was duly elected a member of the 6. Lodge
of Maryland, on the night of the receipt of the Patriarchal Degree
from England. At the February session, 1826, he was made G.
Warden, and in April took his seat as Proxy Rep. for New York
in the Grand Lodge of the United States. In the G. Lodge of
Maryland he was constantly at work. In this year he reported
eighteen niles of order for its adoption, which were so complete
that they have been substantially in use ever since. He was also
on the committee to regulate payment of dues, and the chairman
of another to attend the General Assembly of the State, to pro-
cure an act of incorporation. His rise in all directions was rapid.
At the end of the two years' tenn of G. Warden he was elected
D. G. M., which office he held until January 15th, 1831. During
this period he, with Wildey and others, was selected to revise the
degrees, and was on nearly every committee of importance. Here
he paused in his career in that body. The hall on Gay Street
was nearly completed, and he was chosen the janitor and moved
Into the building.

But he had not been idle elsewhere; in 1825 he became a
momber of Encampment No. 1, and afterwards was a charter
jnember of Salem Encampment No. 2. These were the two
lodges composing the Patriarchal Order, which were turned over
to the G. Lodge of the United States in 1832. The first G. En-
campment being formed, these two became its first subordinates,
on the 17th January, 1833. Marley served as Proxy Kep. for
New York in the G. Lodge of the United States from Febi-uary,
1826, until September 3d, 1832. This was a great compliment.
There were others of great prominence, willing to serve, and

164 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Bome, like Mathiot^ of more apparent capacity. But he was a
man to win confidence and retain it, and his selection, at first a
mere accident, was persisted in by the constituency. But sud-
denly he lapsed from the Order ; his name was reported at the
close of 1832 as one of the expelled, and his career came to a dis-
^ astrous termination. The stoiy is one of interest, and at its con-
clusion presents a rare picture of the man. Marley was a me-
chanic of the earlier type ; on Sunday he rested, after five days'
labor, but Monday was sacred to St. Crispin. He was indeed a
devotee of " Blue Monday." Sober, grave and industrious on all
other days, on this day he gave himself up to the inebriating
bowl. The habits of his brethren were ill-calculated to win him
from the vice ; they were true boon-fellows, and were ever ready
to join him in a carouse. The result was pitiable ; the strong man
became a slave, the cautious man imprudent, and the good Odd
Fellow but a wreck of his former self. In the midst of this degen-
eration he found cause for dissatisfaction in his Grand Lodge.

FIFTH DEGREE MEMBERS.

It has been shown elsewhere that the Grand Lodge was origi-
nally composed of P. Grands, who came in by the ballot. This
was not satisfactory to many ; a feeling sprung up on the subject
which caused much trouble in Maryland. On 21st July, 1831,
the crisis came. It was then resolved to so amend the constitu-
tion of the Grand Lodge as " to open and work exclusively in the
fifth degree." Marley voted with the minority, and resented
this departure from law and usage. In fact, when the project
was first mooted, some voted for throwing the resolution " under
the table." It was afterwards proposed, that when admitted,
they should take an obligation, but this was defeated. Last of
all, Marley proposed that when admitted they should " be quali-
fied as P. Grands are "; this was decided in the negative, and the
fifth degree members were duly admitted. This hasty action fell
upon Marley like a thunder-clap. In his ordinary condition he
would have reluctantly submitted to the majority ; but his mind
had lost its balance, and he would not be reconciled. He
attended until the June session, 1832, and as a mere spectator un-
til November following, and then came no more. But his was no
gentle departure ; he took a number in his train, and left behind
a large minority who sympathized with him.

r

BIOHABD HABLET. 165

THE SPURIOUS LODGE.

He and his friends at once obtained a charter from the spuri-
ous Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, upon petition of Benja-
min DaflSn, Thomas Hall, Daniel Weaver, Kichard Marley and V ^

others. It first held its meetings on Commerce Street, afterwards - I '^ *
on Lombard Street, and finally at the comer of Hanover and
Pratt Greets. On the 13th of January, the matter came before
the^ 6. Lodge of Maryland, which adopted a general law, as
follows : " Any brother who shall be concerned in organizing,
or who shall give countenance and support, or shall visit any
lodge or lodges in the State of Maryland, purporting to be Odd
Fellows, and not ]>ossesBing a legal and valid charter, duly
granted and ]>roBentod by the Grand Lodge of Maryland, shall
be deemed unworthy of fellowship, and shall, upon satisfactory
proof, be suspended or expelled, at the option of the lodge." Under
this law Marley was promptly expelled ; and as the reports for 1832
were sent in afterwards, he is reported as having been deprived
in that year. The Journal says that he was allowed to return
on the 15th of October, 1835, soon after the death of the spuri-
ous lodge, which lived but one year. Be that as it may, we
find no record of him in the Grand Lodge until January, 1836,
when he was elected upon the joint standing committee on
education.

HIS RETURN.

The previous record discloses refusal after refusal to allow the
lodges to admit Marley's confederates, but it was far different in
the case of the leader. We can only account for it by the tender
feeling which existed for him in his folly. He was allowed to
return and to re-enter the Grand Lodge by a large vote of his
brethren. There was reason for this; he was himself again. -
He had reformed his life, and was again the manly brother of the
past. They met him more than half way, and took him cheer-
fully back to the old haunts. He was indeed reformed; the
reaction had touched his pride and roused his will. The bowl
had alienated him, and he solemnly abjured it forever. That
pledge was never broken, and for forty years he neither tasted,
touched nor handled the enemy that had caused his downfall. He
always professed to have been saved by his love for the Order
and by the kindness of his brethren, and no clearer instance is

166 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

on record of the influence of onr association upon moml character.
To test his resolution he also abjured the use of tobacco, and he
never forfeited the pledge.

From this period he becomes again a leader and an example;
again he multiplies himself in the work. At every session he is
found on special and standing committees; such for instance as
the committee on correspondence; serving also, from 1838, as
chairman of the Board of Managers of the hall, until he declined
the position in 1844. On the 18th day of January, 1841, he was
at length duly installed Grand Master of Mainland On the 16th
day of May, 1845, Maryland, following but slowly the lead of
Pennsylvania, opened a degree lodge. Marley was the first
Degree Master, and gave the enterprise an impetus which it has
never lost. He was also at work in his encampment, filling all
its places of trust and honor, until we find him, on the 14th of
January, 1839, in the chair of the Grand Patriarch. In 1844 he
aided in resuscitating Mechanics Lodge, No. 15, now the most
popular lodge in the State. He became at once its Treasurer,
and kept the place until his death ; he was also the Treasurer of
his encampment for the last fifteen or sixteen years of his life.

But in another and higher sphere he was known over the
whole country. He sat in the G. Lodge of tlie United States
for thirty-three sessions in all, having been absent but ten out of
forty-three consecutive sessions of that body. His record there
is honorable to all concei-ned. He was by nature conservative,
and no man had a sounder judgment. He was a good legislator,
and his votes and reports challenge investigation. As the system
grew before him, he saw and loved it as one who had helped it
gradually to unfold and crystallize into its present form. He was
not such a lover of the ancient usages as to oppose improvements ;
but to the contrary, moved on steadily, cbeeifully supporting the
new men and measures of the later days. Still he was always
conservative; but as fresh features were developed, he embraced
them with firm pei*sistency. The journal is bis best record, and well
attests his judgment and capacity. He was not the proi>oser of
innovations, and no temptation could induce him to dei)art from
uniformity to serve a local purpose or a private end. His motives
were ])ublic, and his influence lor the whole Order, and not for
Marvland alone. Hence we have from him no motions for
change, no anxiety for experiments. He carefully " tried all

BICHABD MABLEY. 167

things, and held fast that which was good." One triumph of hifl
early judgment came to him in 1843. At that session of the G.
Lodge of the United States the following was adopted:
^' Resolved, That the committee on the state of the Order be
directed to report, at this session, a general law defining the gen-
eral qualifications for membership of State Grand Lodges." The
committee reported, by Rep. Moore, the following by-law:
*' State Grand Lodges are prohibited from conferring the Grand
Lodge degree for a pecuniary consideration with a view to
increasing their revenue, or for any other consideration, except
the regular perlbrmance of the duties of the Noble Grand's chair ;
the said degree liaving been designed as a reward for faithful
service in the subordinate lodges, and cannot legitimately be
reached by anv other means."

This was instantly adopted, and a motion made to reconsider
by Marley's colleague. Rep. Sanderson, was at once voted down.
The action was indirect in its tenns, but decisive in its effects.
It was the death-knell of the appearance of the fifth degree in a
Grand Lodge. To effectuate the innovation, the degree of P.
Grand had been conferred upon Scarlet Degree members. A fee
was charged for it, and thus the honors of the station were bar-
tered away for a small revenue to the treasury. Marley had
borne with it without a murmur, after his return, for the space of
ten years. He entered no further protest, but sat in the mixed
crowd where his Grand Lodge had placed him. He knew that
the Grand Lodge degree had been devised for P. Grands alone ;
that it was a reward for faithful service; that it was one of the
first Ameri(!an improvements, and that to change the mode of its
accpiisition was a mockery; but he bowed before the will of the
majority, and did not even complain to the supreme tribunal,
^laryland was not alone in trying this rash experiment ; the
District of Columbia had done the same thing, and there
was but little hope of a reformation. But no witness of the
grave and silent representative giving his quiet vote, could sus-
l)ect the secTet throb that attested this vindication of his judg-
ment l)v th(» wisdom of the Order.

No doubt the form of the by-law was dictated by Rep.
Moore, in such a shape as to give as little pain as ]M)ssible to his
constituency in the District of Columbia. But it was effectual;
at once the Scarlet Degree members were excluded, and the local

168 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

senates of tlie Order were placed on their true ground ae the
guardians and legislators of the institution. One may judge of
Marley's amazement had he lived until the session of 1875, and
listened to the discussion for admitting Scarlet Degree members
to Grand Lodges during the exemplification of the secret work.
He would have heard the old argument of 1831 for making tlie
Grand Lodge more democratic, and wondered at the reappear-
ance of the ghost of forty-four years ago. How would he
have been startled by the following, from the jurisdiction whose
representative brought on the discussion : " Resolved, That the
Legislative Committee be requested to consider the propriety of
admitting fifth degree members in good standing, to witness the
proceedings in State Grand Lodges, and to report what legisla-
tion, if any, is necessary in the premises." This was brought in
at the instance of a State Grand T^dge whose record is above
all praise, but whose experience does not reach back to the begin-
ning. It will be seen in this history that such tilings are not
new or untried, and that all the usages, traditions and work are
to the contrary. As faithful historians we relate the facts, but
on the subject of the proposed revolution we have nothing to
say in this place.

THE VENERABLE WARDEN.

The most noteworthy part of Marley's record is not to be
found in the supreme body. At home he was a model working
Odd Fellow, such as can seldom be found. He was, above all,
"the Past Grand Master and Past Grand Patriarch of Mary-
land." His home was in the chosen family of his brethren, and
he had no ambition beyond that circle. After years of toil, he
had at length obtained a competency. "For very many years he
occupied a humble place of business in a not very desirable
locality. Here he drew a large custom as a ladies' shoemaker :
far and near they sought him out and gave him their patronage.
No mechanic had a better reputation ; his two-story house was a
very hive of industry. Above were his humble domestic arrange-
ments, and below the workshop and salesroom. Here with
apron on he cut and fitted and sold, assisted by his excellent
wife. One or two journeymen were busy at the bench, the
counter was strewn with polished skins, and carriages at the door
were waiting for his fair customers. To newcomers he was a

'^ BICHABD MABLEY. 169

_ grum and silent man, who had nothing to say ; but to his old
customers he was the beau-ideal of his trade. His dignity easily
unbent itself, and his fatherly kindness won many a kindling
smile. To all he was a man of solid worth, by no means
ashamed of his business, but always alive to the fact that he was
the peer of any one as a roan.

His walks were in but one direction, and he knew no place
for his leisure but the Hall on Gay Street. He was a fixture
there ; on all nights, save Saturday, he was a constant visitor.
He was ready for all kinds of work ; special and standing
committees, boards of peculiar work, and meetings for the good
of the Order. But the moment the business had ended he letl ;
he would not lounge a minute, but with sturdy step and solemn
mien took his departure. But these were intervals between the
meetings of his lodge and encampment, which meetings were hi&
pride and glory. He had no children, and his brethren were
everything to him. For nearly half a century he never absented
himself from the abodes of Odd Fellowship without serious^
cause. Indeed we nuiy state, as the literal fact, that he attended
both his lodge and encampment constantly for forty years. He
seemed indeed to be always present ; punctual to the minute,
he assumed his regalia and took his place. Quiet, vigilant and
active, he was concerned in all that followed. Thus, in time,
he became as it were a part of the lodge; he was indeed no
longer a mere member, but a living embodiment of Odd Fellow-
ship. Hundreds of yoimg members found him there on their
entrance, and after years of absence would return to find him still
at his post. Such devotion naturally moved all observers; as he
grew in their affections, his tones were softened, and his heart
went out to them in love. At length his presence was hailed as
that of an honored patriarch. They spoke softly of him as of a
kind superior — his very name would call a crowd to listen — on
all hands they clung around him, and caressed him with the
familiar title of " Pap Marley "; touching indication of their
affection.

KARK TRAITS OF CIIARACT£K.

Several incidents will best illustrate his character. At one
time his pocket was picked of several hundred dollars, of which
seventy-five dollars belonged to the lodge. The circumstances

'-\

170 AMEBICAN ODD FBLL0W8HIP.

became known, and the brothers promptly offered to release him
from the payment of the money. The old Treasurer was much
affronted, and was difficult to pacify. "WhatP' he exclaimed;
"ofler me a license to be careless of the lodge money — never was
I more deeply mortified. Besides," said he, " what a precedent !
do you wish to offer such an inducement to defalcations by other
treasurers ? " The subject was dropped, but he was never quite
satisfied about it ; for he was a strict construer of legal duty,
and held himself and others to a literal fulfilment of its pro-
visions. He was a type of those who live by rule and usage,
and cannot be satisfied outside of the wholesome regulations of
law. To him order, authority and uniformity were indispensable.
The whole man bore the outward stamp of a rigid conservative.
Scrupulously clean and neat in his dress, he always moved with
a heavy, measured step. His broad figure was sunnounted by a
massive face, intelligent indeed, but fixed in a firm and severe
gravity, which was seldom absent. An invisible phylactery
seemed to hang around him, on which everywhere was written
the one word — Duty.

Again in 1865 he was inclined to retire from the Grand
Lodge of the United States, and expressed his expectation of
declining a re-election. The time came to elect, and there were
two candidates in the field ; to this list Marley was added. The
old man, after all, was willing to hold the position, and was in-
duced to allow the use of his name. The contest was very close,
and the ancient representative was beaten by one vote. His near
friends were very sore over the matter, and on learning the con-
dition of affairs, the winning candidate offered to decline, and to
permit Marley to be appointed to the vacancy. But the veteran
had resigned himself to the result, and no offers could induce him
to seek to change it. This was in the Grand Encampment; the
next year he went by ac<»lamation from the Grand Lodge. Some
feeling continued to exist over his defeat, with which he had no
sympathy. In April, 1809, when barely able to move about, and
suftering from a mortal disorder, he attended his Grand Encamp-
ment tor the last time. There were tliree candidates for Grand
Iie])resentative in nomination, and he remained to vote, and cast
it lor his opponent of 1865. When, panting and struggling to
descend the stairway from the meeting, he was kindly censured
for '^'^^nturing to leave his home — "Ah!" said Marley, ''how

RICHARD MARLBY. 171

could I stay away ? I came to vote for , and would do it at

the risk of my life ; he must not be defeated ! " The envy, the
mortified vanity of little souls found no place in his manly bosom.
Trivial as this may seem, it was indicative of a rare unselfishness,
which others would do well to ponder and to imitate, if they can.

DEATH OF A GREAT ODD FELLOW.

This was indeed his last appearance among his brethren ; but a
few short days and he dropped from the roll. On the 7th day of
May, 1869, he closed his numerous accounts with the Order, by
leaving the world. Yes, he had left the scenes of active life ; and
a void was created, never to be filled. The old oak, so vigorous in
its decay, had given no certain warning of its fall. A dozen vacan-
cies, in as many places, were like gaping wounds in the work of
the Order — othei's might fill them — but alas! who could replace the
familiar friend and the ancient and well-tried father and brother?
Never, in the same space, was loss more deeply felt and regretted.
The Order in Baltimore was stirred in all its lodges and encamp-
ments by the common son'ow. They could not bear that strange
hands should minister in the sacred rites of his sepulture, but
offered at once to take charge of the interment.

Tlie day broke upon the city in cloudless beauty, for May
had set its seal of flowers on the fields, and the breath of summer
w^as warming the bosom of spring. They earned him from his
humble dw^elling to the hall on Gay Street. In the Grand Hall,
where he sat so often, they laid him gently down. The walls
were lined with the mute efligies of the illustrious associates, dead
and living, under whose orders he had marched to so many vic-
tories. Bannere were waving over him, and the low dirge of
music lent its mournful notes. The streets were filled with hur-
rying crowds — the stairways were occupied, and the large hall was
packed with a living mass of mourners. In the breathless silence
of that hour Grand Secretary Ridgely could not be silent; when
the minister had ceased, he rose, under an influence impossible to
control. What he said, or how — it matters not. Who can por-
tray a scene of tears ? Who, the unspeakable regrets in the utter-
anires of one, himself advanced in years, who, in this loss, needed
as much as any, comfort and sympathy ? But he was there again
in the old hall — not much graver than in life — with the same
unyielding firmness in his features, but softened, as it were, by

172 AMKKICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

the presence of his weeping friends. In the old hall, for the last
time 1 They have all adjourned, and as to you, old workman,
you may go in peace ! The lights are out, and you are alone —
but not alone, for your works surround you I Are not these also
angel ministers i

They bore him forth in the van of the surging throngs — the
last of the Old Guard of Wildey — the man of 1823 — the model
workman of half a century — and laid him tenderly to rest. But
the rugged figure of the stalwart soldier yet lives in the memorial
of Marley Lodge, No. 107 ; and his name on the muster-roll, like
that of Latour D' Auvergne, is answered to by his living comrades,
"Dead on the field of honor."

The G. Lodge of Maryland, on the 13th day of May, 1869,
unanimously passed the following: "Resolved, That as accurate
a portrait of the deceased be obtained as may be, from the mate-
rial within reach, to be placed in tlie gallery of the R. W. Grand
Lodge of the United States, and that the Grand Officers carry
this resolution into eflfect."

A fitting place indeed for the brother who for so long a period
was the Father of the Senate of the Order ! He was in the sev-
enty-eighth year of his age ; had been an Odd Fellow forty-six
years, and had entered that body forty-three yeai'S before his final
parting — and he died a Grand Representative. Brawny work-
man, untiring watcher, unfailing toiler for two generations! the
chosen band of each lodge of workmen will do thee honor, and
lodges and encampments yet to come will nourish by thy example
a race of tnie Odd Fellows, whose watchwords will be Work
and Makley.

CHAPTER IX.

THK GRAND I^)DGE OF THK UNITKD STATES.

Here the npchltect
DUl not with curious hIcIII a pile eivot
Of carved marble, touch or pori>hery.
But built a house for hoepltallty.

— r.VRKW.

The Grand Lodge of the United States, as now constituted,
arose out of, and as the necessary consequence of, the plan by
whicli all authority was, in the year 1821, vested in the Past
Grands of Washington Lodge. By that ac^t those Past Officers
became the only body which had any lawftil existence in the
domain of American Odd Fellowship. By virtue of their sover-
eignty, they granted to Washington Lodge a charter as a subor-
dinate lodge. These Past Officers constituted in fat^t a supreme
G. Lodge, having no intermediate State G. Ix)dge imder its
jurisdiction, and acting directly upon its subordinates. For
convenience, and to prevent confusion, it acted separately with
regard to its 8ul>ordinate8 in Maryland as a quasi State G. Lodge,
and extra-territorially as a G. Lodge of the United States. It,
therefore, took the double title, when in truth it was only entitled
to the latter appellation.

In 1825, this supreme G. Lodge might well have established

a G. Lodge of Maryland, and by that action have delegated its

local jurisdiction ; but as the double authority which it wielded

• had been conferred by a subordinate upon the P. Grands of

Maryland, it seemed reasonable, if not logical, that they should

retain their local status, and as the G. Lodge of Maryland, in

separate session, confer upon themselves, by the superior name,

the supreme functions of the G. Lodge of the United States.

When all those divisions had been made, it was still apparent

that, however divided, from first to last, all power existed in the

Past Officers of Maryland. For up to this time no representative

of any other State or body had taken his seat among them. The

method of the proceeding was less the matter to be considered,

cm)

174r AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

than the completion of a system whi(^h sliould, by proper delega-
tions of aiitliority, divide the functions to be administered, and
produce an orderly working out of the objects of the Order.
Thus Washington Lodge resigns its charter, and is no longer a
lodge, but becomes one under a charter from a new body ; that
new body, by its own act, also ceases to exist by the resignation
of the same charter, and takes life again by a warrant from
another new body, the G. Lodge of the United States. The
logic which led to these results was based upon sound principles,
and gave assurance of a breadth of judgment and diplomacy
which but one man of the number was known to possess. We
cannot determine who is tlie more worthy of our gratitude, G.
Sec. Entwisle, the deviser of the plan, or those who with such
docility and zeal adopted it. But who can deny admiration to a
movement whose identity is so logically kept up, that what follows
seems only to be the natural result of that which had preceded ?

The unity of this family arrangement was fostered by circum-
stances tending in eveiy way to fuse the membership together.
The members of the G. Lodge of the U. S. were the members of
the G. Lodge of Md., and were also the leading members of the
four subordinate lodges ; all being in Baltimore City. All
these lodges met in the same room, on such evenings as
suited the general convenience. In point of space they were all
together, and the subordinate lodge had only to adjourn and open
a G. Lodge of Md., and the last in tlie same manner could open
as the G. Lodge of the U. S. This paucity of numbers, and the
three-fold capacity of the membership, did not in any manner
aflTect the dignity of the proceeding; lodge rank and distinction
were eagerly sought for and duly honored, and every department
took place in the order of precedence without a jar, and with a
gravity better becoming the later stages of their histoiy than the
insignificance of their early surroundings. It was then, with a
solemnity we can little imagine, that the P. Grands of Md., having
extended to the P. Grands of Massachusetts, New York and Penn-
sylvania, and all others yet to have an existence in the country, the
benefits of the free gift of their G. Lodge, met on the 22d of Feb-
ruary, 1825, in the first session of the G. Lodge of the United
States.

Its constitution had been already adopted, as we have seen,
on the 15th of January, 1825. The first article provided that.

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED 8TATE8. 175

" The G. Lodge of the U. S. shall be composed of a G. M., a D.
G. M., a G. Sec, a G. G., and a Rep. or Proxy of each Grand
Lodge in the United States acting under a legal charter." The
thirteenth article provided that the term of the G. M. should be
four years, and to be eligible for a succeeding term of three years,
but then to be ineligible for re-election until after a full term of
four years, unless there was no candidate qualified for the office,
in wliich case he was to serve until a qualified successor was
cliosen. To qualify him for the office, he was required to be a
P. G. M. of a State G. Lodge. The D. G. M. was to be appointed
by the G. M. for four years, and was re-eligible without limit ;
service for a full term gave him the past honors of his office ;
yet notwithstanding this provision, Bro. Welch was elected with
the other officers. The G. Sec. was to be elected for a term of
four years, was re-eligible, and was entitled to the honors after
serving a full term. The G. G.'s term was also four years, and
full service was necessary to acquire the past official honors ot
his office; his appointment was made by the G. M. This
instrument was somewhat vague in its terms, but was an improve-
ment upon those previously adopted.

One vital provision gave character to the whole arrangement;
the second paragraph of Art. 15 reads thus : " The G. M., D. G.
M., G. S., and G. G., as officers, shall not vote on any occasion
whatever, as the same solely devolves on the representatives or
their proxies ; but when the votes are equal, the G. M. shall give
the casting vote." This will show by what vote the proceedings
in the body were determined, and explain the relative acts of the
membei*8 of the G. Lodge when in session ; but it also declares the
true principle, that power to legislate exists in the subordinate
G. bodies alone, to be exercised by their duly elected agents.
The constitution is set forth in the Journal, pages 70, 71, and
with this chart the G. Lodge of the U. S. was set adrift upon its
perilous voyage. The first meeting assembled at Wildcy's, at the
corner of Gay and Front Streets, on the 22d of February, 1825, the
day fixed by the constitution. But two of the officers elected were
present, with the Rep. of Maryland, and three P. G.'s as visitors ;
when it was resolved to call upon the distant G. Lodges to appoint
proxies, and that the installation of the officers be deferred to the
30th day of March ensuing, to which day they adjourned. It
may here be stated that every meeting of the supreme body after-

176 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

wards held in Baltimore, up to the session of the 5th of Septem-
ber, 1831, met at Wildey's; the minutes which read "convened
tliis day at Odd Fellows' Hall, city of Baltimore," until the
period mentioned, having reference only to Wildey's, and not to
the present site.

Pursuant to adjournment, the G. Lodge convened on March
30th, 1825; present, Thomas Wildey, John Welch, William Wil-
liams, Thomas Mitchell, Charles Common, Maurice Fennell,
Thomas Scotchburn and John Boyd, members ; and P. G.'s Nel-
son, Harris, Freoburger, Gill and Colt, visitors, all of Maryland.
Rep. Common presided, and appointed temporary officers, when
the brothers who had been elected at the preliminarj' meeting in
January were presented and installed into their respective otfices ;
this also inchided the G. Guardian, who had been selected by the
G. M. The officers installed were Thomas Wildey, G. M.; John
Welch, D. G. M. ; William Williams, G. Sec. ; and Thos. Mitchell,
G. G. The following Reps, were upon the floor: Charles Com-
mon, Rep. of Maryland, and proxies Maurice Fennell, of Mas-
sachusetts, Thomas Scotchburn, of New York, and John Boyd,
of Pennsylvania ; four votes in all.

The G. M., on taking the chair, seemed fully aware of the
great responsibility which the little band of brethren had assumed.
He looked around him and saw but one of the originatoi's of the
enterprise — Welch. The rest were new men, and as yet untried ;
but to his ardent zeal this was only a fresh stimulus to exer-
tion. His hopes, always high, rose with the occasion. He ad-
dressed them in words full of confidence and assurance of success.
" The G. Sire was arrayed in entirely new robes," says the pri-
vate journal of Wildey, " and the officers and representatives
were on this occasion attired in new sashes." The scene must
have been full of interest to all who were present, as it is in
the retrospect, a glorious birthday of power and renown to the
principles represented by those humble men. It was the con-
summation of a federal union of the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows on the American continent. The haughty courage of
their chief, his force and his fervor, took the place of all the com-
mon incentives of the human mind. Tlie poor accommodations
were, in their eyes, a hall ; the insignia and decorations, emblems
of a real authority ; their functions supremely important to eon-
temporaries and to iK)8terity; and some of them might even then

THB GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 177

have believed, witli the founder, that by succession they would
gather under their aegis a very empire of wilUng subjects.

The business of the session began witli the reading and
approval of the proceedings of the preliminary and informal
meetincTS, and also of those of the several State Grand
Lodges which had authorized the organization. The order passed
at the preliminary meeting for the printing of the third and
fourth degrees and the P. G.'s charge, was considered and ai>
proved. The constitution having been submitted to the State
jurisdictions for approval, was returned approved, '^'ith some im-
portant modifications. Pennsylvania had suggested that the 5th
Article, making Baltimore tlie permanent seat of the Bupreme
body, be amended, by striking out the word "permanent" and
inserting "present." New York wished the same amendment,
and further objected to sec. 2 of Article 12, which authorized the
G. Master to appoint his Deputy from Maryland.

A question then arose of a delicate nature, which was difficult
of sohition, by reason of the absence of a personal representative
from Pennsylvania. A petition from Washington Lodge, No. 2,
and Wayne Lodge, No. 3, of that State, was read, in relation to
a certain James Day, of Philadelpliia, who, in the estimation of
that lodge, and of the D. G. M. of that State, had been " unjustly
dealt with." This is very vague, and is only made clear by refer-
ence to the previous proceedings of the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania.
It seems that Day entered that Grand Ijodge without proper
qualifications, and in fact had never been initiated. He attended
the meetings, served on a committee, ran for an office, and was
finally appointed G. G. ; one week afterwards the fraud was dis-
covered, and he was suspended until the sitting of the Q.
Lodge of Md. and of the U. S. The G. Lodge of Md. and
of the U. S., on the 22d of November, 1824, having heard
the case, recommended "that the said Mr. Day be excluded
from entering any lodge of the I. O. F. throughout the
globe." This was concurred in, and Mr. Day was informed
of his expulsion. The petition now offered was to obtain a
review and reversal of the former action. But the body was
better educated in its duties, and disposed of the matter by refus-
ing to interfere with the powers delegated to the subordinate
G. Lodges. It was therefore resolved, first, that it had no
jurisdiction; secondly, that the G. Lodges alone had the right
12

178 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

to bring Buch matters before the body; thirdly, that the peti-
tioners be referred to the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania; fourthly,
that copies of the resolutions be furnished to that G. Lodge and
the petitioners. It is only necessary to say that Day was restored
by the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, upon condition *' that he be
instructed and pay for the degrees received." He was then duly
initiated. This first exercise of judicial power is of moment, a&
indicating more correct views of the relative parts of the system.
The new body, sensible of the great trust which it was adminis-
tering, took higher ground than before, in asserting the just pre-
rogatives of the State G. Lodges which it had created.

At this session the fact was disclosed that there was a color
on the charters of the State G. Lodges for a degree which they
had not received. The G. Lodges were ordered to be notified of
the fact, and that the degree would be forwarded as soon as possible;
also that the money to be paid for the degree (the fifth) should be
used to pay the expenses of the G. Lodge of the U. S. and of the
G. Representatives. In the previous classification, the first,
second and third degrees were White, Bhie and Scarlet; the
Covenant and Remembrance were at first designated as " inter-
mediate degrees"; that is to say, the Covenant or Pink was
placed after the first, and tlie Remembrance or Green after tlie
second degree, with no appropriate numbers atta(*lied : so that
the Golden Rule was known as the fourth, and the Purple or
Royal Purple the fifth. The degrees, seven in all, with the addi-
tion of another color, were at this meeting marshalled in the
following order : White, Pink, Blue, Green, Scarlet, Gold and
Purple. It had been customary to display the colors in their
order on official papers, such as charters, and these colors, in-
cluding that of " Purple," are to be found on the original charter
granted to the G. Lodge of New York in 1823 ; but this is error,
as that color was not adopted before the year 1825. The Royal
Purple degree was selected as a suhlime degree^ only to be con-
ferred bv State G. Lodges, and never upon any who had not
become P. Grands.

The personal influence of the G. M. was acknowledged by a
vote that his address should be forwarded to the G. Lodges, wnth
a notice of his intention soon to appear in person among them.
The connection with the mother country was evidenced by a
communication from the Order in England, and an answer an-

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 179

nouiicing the opening of the new programme was prepared and
duly transmitted. Before the adjournment, what purported
to be a statement or annual report ending February, 1825,
from the State G. Lodges, was presented. The number of
G. Lodges was 4, of subordinates 9, but no return of member-
ship, revenue or disbursement appeared. Special G. Committee
meetings were held on April 20th and September 25th, 1825 ; at
the former a correspondence was authorized with certain persons
in New Orleans, to give them instructions as to how they might
open a lodge in that city ; and at the latter, the G. Master gave
a verbal report of his visit to Massachusetts, New York and
Pennsylvania ; his report was highly favorable. He also stated
that New York and Pennsylvania insisted on the amendment
striking out " permanent," and making Baltimore the " present "
place of the sessions of the body ; Massachusetts declined to ex-
press its opinion. The amendment was then, on the call of the
ayes and noes, unanimously adopted, and the constitution per-
fected, by changing the time of meeting, from the 22d of Febru-
ary to the 1st of May ; no further changes were made for several
years.

The unanimity displayed in the vote for the permanent seat
of the G. Lodge was not shared by the Odd Fellows of Maryland.
Rep. Common was supposed to vote for that State, and in fact
did so, but his constituents were far from satisfied. The proxy
representatives of the other three States were also P. Grands of
Md., and had to run the gauntlet of the most violent abuse for
having, as was asserted, betrayed their jurisdiction. Until Wil-
dey brought the new and independent charter, during the next
year, from England, everything depended on the charter origi-
nally granted to Washington Lodge, No. 1. That was the only
warrant of authority, and was held upon a condition which the
G. Lodge had no right to disregard. It was impossible, in strict
justice, to ignore the consideration expressed in the grant, that
Baltimore should be the permanent seat of the new body. But
the P. Grands of Maryland, in the G. Lodge of the U. S., were
bent upon making it a national council, at the sacrifice of pride
and in defiance of every obstacle. They risked their popularity
at home to secure foreign alliances, and never ceased to conciliate
the distant G. Lodges until they had won their approbation. The
charter of 1826 had no such condition annexed ; but the G. Lodge,

180 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

though not confined to Baltimore, naturally gravitated to the
6. M. and his residence ; since his time, wherever it may wander,
the same attraction for the G. Secretary's office draws it to Balti-
more. But in early days, the place of meeting was often cause
of contention where none was necessary. Pennsylvania was, in
1827, very eager to become the seat of government. In May of
that year, G. S. Wildey addressed G. M. Small, of that State, as
follows : " So much of your communication as has a reference to
moving the seat of the G. Lodge of the U. S. has met my most
cordial approbation ; and should I be spared so long, shall advo-
cate its permanent removal to Pennsylvania, at the next annual
communication. I do not conceive that the resources would jus-
tify me in recommending it to be a movable lodge. I therefore
desire to see it pennanently located in Pennsylvania; and when
it shall have been removed there, I hope you will not feel the
burden as heavily as Maryland has. Tlic time and money I have
sacrificed for it • welfare are more than you would be willing to
believe. I rather suspect that Pennsylvania, or any other State,
would soon tire of its location among them ; if so, they will always
find Maryland at her post." But to return to the proceedings of
the session.

Information having been received of the want of harmony
among the brotherhood in New York, a eoiTespondence with that
jurisdiction was ordered. P. G. McCormick, wlio had just
returned from England, was present with a letter from the Man-
chester Unity, and several copies of the English Odd Fellows'
Magazine. lie also announced that he had received a degree at
Manchester, wliieh he was authorized to confer on G. M. Wildey
and D. G. M. AVelch ; which duty he had perfonned. This was
the Patriarchal Degree, which was conferred only upon P. G.'s,
and in the body of a G. Lodge, as was the Royal Purple Degree.
Tlie charge fixed for the degree was one dollar. This degree
<jompleted the superior degrees of the Order, and though last in
order of time, was put first in the Encampment work. It was
conferred on those present, namely. Pep. Common, Proxies Fen-
nell, Scotchburn and Boyd, G. Sec'y Williams, and P. G.'s John
Roach and Charles Brice.

The second annual session, which by the constitution was
fixed for the 1st of May, convened on the 25th of April, 1826 ;
present, Charles Common, Rep. of Maryland ; Proxies Charles

THE QKAMD LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 181

Brice, of Massachusetts, and John Boyd, of Pennsylvania, and
four visitors, P. G.'s Marley, Roach, Gill and Santmyer. P. G.
Scotchburn, of New York, being absent, was lined live dollars,
and P. G. Marley, U visitor, was appointed to act for him ; and
the absent G. G. was also fined five dollars, and John Roach,
also one of the visitors, appointed to till his place ^^ro tern. The
roll contains for the first time those titles which are now familiar :
Thomas Wildey, M. W. Grand Sire, and John Welch, R. W.
Dep. Grand Sire. No reason was assigned for this change of
ofiicial designations ; the constitution gave no such style, and
therefore they must have been assumed and worn by common
consent. It is conjectured that the alteration was made at an
unrecorded special meeting ; but if so, it must have been done by
a simple resolution. This view is confirmed by the fact that
when the amended constitution of 1829 was adopted, the new
title was made one of its material parts.

At this point it was announced that G. M. Small and P. D.
G. M. Richardson, of Pennsylvania, were in waiting, desiring to
visit the G. Lodge. A committee to examine and report upon
the qualifications of the visitors, reported that they were qualified.
They were admitted and received with the honors of the Order.
G. M. Small then arose and presented his credentials as Rep.
elect from Pennsylvania, which being found correct, he took his
seat as the Rep. from that jurisdiction, being the first elected
representative beyond Maryland who took part in the delibera-
tions of the body.

We resume the consideration of the proceedings of the second
annual session. The constitution was read by the G. Sire. It
was immediately amended without regard to Article 3 of its pro-
visions ; the six months' notice was not given, it was not sent to
the State G. Lodges, and did not pass on a call of the ayes and
noes, which was the only test of a vote upon the constitution.
The amendments adopted were as follows :

"&'<7/o/i4. Articlk XXII. — All lodges acting under the
Ci. Lodge of the IT. S., when having five P. Grands, are at liberty
to petition the G. Lodge for a G. Charter, with the different
degrees belonging to a G. Lodge, so as to enable them to have a
State (f . Lodge for the government of their State.

" Article X III.— That a State G. Charter, together with the
Golden Rule and Royal Purple or fifth degree, be charged at

182 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

twenty dollars, to be paid for on delivery, and all necefisaiy
expenses incurred shall be paid for by those who shall apply for
the same."

The price of the Patriarchal degree was* changed from one
dollar to two dollars and fifty cents, and that of a charter and
the degrees for a subordinate lodge fixed at thirty dollars. Hep.
Small at this point asked leave of absence, and with his com-
panion departed ; but before lea\'ing, they spoke in flattering
terms of the state of the Order, and of the gracious manner of
their reception. The Rep. having retired, his proxy, P. G. Boyd,
resumed his seat in the body. The pleasure of this interi'iew
was mutual, and the grateful G. Lodge immediately passed a
vote of thanks to Kep. Small, " for his visit and his attention to
the duties of his office"; rather a singular idea indeed, but
showing the anxiety of the P. Grands of Md. to have the counsel
and presence of the distant representatives. Communications
were read from Pennsylvania and New York; in the former
there had been an accession of one, and in the latter of two
subordinates. This made the whole number of subordinates
in tlie United States reach 12. Two special committee meetings
were held in the recess before the session of 1827, the first on
October the 3d. At this meeting the G. S. submitted the fol-
lowing report :

Officers and Bepresentatives :

The Grand Sire respectfully reports : That after a passage
of twenty-one days, he arrived at Liverpool, and visited the lodges;
but being desirous of reaching Manchester, he took leave of the
brethren there, and proeeedea on his journey. On arriving at
Manchester, he was received with open arms ])y a few of the
brothers. The Corresponding Secretary was ordered to prepare
notices for the assembling of the Order. On the following day,
at 4 o'clock P. M., and at the appointed time, he met about six
or seven hundred of the brethren, and all seemed overjoyed at his
arrival. After some preliminary business had been gone through
with, the G. Sire delivered an address, which was received with
approbation. It will appear in the next number of the English
Magazine. For six successive nights during his stay among them,
he frequently visited two lodges of an evening ; a conveyance was
in attendance to take him from place to place, and at all of the
lodges he explained to them the plan on which the lodges worked
in the United States. Several committee meetings were held for
the transaction of business with him, during his stay in Manches-

THE GBAND LODGE OF THE UNITED BTATE8. 183

ter. The G. Sire attended several public dinners, at which much
good humor prevailed, and the health of the G. Masters of Man^-
land, Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania, with their om-
cers, were severally drank, confirmed by the honors of the Order.
Several alterations have taken place in the work, which the G.
Sire is of the opinion may be productive of service to the Order.
The G. Sire presented the committee of the Manchester Unity
with the Covenant and Remembrance degrees, which were ap-
l)roved of by them, and were left for their adoption.

Before leaving Manchester, the brethren being desirous of
bestowing a mark of respect on the G. Sire, but considering the
subject 01 a delicate nature, they resolved that the same should
be intimated to him by the G. Treasurer, privately, which was
accordingly done, by suggesting a gold medal as suitable. The
G. Sire replied that if it was tneir wish to present him with a
token of their esteem, he would prefer, to anything else, a char-
ter for the Grand Lodge of the United States, confirming the one
granted by the Duke of York Lodge, Preston. To this sugges-
tion they instantly promised compliance, and on his return from
London he was presented with a charter, splendidly executed on
parchment, through the hands of G. M. Thomas Derbyshire, in a
suitable manner ; when the Correspondino; Secretaiy of the dis-
trict accompanied the delivery witn a highly complimentary ad-
dress. From Manchester the Grand Sire proceeded to London,
where he was received in a highly gratifying manner. While
visiting the lodges there, he observed an emblem representing
the foundation stone laid by our forefather Adam, and procured
one, which he now presents to the Grand Lodge. After leaving
London, he returned to Manchester, and visited the country
lodges, where he was met by a very numerous body of the Order,
who congratulated him in a highly gratifying manner.

This record supplies one of the most gratifying pages of the his-
tory both of Wildey and of the Order ; honorable to him for his
disinterestedness and devotion, and to our English brethren for a
rare magnanimity and self-denying fraternity, of which there have
been few examples. The causes which led to the G. Sire's otficial
visit do not appear upon the journal. No doubt the special com-
mittee was called to receive his report, as they do not seem to
have expressed surprise when he offered it. But there is no pre-
vious mention of such an undertaking. We think that the
report was expected, and his absence known, but the act was
induced by one of those impulses to which this remarka])le man
was subject. He had witnessed, with grief, the departure of the
Order, in England, from the ancient work, and foresaw the blow

184 AMBBIOAK ODD FELLOWSHIP.

which would sever our friendly relations unless that tendency waa
arrested. But, if unable to turn back the English brotherhood
to the original landmarks, he felt that he might, by timely action,
preserve the unity of the Order on this continent. In Septem-
ber, 1825, complaint had been made to the Manchester Unity
about changes in the work, but no proposition had been made
looking to a remedy.

The G. Sire, asking for no credentials, but relying upon the
character which he had already established in both coimtries for
devotion to the cause, was suddenly impelled to undertake the
solution of the difficulty upon his own responsibility. Hence his
voyage, his arrival in England, his reception by admiring multi-
tudes, his magnetic handling of the subject, which gave no offence,
and last of all, his return, with the segis in his hand with which
he was able to preserve intact and forever the American
Order. The fii'st public notice of this master-stroke was the call
of the special committee and his report ; when he presented to his
astonished friends the free gift— that of Wildey, as well as that
of the Manchester Unity — an independent charter — the charter
of independence of American Odd Fellowship. The record says:

Tlie report of the Grand Sire having been read, on motion, the
following were adopted :

Reaolved^ That the charter presented to this body by the
Grand Annual Movable Committee connected with the ^lanches-
ter Unity, dated May 15th, 1826, be, and the same is hereby
accepted.

liefiolred^ That the thanks of this Grand Lodge bo voted to
the officers and brothers of the Manchester district, for the hos-
pitable manner in which they received and entertained our
worthy G. Sire, during his late visit to England.

Resolved^ That the G. Secretary communi(*ato this vote of
thanks, and the same be entered on the minutes.

Rt'Holved^ Tliat the foregoing be forwarded by the G. Secre-
tary to the State Grand Lodges.

English Charter of May 15Tn, 1820.

L O. O. F.

This Dispensation, granted by consent of the Grand Master
and ])ast and ]>resent Officers from various lodges coimected with
the Manchester Unity, assembled in Grand Connnittee.

In consideration of the Charter formerly granted by the Duke
of York Lodge, Preston, to certain Officers and Brotliers of the

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED BTATE8. 185

Independent Order of Odd Fellows in Baltimore, in the United
States of America, We, the Undersigned, respectively. Officers of
the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in Great Britain, do ratify,
grant and confirm such Charter ; and also hereby grant, author-
ize and empower the Grand Sire, Deputy Grand Sire, liepresent-
atives and Proxies of the Grand Lodge of the United States of
America, to conduct the business of Odd Fellowship, witlumt the
interference of any otlier country^ so long as the same is admin-
istered according to the principles and purity of Odd Fellowship.
This charter being granted as a free gift from the Grand Annual
Movable Committee, in Manchester, assembled on the 15th day
of May, in the year 1826.

In witness whereof, we have hereunto affixed our seals, dis-
plaved the colors of our Order, and subscribed our names the day
and year above written.

William Armht, G. M.
Thomas Derbyshire, D. G. M.
Mark Wardle, P. G. and C. S.
Beaumont Hodgson, Trea.
Robert Naylor, Pr. G. M.
B. A. Redfern, Pr. D. G. M.
Thomas Armitt, P. G. M.
John Duckworth, P. Pr. G. M.
E. W. Smith, Pr. G. M.
Moses Lees, P. Pr. G. M.
John Taylor, P. Pr. D. G. M.
T. Abbott, Pr. G. M.

Seal."
Seal.
Seal.
Seal.
Seal.
Seal.
;Seal.
Seal.
Seal.
Seal.
Seal.
Seal.

The vote of thanks was transmitted, accompanied by an offi-
cial letter, as follows :

Baltimore, Oct. IStli, 182f>.
P. G, Mark Wardle^ Cor, SeCy Manchester DiMrict :

Sir and Brother — You will see by the alx^ve resolves that it
has become my duty, and it is a very pleasing one, to comnnini-
cate to you a vote of thanks for the iionors conferred on us, by
the very polite and generous treatment shown our wortliy Grand
Sire, during the time he sojourned among you. Callous indeed
must be my feelings, could I comply with the bare formalities
attending my office, without adding a few words of my own on
the subject ; and in assuming them as my own, I trespass on tlie
right of otliei*s, for I feel convinced that there is not a member
of the Order here, who does not largely participate in them ; and
the affectionate manner in which our G. Sire speaks of your treat-
ment, leaves not a doubt but that he too feels the full weight of
the obligation you have im])osed upon him, and for which neither
ho nor the lo<lg(; ('an consider oui'selves exonerated until we
have an opi>ortunity of receiving a deputation from our trans-

186 AMEEICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Atlantic brethren of the honorable Order of Odd Fellows. Leav-
ing an affectionate family and extensive business, which require
a vast deal of personal attention, G. 8ire Wildey, fully aware of
the dangers incident to the voyage, but feeling the great bene-
fit that would result to the Order, resolved on the undertaking,
tremblingly alive to the reception he might meet with, and the
importance of the trust imposed in him. The heavens seemed to
prosper our cause, and although he reached you after a very short
passage, the thought of home had gathered clouds around his
brow, which were removed by the kind reception he met with at
your hands. His every hour was made joyous by your unwearied
attention, and the sympathy felt for his safe return. All this
conspired to render it, as he himself happily describes it, the most
agreeably painfiil period of his life.

It gives me pleasure to be enabled to state that his voyage
home, though not as short as the one out, was agreeable ; and
though in the gale of the 8th and 9th, when so much havoc was
made among the shipping on the ocean, he escaped uninjured,
clearly evincing the hand of Providence in eupport of our cause.
The charter granted by you, and presented to tlie Grand Sire, has
been received, and is an oniament to our lodffe-room. This will
be spoken more largely of hereafter. In conclusion, let me assure
you that the bonds of union subsisting between Odd Fellows are
strongly cementing, and that the recent visit of G. Sire Wildey
will have a very favorable effect in that respect. Wishing you
individually, and the brethren generally, health, happiness and
prosperity, and that we may soon have the pleasure of some of
your company, I remain, sir and brother, yours fraternally, in F.
L. and T.

W. Williams, G. S. of U. S.

P. S. — The G. Sire desires me to present to you, and
through you to the officers and brethren of the district, his best
respects, and desires me to say, that he will take an early oppor-
tunity to acknowledge his obligations to you.

W. Williams.

Approved: Thomas Wildey, G. S. of the G. L. of U. S.
To which the following reply was, in due time, received :

Manchester, January Stli, 1827.

Dear Sir and Brother — Youi-s, annoinicinir the safe arrival
of G. S. Wildey, gave much pleasure and satisfaction to all those
who heard me read it. I am sorry that the IcttcM* cnnnot be cir-
culated throughout the Order, by the Maaaziiic, as 1 have l>een
compelled, for want of sui)])ort, to discontinue the work. Want
of money amonir the working classes is the principal cause. 1
liave nothing new or of moment to communicate. The Indepen-

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 187

dent Order is in a most flourishing state here, considering the
depression of trade, which, I am sorry to say, is as bad as ever.
If money were more plentiful, I verily believe we should initiate
the whole country. 1 should have written you sooner, but for
the difficulty of getting the parcel sent ofl*. The Liverpool lodges,
though in compliance, are not to be depended upon ; G. S. Wil-
dey can satisfy you on that head. Brother Sissons (brother-in-
law to brother Hodgson) is now at my elbow, waiting to take this
to Liverpool ; he belongs to our lodge, and I can rely on his punc-
tuality. Li requesting you, sir, to present my most sincere con-
gratulations to your worthy G. Sire on his arrival, I can safely
affirm, that I convey the feeling of the whole district. You could
not have sent out a more proper pilgrim. His mild and ready,
though always manly answers, the general suavity of his manners,
added to his simple and unaffected style of delivery, rendered
him justly the admiration of all who saw him. In addition, I
must say, that those who, like myself, had the pleasure of being
most frequently with him, respect him the most. Accept for
yourself, aear sir and brother, my best wishes for your welfare
and the prosperity of American Odd Fellowship, ana believe me
to be, in bonds of F. L. and T., yours truly,

Mark Wardle, C. S.
To G. S. William Williams, Baltimore.

The vote of thanks to Manchester will be laid before our next
committee, and noticed in the March minutes.

The G. Sire did not go to England with an empty hand, but
bore with him the precious legacy of G. Sec. Entwisle, the degrees
of Covenant and Remembrance; also the American G. Lodge
Degree, which were approved by the Annual Movable Connnittee,
and left for adoption. The Covenant and Remembrance were
afterwards formally accepted and incorporated with the work,
but the G. Lodge degree was not suitable to the English form of
government and was rejected. When the old English work was
almost wholly abolished, the American degrees suffered a like
fate, and were excluded.

At the time of the visit of the G. Sire, the Order in Britain
published a magazine, to which reference is often made in the
journal of the G. Lodge of the U. S. It was ably edited, and
furnished reading not only for its own membership, but to such
as were able to obtain it on this side of the ocean. Its articles
were often read in the G. Lodge, and were made the text for
many a homily on our distinctive principles. It was in full

188 AMSiilOAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

sympathy with the G. Sire, and gave a glowing account of
his visit. (See Journal 86 — 7, 8, 9.) It was a proud day when
the founder parted with the English brethren. The great Odd
Fellows of the Manchester Unity crowned him in their own
language, as '' Founder and Father of American Odd Fellow-
ship."

As we have before indicated, the course pursued toward the
G. Sire did infinite honor to the Odd Fellows of the mother
country. There is no instance in liistory which we might
properly invoke, that manifests more fully the nature and power
of the principles they professed. An interchange like this of
what is beautiful and noble in the human character, does more
for mankind than all the barren systems and " flea-bitten " philo-
sophies by which men have so often been deluded and never
fraternized. We triumphantly point to these thrilling incidents,
as proof of the practical culture and mighty influence of Odd
Fellowship.

The second meeting of the special committee was called by
the G. Sire on the 30th of October, 1826, to consider a letter
received from P.G. Benjamin Downing, of New York, rcquestinor
a dispensation for Providence, Ehode Island, when the G. Sec.
was directed to convey to the writer all the necessary in-
formation.

On May the 1st, 1827, the third annual session was assembled
at Wildey's Odd Fellows' Hall on Gay Street. All the G.
Officers, excepting D. G. S. Welch, were present, and the fol-
lowing reps, and proxies : Tteps. Thomas Scotchburn, of Mary-
land, and John Pearce, of Pennsylvania; Proxies John Roach,
of Massachusetts, and Richard Marley, of New York. The G.
Lodge adopted a resolution, approving of the correspondence
with England, and especially of the work of Wildey and the
publication on the subject by the Manchester Odd Fellows'
Magazine. It was also ordered that the article be entered in the
journal, which was afterwards done. The reports from the G.
Lodges were favorable. G. M. Hersey had instituted a lodge
styled (lood Samaritan, No. 3, at Taunton, Massachusetts. From
Pennsylvania the report was encouraging, and the Order in New
York was re))ros{»nted as prosperous. Maryland gave in a good
report, with a statement that a lodge had been instituted, named
William Tell, Xo. 4. Tliis lodge was set on foot by G. S.

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 189

Wildey as one of its charter members, who gave it his personal
attention, and continued a member in good standing until his
death. It was and is the Mother German Lodge in the Order,
and continues to this day to work in the German and English
tongue. It was also stated that the G. Lodge of Md. was about
to have a copperplate engraved for " travelling certificates," so
as to suit any jurisdiction or lodge, and to prevent imposition.
This is the first official mention of "cards," although "certifi-
cates," as they were called, had been in use for many years, in
the journal of 1823 it is recorded that " G. Con. Anstice returned
his apron to the G. Lodge, having removed to Philadelphia and
withdrawn his card from Washington Lodge, No. 1, and honor-
ably departed this city." (Journal, 60.) Again, in 1824, com-
plaint is made by the N. G. of Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1,
"concerning Bro. Whitehead's leaving Baltimore without his
card." (Journal, 69.)

In the G. Lodge of Md. subsequently, on November 14, 1826,
the following was adopted: "Resolved, that this G. Lodge pur-
chase a copperplate for travelling certificates." And on the
28th of February, 1828, the price of cards was fixed at six dol-
lars per hundred to its own subordinates and four dollars per
hundred for the subordinates of other States. The subject of
cards leads us to narrate the reason for their adoi)tion and the
uses to which they were applied. Relief was originally confined
to brothers out of work and on tramp. When the case was pre-
sented to the lodge, the Warden's axe went round for voluntary
contributions; if the brother failed to get employment, the
nearest lodge to his temporary residence continued to assist him
for a reasonable time until some engagement was found. As the
dues were small and the treasury weak, as wa*^ then always the
case, the aid given was at best precarious and insufficient. The
lodges were also liable to imposition on the part of those whose
habits and character were such that they were seldom or never
at work, and in many instances persons w^ho were not members
obtained this pittance under false colors. The card placed the
whole arrangement upon a footing equally beneficial to the
member and to the Order, and gave pennanent character to a
policy which is an integral part of the work. " To go on tramp ''
was in those days a general custom of mechanics out of employ
ment ; the phrase was also applied to itinerant tradesmen.

190 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

The early English lodges had but a small supply of inonej'y
and were never prepared to grant adequate relief. The source,
of revenue were lines for not singing a song, telling a story, offer-
ing a sentiment, or doing some like thing for the common enter-
tainment. In this country, up to 1829, it was usual to pass the
Warden's axe at the opening of the lodge, for the regular dues,
and also for such contributions as might be made by the members ;
in fact, we have it on good authority that the ancient custom is
still followed by certain lodges in New Jersey and Pennsylvania^

But to return to the proceedings of the G. Lodge of Maryland.
The action of that body in assuming to issue blank forms, was an
assumption that would not now be tolerated ; but it had so lately
held the supreme authority that, under the direction of Wildey,
it continued for a short time longer to exercise more than
the ordinary functions of a State G. Lodge. Besides, the new
central power w^as yet nascent, and had no treasury, and was not
alive to a sense of its prerogative, which has since been so wisely
exercised in furnishing supplies to its subordinates. The result
was that Maryland furnished cards until the year 1844, when the
G. Lodge awoke to a knowledge of its own interests and import-
ance, and took charge of the matter. In that year it was " Re-
solved, that the G. Sec. be instructed to cause a suitable plate
of the cards of clearance and visiting cards adopted at tins session
to be engraved, and that the State G. Lodges and Encampments^
be furniiiihed witli said cards at cost ; and than no State G. Lodge
or G. Encampment sliall liave a right to print said cards after the
1st of January next."' This was an assertion of authority which
made way for other reforms in the same direction, whose tendency
was to bring about system and uniformity. The cards thus be-
came uniform, and under superior sanctions were more solemn
and valuable. Imposition became more dilHcult, and the holder
was everywhere under tlie protection of the G. Lodge of the U. S.

But to return again to tlie i)roceedings of May tlie 1st, 1827.
It was ordered that a vote of tlianks to G. S. Wildey be prepared
for his exertions in promoting tlie good of the Order, and for the
service rendered by his late voyage to England ; and that the same
be handsomely framed at the expense of the G. Lodge. The con-
stitution of the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania was presented by Kep.
Pearce, together with a copy of the work of its subordinates,
which was gratefully responded to by the G. Sire. A new G.

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 191

charter was also granted to the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, in lieu
of that formerly granted that body. G. S. Wildey then called
attention to the change to the new signs which had been adopted
in England ; the old signs having been abolished. But the G. Lodge
was shocked at this innovation upon ancient usage, and declared the
acjt to be an invasion of the landmarks of the Order, and resolved
to adhere to the old entersign, countersign, P. Word and G. It
was ordered that brothers should be instructed in both forms, and
that the English lodges be requested to follow this example, by
imparting both the old and new signs to all brothers about to
visit this country. The A. T. P. W. was then ordered to be
placed in the possession of the G. M. and D. G. M. of each State
jurisdiction ; when, as the record reads, the session was closed
" in friendship and brotherly love." Fourteen subordinate lodges
were reported in the several jurisdictions, but no further statistics
of the operations of the year are recorded.

Two special committee meetings were held on 12th of Nov-
ember, 1827, and 15th of January, 1828. At the fii*st a charter
was granted to Central Lodge, No. 1, at Washington, District of
Columbia, upon the petition of Thomas M. Abbett, Robert Boyd,
John Cragg, Thomas Smith and Samuel Knapp. G. Sire Wildey
was authorized to open the lodge on the 26th of November,
1827. At tlie second meeting a charter was granted to George-
town Lodge, No. 2, also in the District of Columbia, upon the
petition of Robert Boyd, T. Wedds, Francis King, John Elvans,
John Douglass and John Cragg. The G. S. was directed to insti-
tute this lodge on the 23d of January, 1828, and thanks were
voted to Thomas M. Abbett for liis energy and valuable services.
At this meeting information was received of the expulsion of
Strangers' Refuge Lodge, No. 4, by the G. Lodge of New York ;
the action was confirmed, and notice ordered to be sent to each of
the State G. Lodges. This penalty was inflicted for insubordina-
tion and persistent resistance to the authority of its G. Lodge.

The fourth regular annual session took place on May the Ist,
182S. The G. S. presided, and all the officers were present, ex-
cepting the G. Sec, whose place was temporarily filled. The
credentials of the reps, and proxies in attendance were examined
and found to be correct. It was found that Massachusetts was
not in any numner represented ; an unfavorable augury. The
reports from the other States gave unmistakable evidence of de-

192 AMEBIOAK ODD FELLOWSHIP.

<5ided progress. Tlie yearly report was more comprehensive than
heretofore ; there was given, in addition to the number of lodges in
each State, the number of expulsions and contributing members,
with a column in the table for special remarks. The number of
subordinate lodges had readied 19, having increased since the
first report (1825) by 7 lodges; and although the aggregate member-
ship does not appear, yet in Pennsylvania it had reached 568.
The minutes of the session are also more extended than on
former occasions, and evince an improvement in the department
of the G. Sec. That office being vacant, John J. Koach, P. 6.,
was api>ointed by the G. S. to fill the vacancy. No reason
appears on the journal for this vacancy in the office to which Bro-
"Willianis had been elected for the term of four years; the sequel
however discloses the fact that Williams had been expelled.
Communications were presented from the Manchester Unity,
relating to the changes of " the signs." Immediate action took
place, to the eflect that both should l)e taught to initiates,
but that the new sign should be the proper working sign. The
rule was established at this session, that the name and number of
a lodge which had been suspended, or whicli from any cause
had ceased to work, should not be granted to any other lodge.
This legislation continued in force, and was not repealed until
1873 and 1870. (Journal, 5949, 7008, 7064.) A copy of the seal
of each G. and subordinate lodge was ordered to be transmitted
to the Sec. so that a cabinet of seals should be formed. The
amendment by Pennsylvania, laid on the table the previous year,
changing the time of meeting from the fii'st of May to the first
Monday in May, was adopted. The vote of thanks ordered at
the last session to be prepared and tendered to the G. S. was
brought in, and the lodge took a recess from business ; when Rep.
Small of Pennsylvania made the presentation with appropriate
remarks, to which the G. Sire made a suitable reply.

The following is a copy of the resolutions, which were
engrossed, and enclosed in a beautiful frame :

"5?^^ the greatest of these is Charity.''^

Tlie Grand Lodge of the United States of the Independent
Order of Odd Fellows : to all lodges and worthy brethren tlirough-
out the Globe, these presents in Friendship, Love and Truth, come
greeting : Know ye, that taking into consideration the long
services and unwearied exertions of our Most Worthy Grand Sire,

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 193

Thomas Wildey, to whom Odd Fellowship in America is chiefly
indebted for its rise and progress ; and particularly the sacrifices
he has lately made by crossing the Atlantic in search of informa-
tion for the welfare of the Order, by wliich we have been
materially benefitted ; and desirous of showing him some mark of
our respect for his private virtues and public services, we have on
the first day of May, A. D. 1827, at the Grand Annual Commu-
nication ol the Grand Lodge of the United States, passed the
following resolution:

Resolved, That this Grand Lodge have prepared a vote of
thanks to our Most Worthy Grand Sire, for his unwearied exer-
tions in promoting the good of the Order, and particularly for
the ser\'ices rendered by his late voyage to England ; that the
same be handsomely framed, and the expenses thereof paid out of
the funds of this Lodge.

Li accordance witli which resolve, we, the imdersigned Offi-
cers, Proxies and Representatives of the Grand Lodge of the
United States, have caused the same to be prepared, and now
respectfully present the same to our Most Wortny Grand Sire,
Thomas AV ildey, with our best wishes for his future welfare ; hum-
l)ly trusting he will go on and persevere in raising the noble stnic-
ture, of which he is the father and founder in America; in the
l)enefits resulting from which many have already largely partici-
pated ; and that he may ever so conduct himself to deserve, as he
now receives, the warmest admiration of every Odd Fellow.

Li testimony whereof, we have hereunto set our respective
names, and displayed the colors of the Order, in Grand Lodge of
the United States, at Baltimore, this nineteenth day of May,
Anno Domini 1827, on which day the Grand Seal of said Lodge
was annexed.

John Welch, D. G. S.
[seal] John Roach, G. G.

John J. Roach, G. S.

Thomas Scotchburn, Rep. of Md.

Thomas Small, Rep. of renn.

The expulsion of Strangers' Refuge Lodge, of New York, for
insubordination, was ordered to be published in the newspapers
of the several jurisdictions. But the most important business
transacted was the adoption of a resolution providing for a Grand
Movable Committee, whose duty it should be to move once in four
years through the States in which G. Lodges were organized ; the
committee to consist of the G. S. and a Rep. or Proxy to be ap-
pointed by him. This was an experiment fashioned upon the
plan of the English system of government, and, as it will appear,
did not prove successful. It was also ordered that the degrees
13

194 AMEBIGAK ODD FELLOWSHIP.

be revised, and thanks were voted to prominent members of the
Manchester Unity, whose names are in the journal. Two reso-
lutions, however, of general interest were introduced at the close
of the session, and passed. First, "that the G. Lodge of the
U. S. most strenuously recommends the establishment of Patriar-
chal Encampments throughout the different States, as they will
prove of considerable use and benefit to the Independent Order/'
This was responsive to the information communicated at the
opening of the session, by Rep. Scotchbum, of Md., that in that
State an Encampment of Patriarchs had been formed, " the estab-
lishment of which was considered a great improvement in the
Order." This movement, which has had such grand results, has
been fully considered elsewhere in this volume. Secondly,
that, " Whereas the constitution of the G. Lodge of the U. S»
of the Lidependent Order of Odd Fellows is defective in
several of its articles, therefore, resolved, that the same be taken
up for consideration and general revision." Whereupon Rep.
Small, of Pennsylvania, submitted a draft of a new constitution,
which was read, and after undergoing various alterations, was
ordered to be referred to the several G. Lodges for their approvaL
This was orderly and in accordance with the existing constitu-
tion, and was moreover strictly correct in its designation of the
name and stvle of the Order. Some modifications were made
in the mode of conferring degrees ; and after adopting financial
regulations, altering the form of the annual reports, directing
the list of lodges to be published, and passing a vote of thanks to
Rep. Small, the session was closed, in " Friendship, Love and
Truth."

We have referred to the correct phraseology used at this ses-
sion with reference to tlie Order, and deem it a subject of snfR-
cient importance to examine in detail, as on this point, for many
years, all was discrepancy and confusion. In the minutes of the
early days, both in England and America, the reader is struck
with the want of uniformity in the name and initials which
designated Odd P'ellowship. The journal of the G. Lodge
of the U. S. seemed to contradict itself constantly, in almost every
reference made to the name. It was indifferently that of Inde-
pendent Odd Fellows, Independent Odd Fellowship, Order of
Independent Odd Fellows, and then again, Independent Order
of Odd Fellows, which last was evidently the original, adopted

THE 6BAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 195

at Manchester at the formation of tlie Unity, from whicli the
American Order was derived. Attention has been especially
directed to the variance in the titular captions employed from
time to time in official documents issued by the G. bodies of the
Order. For instance, the charter from the Manchester Unity to
the G. Lodge of the U. S., 15th of May, 1826, is distinctively
headed with the letters " I. O. O. F."; and the fact is set forth
that the dispensation in granted in consideration of the charter
formerly granted by the Duke of York Lodge, Preston, to certain
officers and brothers of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows,
of Baltimore, in the United States of America. The actual reci-
tal in the dispensation here referred to, is " to the Grand Lodge
of Maryland and of the United States of America, of the Inde-
pendent Order of Odd Fellowship." So also in several charters
issued by the G. T^dge of the U. S., the initials O. I. O. F. pre-
vail, as well as in many official papers. This confusion evidently
is chargeable to the incompetency or negligence of the proper
officers. After some research, the following appears to us indis-
putably to establish the style and title of the Order.

The name of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows was
acquired by a movement in the direction of reform, set on foot at
Manchester, England, by a few Odd Fellows who had been
connected with the ancient Order in London, sometimes called
the London Unity. This step was led by a marble mason of the
name of Bolton, who in the year 1809 went to Manchester, and
there organized a lodge, under a dispensation from the G. Lodge
of England ; which title was assumed by the London Unity.
This lodge was called Victory Lodge, and was followed about the
year 1810, by the change of a beneficial club at Salford, Manches-
ter, into a lodge of Odd Fellows, called the " Lord Abercrombie
Grand Lodge." This new lodge was founded by one Robert
Naylor, afterwards Grand Master of the Manchester Unity. It
introduced an improved financial system, and attracted a decidedly
l)etter material. By virtue of its name and paternity it took the
lead among the lodges in Manchester. For a time there was a
want of harmony, arising out of this assumption of superiority by
" Lord Abercrombie G. Lodge," but better counsels prevailing, a
convention of the lodges agreed \\\xyn a union, on which the
Manchester organization was constnicted in 1814, as an "Inde-
pendent Order of Odd Fellows." The various orders of Odd

196 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSliU*.

Fellows in the city of London had, as they severally sprung up,
arbitrarily distinguished themselves by special titles or appella-
tions. Hence great confusion prevailed as these names multiplied.
Several years elapsed before even in the Manchester district the
Independent Order adhered uniformly to its distinctive " I. O. O. F."
Bonietimes the term used was I. O. F., sometimes " Independent
Odd Fellowship"; again it was designated I. O. (). F. ; and thus
it continued until che administration was directed bv more skil-
ful officers, who were required to subscribe the name officially.

A like confusion prevailed in this country in early Odd Fel-
lowship. We have seen that the original charter of Washington
Lodge, No. 1, contained the style of the " Independent Order of
Odd Fellowship." After the acceptance of that charter, and the
union with the Manchester Unity, we have no means of ascer-
taining by what title the Order was originally known in Marj--
land ; but after the formation of the G. Lodge of Md. and the
U. S., in 1821, the divergent styles frequently api>ear. At a
meeting of that body, of August 22,1821, a resolution was adopted,
hailing Franklin Lodge, No. 2, as a legal lodge of " Independent
Odd Fellows." Again, at a special meeting of the G. Committee
of December 19, 1821, the body is characterized as the " Grand
Committee of the Grand Lodge of the I. O. F. of Md. and of
the XT. S. of America." But on the 22d of February, 1822, we
find on the journal, in the annual reports of the subordinate lodges,
" I. O. O. F.," and so in the reports of 1823. The charter from
England to Columbia Lodge, No. 1, New York, uses the phrase
of Independent Odd Fellows in the description of the name,
whereas the grant therein contained was to establish a lodge of
Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Again the application Irom
the same lodge to the American authorities for a charter is in
behalf of Columbia Lodge, No. 1, I. O. F. ; whilst the new
charter granted sets out as follows : " Order of Independent Odd
Fellows," and the grant was to five P. Grands by that name.
At page 60 of the journal, at a general committee meeting, a
formal report was submitted by Wildey, Welch and Entwisle, in
which they use the letters " O. I. O. F.," in styling the Order ;
while at page 70, the first rr.nstitution which appears in print is
of the " Independent Order of Odd Fellows."

The name and style having become a constitutional enact-
ment, it would be supposed that erratic appellations would be

THE GBAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 197

discontinued. Not so, however, for at page 72 we find reference
" to any lodge of the I. O. F.," and at page 73 it is called the
" Order of Odd Fellowship." Such culpable indifference appears
to have possessed our ancestors upon this subject, that several
styles or titles continued to be given promiscuously to the Order
in England as well- as in this countiy, notwithstanding, as we
have remarked, the Manchester Unity, the parent body, sprang
into existence distinctively as an " Independent Order of Odd
Fellows," and so distinctively declared its name. In this, as in
everything else connected with the growth of the Order, unifonn-
ity was only attained after careful hands were called to the work.
The early minutes and records partook of the character of the
original men, and the present admirable system is the gathered
wisdom of half a century. After the fonnation of the G. Lodge
of the United States, under its constitution as of the Inde-
pendent Order of Odd Fellows in 1825, greater care appears in
adhering to the constitutional title. Nevertlieless, departures
from the proper name were not infrequent until 1834, when a
remarkable occurrence appears to have set the matter at rest.
The constitution of the G. Lodge of Ohio having been submitted
for approval, it was referred to a conmiittee, when two reports
were submitted. The majority and minority repoits agreed in
substance as to the error found in the constitution submitted to
tliem, but diflfered in the resolutions appended. The report of
the minority, which was adopted, will be found in Journal 179.
The reply of Ohio, presented at the next session, speaks for itself:

To the R, W. Grand Lodge of the United States.

The committee to whom was referred the proceedings of the
G. Lodge of the U. S., in reference to the title-page of the consti-
tution and by-laws of the G. Lodge of Ohio, begs leave to report,
that notwithstanding the G. Lodge of the U. S. now chooses to
dii-ect this G. Lodge to change its title from " Order of Indepen-
dent Odd Fellows," to that of the " Independent Order of Odd
Fellows," yet it has ever given us the strongest reasons for using
the terms that we have employed. We will here state a few oi
them. The charter of the G. Lodee, derived directly from the
G. Lodge of the U. S., is headed in the most conspicuous manner
})0ssiblc. O. of L O. F. Thus are we directed bv the very fount
of our being to use the tenns we have, and should we have used
others we would have justly deserved censure. And besides,
there has never l)een a charter received in this State from the G.
Lodge of the U. S. but which was headed " Order of Independent

198 AMEBICAX ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Odd FellowB," or simply " Independent Odd Fellows "; the one
bearing us out in the whole, the other in the essential part of the
title we have used. Again, at the annual communication of the
G. Lodge of the U. S., held at the city of Baltimore, commencing
on October 6, 1834, we find the reix)rt of the G. Lodge of Md.
headed, "O. of I. O. F."; and in the report of the G. Lodge of
New Jersey, we learn that the " Order of Independent Odd
Fellows" is in a flourishing condition. In the report of the G.
Encampment of Md., we again find " O. of I. O. F." used in
addressmg the G. Lodge of the U. S. And further, on P^e 27
of the printed proceedings of the G. Lodge of the XL S., we
observe a report addressed to that body by its title and
*' O. I. O. F.," and sij^ned James L. Ridgely, Charles Mowatt and
Thomas "Wildey. lour committee does not pretend to assert
that O. of I. O. F. is indisputably right, but it wishes to show by
what authority the tenn has been adopted in this State. We do
not therefore think that we have fallen into an error, as is
supposed in a report adopted by the G. Lodge of the U. S. If
there is an error, it belongs to those who have preceded ns.
Your committee would conclude by offering the following :

Resolved^ That James L. Eidgely, our Rep. to the G. L. of
the U. S., have the thanks of this G. Lodge for the manner in
which he protested against the right of the Grand Lodge of the
U. S. to interfere with the constitution of the G. Lodge of Ohio.

Resolved^ That this G. Lodge continue to use the title affixed
to its constitution, until the G. Lodge of the U. S. shall pass some
resolution settling the style which shall be used throughout the
United States.

It seems that these resolutions were adopted by the G. Lodge of
Ohio, but were afterwards reconsidered and sent to the G. Lodge
of the II. S. Tlie commimication went to a committee, where
it was permitted to sleep. At the same session (1835), the com-
mittee on returns reported the G. Lodge of Md. in error in styling
itself O. I. O. F. instead of I. O. of O. F., and to crown the
whole, two forms of re]X)rts from subordinates are appended at
the end of the journal, one containing L O. O. F. and the other
I. O. of O. F. as the titU\ But at the session of 1836 the com-
mittee of correspondence, which was also a connnittee on consti-
tutions, rejx)rted u])on a number of such instruments, and cor-
rected the style of Wildey Encampment of Patriarchs, No. 1, of
Ohio, by adding the true initials of the Order, L O. O. F. So
that the stvle and title of the Order in this countrv was settled
correctly at last, and has never since been di^sturbud. (Jour-
nal 2240

THE GBAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 199

It may here be remarked that our undoubted genesis from the
Manchester Unity, and want of afiBnity with Odd Fellows of any
other style, is so manifest that we can scarcely believe that labored
efforts have been made to connect American Odd Fellowship with
self-instituted lodges in New York antecedent to Columbia Lodge,
No. 1, of that State. • All such efforts are futile, and have no color
of authority or shadow of force; such lodges having been self-
instituted hodieSy called Odd Fellows^ having no connection with
the Manchester Unity or recognition by it ; and, if having any
ritual, most probably had that of the London Order, certainly
not ours. But we now resume the narrative at the close of the
fourth annual session held on the 1st of May, 18^8.

Three committee meetings were lield in the recess ; one of
September 28th, 1828, at which a charter was granted for a G.
Lodge to be located at Washington, District of Columbia, upon
the petition of Thomas M. Abbett and John Wells, of Lodge No.
1, and Kobert Boyd, James Gettys and James Ashton, of Lodge
No. 2. The numbers in the two lodges which had been organ-
ized in the District, were not reported at the last annual session ;
80 that we have no means of determining whether this movement
was a necessary one. At the close of the next year, however,
when the report of the new G. Lodge was received, there were
but 80 members in the jurisdiction. The erection of this G.
Lodge would, therefore, seem to have been premature. But the
G. Lodge, notwithstanding, was opened by G. S. Wildey, on the
24th of November, 1828, w^hen the G. Officers were installed.
The second special committee was held on March 30th, 1829, when
a charter was granted for a lodge to be located at Camden, New
Jersey, to be hailed by the title of New Jersey Lodge, No. 1,
upon the petition of brothers George Dare, William A. 11. Dare,
Howell Stokes, William Middleton and Geo. Roseman. The third
meeting, held on the 10th day of April, 1829, also granted a
charter for a lodge to be located at Paterson, New Jersey, and to
be hailed by the title of Benevolent Lodge, No. 2, on the petition
of brothers John Armitage, Abraham Douckersly, William Wil-
liams, John Douckersly and James McKim.

The proceedings of the two last committee meetings were
subscribed by John Starr, G. Sec. pro tein. Brother John Starr
had been recently admitted into the Order, had not passed
the chairs, and had little or no experience as an Odd Fellow ; but

200 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

he had received a liberal education, was of agreeable manners^
and although a very young man, had become a favorite com-
panion of G. S. "Wildey. When G. Sec. Ridgely was initiated
in 1829, he found this brother, to use a figure we all imderstand,
" the right supporter " to the G. Sire. From tliis time forward
he acted as G. &ee.j>ro tern, until the election of Brother Au-
gustus Mathiot at the annual session of 1S29. In that interval,
and for several years after, he was the private secretary and in-
tellectual prompter of Wildey; but unhappily he formed bad
habits, rapidly degenerated, was dropped from his lodge, and soon
afterwards died.

The fifth annual communication was opened on May the 4th,
1829, under the amended constitution, being the first Monday in
May. The following were present: Oflicers, Thomas Wildey,
G. S. ; John Welch, his Deputy ; John Starr, G. Sec. pro tem.y
and Robert Gott, G. G. p/'<> tetn.^ and the following members :
Reps. John Roach, of Maryland ; John 11. Cam])bell, of Penn-
sylvania, and Thomas M. Abbett, of the District of Columbia,
and Proxies Charles Brice, of Massachusetts, and Richard
Marley, of New York. It will be seen that the G. Lodge of the
District of Columbia had sent a member to the body, thus ex-
tending the area of the federal union. The constitution was
read, and the last year's proceedings of the ifovable Committee
of the Manchester ITnitv, together with a letter from theEnjrlisli
G. Sec. Wardle, and the reply of the G. Sire, all of wJiich were
approved. The reports of the several representatives were then
made : Maryland was flourishing ; Massachusetts was in a critical
condition, the G. M. was without oflicers, and discord and jealousy
marked the proceedings ; New York was in " a promising situa-
tion "; Pennsylvania was increasing rapidly, and the District
had an increase in numbers. In the aggregate there were now
5 G. Lodges, 31 subordinates, and over 1000 contributing
members.

The constitution was again amended, changing the time of
the annual meeting from tlie first Monday in May to the first
Monday in September. The resolution creating an annual
movable committee was amended, to allow the G. S. to appoint
his colleague from the P. G.'s at large. There being no treasury
and no treasurer, the G. S. was invested with tlie functions of
that oflice, and was authorized to retain one hundred dollars to

THE OBAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 201

defray the necessary expenses ; keeping a correct account of his
receipts, and making a report at tlie next session. A vote of
thanks was then awarded to the G. M. and D. G. M. of the
Manchester Unity, for their services in tlie Order. The lodge
proceeded to the election of officers, when the following were
elected and installed : Thomas Wildey, G. S. for four years,
and Augustus Mathiot, G. Sec. for two years. The G. S.
appointed liis subordinates, who were also installed, viz: Thomas
Scotchbum, D. G. S., and Robert Gott, G. G.; the ap}X)intinent&
having been approved by the G. Lodge. The amended draft of
another constitution, which had been proposed at the last session,
and submitted to the State G. Lodges, was taken up, considered
seriatim and adopted. The vote is not known, as no ayes or
noes appear upon the journal. These numerous constitutions
bear internal evidence of the painstaking effort of the ]x)dy to
perfect a system of fimdamental law which is deserving of praise ;
we shall not copy this one, which may be found on Journal 99,
100 and 101.

The principal alterations in the constitution of 1S25, as
amended, were as follows : Tlie meeting of the annual session
was clianged from the first Monday in May to the first Monday
in September ; the G. S. was to be elected one year before enter-
ing on his office for the term of two years, and to be re-eligible;
the G. Sec. and G. G. were to be elected each for two years,
but were not entitled to the honors of office unless they served
four years; and subordinates under the immediate jurisdiction
of the G. Lodge of the U. S. should pay ten per cent, of their
income to that body. The failing condition of the Order in
Massachusetts was made known, and the G. S. was instnicted,
on the occasion of the next visit of the movable committee, to use
every eflbrt to revive the Order in that State. The lectures of
the subordinate degi'ees " as revised," says the journal, were taken
up and further modified; no trace of such revision has been
preserved. The chief feature of the session was the vote of
thanks presented to G. S. Wildey, "for his indefatigable exer-
tions in promoting the interest of the Order, and for his general
conduct during the past year." The G. S. arose and replied in
an elaborate address, which was spread upon the Journal, pages
103-4-5-6, as the address made "on his installation for the
second term." This production was a brief history of the Order

202 AMEBIOAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

in this country, put in strong language, with the inseparable
connection of the speaker with all its incidents, and gave evidence
of deep thought and strong powers in the writer. So far-reaching
a view as the following is full of wisdom :

" The constitution of our federal government, framed by tlie
wisdom of the sages of the Revolution, wherein twenty-four
wheels revolve in one wheel, twenty-four empires in one empire,
And twenty-four sovereignties in one sovereignty, acting together
in one harmonious concert, the beauty of its symmetry and
practical operation has commanded the gratitude of our country-
men and the applause of mankind. Upon this system has been
reared the government of Odd Fellowship, and by it the Order
has been advanced, its interest promoted, and its prosperity
secured."

It is very evident that Encampments were at this time held
only as Degree Lodges for conferring the sublime degrees. The
idea of making them a separate branch, or in any manner
separating them from the G. Lodges, does not appear to have
-dawned upon the legislators. The report says : " The sublime
degrees without the aid of Encampments can only be dispensed
by a State G. Lodge, and from its locality the favored few of its
vicinity almost exclusively enjoy the privilege it confers. A
-country like ours, extended as it is, every State having numerous
<;itie8 and towns, with a large population within its confines, ex-
tending in territory to hundreds of miles, should of itself impress
the necessity of providing the means wherewith all can partici-
pate in the advantages that the Order confers, and which can
only be accomplished by annexing Encampments to the sub-
ordinate lodges." This address will amply repay perusal, and
indicates a new intellectual movement, the precursor of a revolu-
tion in the higher walks of Odd Fellowship. After providing
for a draft of an improved form of reports for State G. Lodges,
and ordering a list of the subordinates to be appended to the
minutes, the session was closed.

Two special committee meetings were held during the ensuing
year; the first without date of day or month, 1830, confen'ed a
charter on a lodge to be located in the city of Providence, Rhode
Island, and to be hailed as ** Friendly Unicni L(>d«re, No. 1." The
petition Mas ])y brothers Henry Ilobson, Waller McFarlane,
John Doran, Francis Chadbuni, James Bury and John Bowcock.

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 203

The second special coinmittee was held May 27th, 1830, upon
the application of brothers George McFarlane, James McNeale,
Thomas Hill, Simon Robinson, John Scott, Joseph Smitli, James
Piatt, Nelson Ball and L. Manchester, praying for a charter for
a lodge to be located at Wilmington, Delaware, by the name of
Delaware Lodge, No. 1 ; which was granted.

The sixth annual communication was opened on the 6th day
of September, 1830, under auspicious circumstances ; G. S. Wildey
taking the chair for the first time in the term for which he had
been re-elected. D. G. S. Welch drops out of the record at this
session, and but one of the five that met at the " Seven Stars "
remains. Why this faithful and zealous man of 1819 retired and
left his early friend and associate, nowhere appears ; the minutes
and tradition being both silent on the subject. The constitution
being read, the officers installed at the previous session took
their seats. The Reps, present were Samuel Lucas, of Mary-
land; John n. Campbell, of Pennsylvania; and James Gettys,
of the District of Columbia ; Proxies Charles Brice, of Massachu-
setts, and Richard Marley, of New York.

Thomas Scotchburn, who filled the seat of D. G. S. Welch,
was a new man, who had but recently arrived in the country, and
the change was unwise, if it could have been avoided. The sound
judgment of his predecessor, and his pei'sonal standing in the
community, gave him a local influence i)ossessed by no one else, and
we feel assured that the reasons must have been imperative which
caused him to decline an appointment for a second term. D. G.
S. Scotchburn, it will be found in the sequel, did not make his
mark in the Order, although we find his name up to 1834; after
that time he ceased to have any position or influence. But the
loss of Welch was largely compensated by the acquisition of a
G. Sec. equal to the demands of the jwsition. Entwisle and
Welch had both held the oflSce and had filled it acceptably, but
their successors were not fortunately chosen. Augustus Mathiot
had both zeal and intelligence, and in this respect the new admin-
istration was a decided improvement. The gain also was great
in the choice of a G. G.; Robert Gott was a brother of great i>er-
sonal popularity among the lodges, and had done good service
for the reform in Maryland. The same may be said of Rep. Lu-
cas of that State. Tlie Representatives of Pennsylvania and the
District of Columbia were equally exerting all their energies in

204 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

that direction. There was everj' reason that the session slionld
open under favorable auspices. This reform was tlie separation
of the sale of liquor from lodge-rooms, which was consummated
at the building and occupancy of the hall on Gay Street. G. S.
Wildey, although at first oppoi^ed to building the hall, bowed ta
the popular sentiment, and subsequently gave the project his cor^
dial and powerful support.

The business of the session was at once entered upon. Rep.
Lucas gave a report from Maryland for the year, from which
it appeared that there were five subordinate lodges at prosperous
work, numbering 372 contributing members, and one Encamp-
ment, with 30 members. 337 candidates had been admitted, and
the revenue of the lodges had reached 8^427. This flattering
condition, in comparison with the previous state of this jurisdic-
tion, clearly unfolded the material progress which had been inau-
gurated ; and is explained by the further statement that the
G. Lodge was erecting a spacious hall, which would be finished
by the close of the year. The increase was wonderful, adding to
the Order more members than it had previously numbered, whilst
the receipts suri)assed those of any former year.

This may be regarded as the fii'st popular movement toward
Odd Fellowship, owing to its greater publicity, which was brought
about bv the accession of a new element, and the ambitious veil-
ture of building a hall to be dedicated to its work and principles.
It was the firi^t violent motion upon the surface, which broke in
wave after wave upon our peacfcful shore?*, bearing upon their
crests a nmltitude, to rest in our hospitable tents and take refuge
in our lodges as a newly discovered Arcadia; the forerunner of
that tidal wave which has bonie a nation, in numbei's, to sit down
with us in fraternal unity. But this was yet in the future, and
many struggles had to be made, many slanders and attacks of
ignorance and prejudice to be em^ountercd, before the principles
of toleration were to triumph over the hatred of the bigot and the
narrowness of his creed.

The Proxy of Massachusetts, Bro. Brice, was without official
information from that jurisdiction, in which the Order was re-
ported at the last session to be on the wane. Tlie apathy which
had caused this condition was on the increase, and the prospect
was gloomy. On the other hand. Rep. Campbell, of Pennsylva-
nia, gave a thrillingly interesting narrative of the progress of the

THE GRAND LODGE OF TIJE UNITED STATES. 206

Order in his jurisdiction, indicating that it was taking the lead,
which it has never lost, as the Empire jurisdiction in the Order.
He astonished the G. Lodge with the report of 33 subordinate lodges
nt work, containing 2247 members, full of arflor and ambition.
The revenue had reached nearly §13,000, and this announcement
must have deeply moved those who had never before computed
a revenue but by tens and hundreds. The increase over the pre-
vious year was nearly 500 in membership, and over $7000 in rev-
enue. He also reported a G. Encampment under his G. Lodge,
with 10 members, and one Encampment subordinate to the G.
Encampment, containing 80 membere, with receipts amounting
to $395.28 ; also 4 Degree Lodges. After these facts and figures,
the dullest could see what has since been verified, that Pennsvl-
vania would overshadow and surpass every other jurisdiction.
The District of Columbia reported an increase of 2 subordinates
and 22 members, with an aggregate membership of 83, and
of revenue about $400. Tliese figures are small, but one
reason for that lay in the small territory to which they were
restricted. The reports from New Jersey and Rhode Island were
meagre, and of no importance ; and there was none from New
York, a very unfavorable sign.

The reader will observe that Degree Lodges make their
first apj)earancc at this session, in the report of the G. Lodge of
Pennsylvania ; their history and uses are elsewhere detailed in
the chapter on the Degrees and Encampments.

An addition was made to travelling certificates, in requiring
the signature of the holder to be indorsed in the proper hand of
the brother, for the purpose of identification. It was recom-
mended to G. Lodges to keep up a direct correspondence with
their proxies, that they might be properly instructed in the wishes
of their constituents. These were both salutarj' provisions ; but
the most important measure adopted was the declaration or expo-
sition of existing constitutional law touching the powers of the
G. S., in the following words : " Resolved, that the powers of the
G. S. of the G. Lodge of the United States are contained in the
constitution of said G. Lodge." Also, " Resolved, that all the pro-
ceedings of the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, relative to the late
Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, and its several members, be affirmed,
and the same is herebv confirmed." These two resolutions stand-
ing alone as they do upon the journal, appear, the one as a mere

206 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

abstract declaration, and the other, imaccompanied with explana-
tion, conveys no intelligible information. The compilers of tho
early journal have appended a foot-note, see Journal 108, which
gives a clue to their meaning, but the information is vague and
unsatisfactory. The whole matter in detail will be found in tlie
chapter on the 6. Lodge of Pennsylvania ; a brief outline is all that
is here necessary.

The Order was planted in Pennsylvania by the institution of
Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, which afterwards, upon the forma-
tion of a G. Lodge in that State, became its first subordinate. But
the lodge was verj' uneasy under the new arrangement, and from
time to time gave indications, by its conduct, of a disposition to
assume something of its fonner indej^endence. The crisis soon
came. A brother by the name of Field was refused benefits by
the lodge, and appealed to the G, Lodge. It seems that Field
was, on this occasion, expelled ; the G. Lodge required its
subordinate to reinstate him in membership ; but instead of com-
pliance, the lodge returned to the G. Lodge its order of reversal.
Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, was then summoned to answer the
charge of insubordination, and, refusing to recede, was deprived
of its charter and formally dissolved. But the subordinate lodge
refused to give up its books and papers, and set up as an independent
G. Lodge, under itj^ original charter of institution, granted in 1823.
There were scandal, confusion and litigation, and the harmony of the
whole jurisdiction was threatened. In the midst of this conten-
tion, G. S. Wildey visited Pennsylvania Lodge, was received with
great honor, and a medal was presented to him. His sympathicB
were appealed to, and his judgment warped by the statements
made ; and on his return to Baltimore, he wrote a letter to the lodge,
setting forth in strong language the legality of its course, and the
unlawfulness of the action of its G. Lodire. He also sent a simi-
lar communication to the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, which was
received by that body with astonishment ; they resp(»ctiully re-
turned it to the writer as beyond his province, and as an inter-
meddling which they would not permit. A committee being"
sent to Baltimore, presented the matter to tlu^ G. Lodge of the
V. S., which unanimously supported the G. Lodge of Pennsylva-
nia in the exercise of its just rights. The G. Sire, on being bet-
ter informed, joined the representatives in signing such documents
as put the question at rest forever. It was his only great indis-

THE O&AND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 207

cretion, and he nobly hastened to atone for his fault. The
two resolutions we have cited are the official action on this sub-
ject, defining the powers of the G. S., and approving the heroic
conduct of the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania in this masterly asser-
tion of its sovereign authority. We can, in the light of the previ-
ous explanation, fully comprehend the following :

W/iereas, a constitution and by-laws have recently appeared,
purporting to be " The constitution and bv-laws of the G, Lodge
of Pennsylvania, of the L O. O. F., established by the authority
of the G. Lodge of Md. and of the U.S., revised and adopted at
tlieir new hall, North Fifth Street, Philadelphia, February 23d,
1830," which constitution and by-laws are calculated to mislead,
inasmuch as the said G. Lodge of Md. and the U. S. has dissolved
and became extinct on the 22d day of February, 1825, and no
charter has ever been granted to the self-styled G. Lodge ; there-
fore,

Rcsolvedy That the said lodge, claiming to be established by
authority above stated, is spurious and unauthorized by any com-
petent jurisdiction.

This is an important episode in the history of the G. Lodge of
the U. S.; important, as calculated to strain to its utmost tension
the federal system, and evincing its ability to maintain itself
under the most trying ordeal. It was the deathblow to the effort
to recede to the petty stand-point of the local system, from which
it had emerged, and to return to the condition of independent
aid societies and convivial clubs, where it had originated. Strange
that these facts were not spread upon the journal of that session !
The correspondence does not appear in the letter-book of the G.
Sire, and but for the care of the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, would
have been entirely lost. In fact, the records of the supreme body
at that day were so meagre and unsatisfactory, that without the
assistance of the State journals, it would be impossible to get at
the facts with jaccuracy.

We pass to the experiment which was entered upon at tlie
session of 1828, and amended in 1829, viz: the Movable Commit-
tee, which had been borrowed from the Manchester Unity, under
the fonn of government which it had lately adopted. A report
was introduced by the G. S. as " the very able and elaborate re-
port of the Movable Committee," detailing its operations minutely
in visiting the G. and subordinate lodges in Massachusetts, New

208 AHEBICA17 ODD FELLOWSHIP.

York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, wliich was read and ordered
to be filed in the archives, where it was found by the search of
tlie compilers of the journal, and was printed as a foot-note to
Journal, 109.

This was the first and only report of the committee. Its busi-
ness was to look after the interests of the Order in the general
jurisdiction:, to give aid and comfort, and to keep the G. Lodge
properly advised of every matter aflecting the conmion welfare.
In New York and Massachusetts there was abundant field for the
labors of such a committee ; for although the Order in the former
State was represented as prosperous, the facts, so far as they can
be gathered, were otherwise. That G. Lodge barely had an exist-
ence ; it had made its headquarters first at New York, but in
1828 removed them to Albany. Such was the irregularity and
confusion, that in 1829 no less than three brothers claimed to
have been elected to the oflice of G. M. Its subordinates were
80 much neglected that they lost heart, and all tlie lodges located
in Albany, being numbers three, five and seven, resigned their
charters, and united in one lodge, under the name of Union Lodge,
No. 8. At the same session, 1829, Lodge No. 2, in Duchess
County, also suiTcndered its charter. This is a decided contra-
diction of the rose-colored statements made by the ^lovable Com-
mittee. From this time matters grew wor?c, and tlie work of
destruction went on until nothing was leftof tlicM)rigina] Wildey
organization. The same was true in tlie case of ila^sacliusetts,
where the Order had gone down until it had no organized exist-
ence. The G. Lodge, in aid of the M-ell-meant eflbrts of tlie Mov-
able Committee, appointed a committee to act jointly in the case
of those two States, with plenary power to do all things necessary
for their resuscitation.

The annual reports, to the end of the year 1830, were, after
all, encouraging; the whole number of subordinates being 58, and
the membershi]) nnnibering more than 3000.

Two special sessions were held in 1830 ; the one of the 2(Uh
of September, to act upon the application of Nathaniel Estling,
C. Harkin, J. Brice, J. W. Holt, T. L. Bedford and J. Gill, for a char-
ter for Ohio Lodge, No. 1, to be located at Cincinnati. A propo-
sition, in this connection, was made to amend the constitution in
Article X., so as to allow any qualified person to open a lodge.
The second special meeting was called on the same subjei-t ; the

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 209

charter was granted, and Dep. G. Master Paul delegated to open
the lodge. This brings tlie narrative to the close of 1830. Early
in 1831, on the 20th of February, a special session was again con-
vened, to act upon an application for a lodge at New Orleans,
which was granted, upon the petition of P. D. G, M. Joel C. N
Davis, P. G. Francis C. Davis, and brothers Wm. J. Orr, Joseph
Price, William Willis, John F. Barnes, William Brown, Joseph
F. Irish, John Malone and Daniel Buckley; the lodge to be
called Louisiana Lodge, No. 1. Two days afterwards a similar
meeting was held, to act upon the application of P. G.'s McAnnal,
Scott^ McNeal, Robinson and McFarlane for a charter lor a
Grand Lodge of Delaware, to be located at Wilmington ; the
charter was accordingly granted.

The reader, on the perusal of the proceedings of this year,
will be struck with the system which the legislation of the body
began to assume ; the machinery was found to be in good work-
ing order, and the relative positions of all the parties to constitu-
tional law Mas being recognized and protected. It was the
beginning of that spirit of subordination and of regard for vested
rights which has since been the bond of onr organic union. Tliis
respect for obligations will be found hencefoi*th to grow at ever}'
step of the history. As the necessary consequence, the one-man
power began to decline, and soon became obsolete. The Order
in its infancy was nursed into vigor and preserved by the devo-
tion of a few men ; notably of one great man, who had saved it
from destruction and given it to mankind. These men were
foremost to retire and leave the further solution of the problem
to other and, under the different circumstances, better hands and
larger intellects. At this session the one-man power fell before
the constitution, and no one lx)wed lower before that blow than
Wildey, the fonner dictator. That generous man had but one
idea, the diffusion of the Order and its principles ; but one objec*t
in life, the triumph and fame of the nursling bom to him on the
26th of April, 1819. Wlien he saw that the parental power to
help was departing, and that his darling institution was about to
rise alK)ve his authority, some pangs of nature, with which all
must sympathize, made their ap]x?arance, but the trial leflfc him a
better and nobler man. Tlie session of 1830 was the beginning
of the era of constitutional government, but it was also the begin-
ning of that self-denial and splendid devotion to principle on the
14

210 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

part of the founder which seals liis reputation as a man of integ-
rity. Before that time he was an oi-ganizer, a eluef, a Monder
worker, but henceforth we know him by prouder titles ; as the first
subject under the new government, the most self-sacrificing of
all that bore the name of Odd Fellow.

The next annual session was held at Odd Fellows' Hall,
September 5, 1831. This was the first time the G. Lodge of the
U. S. had the privilege of assembling in a building erected
specially for the Order, and formally dedicated to its exclusive
use. The fact that it was being erected by the G. Lodge of Md.
was announced by Rep. Lucas at the former session, and it&
completion and consecration with imposing ceremonies on tlie
26rii of April, 1831, had been publicly proclaimed by the Balti-
more press. As this event dated an epoch of revival in the Order,
an actual revolution in sentiment and action toward it by the
public, a new birth of energy, and what was so much prized by
the ancient members, resjjectalility, it deserves special mention
at our hands.

Its appearance on the scene was a landmark superior to any
established before that time in the annals of Odd Fellowsliip.
The correspondence of the fathers is full of statements about the
growing " respectahility " of the membership, whether the i^efer-
ence is to England or to this country. The gn^at difficulty of
the elders was to protect the lodges from disreputable per-
sons ; the class from whose ranks their enlistments were made,
trenched so closely upon the very poor, that a constant anxiety
prevailed lest unworthy candidates sliould intrude upon the
worthy. The difficulty was increased by the fact that the road
to the lodge had been generally through the public-house, in
which so many worthless peoj>]e were sure to congregate, that it
was not easy to separate " the tares from the wheat." The host
had a mortgage on the charter and a pre-emption claim upon
every foot upon which the rites were performed ; his sign and
bar had drawn a line between them and thousands of sober and
substantial men, and tainted their good name with the odor of
pipes and whiskey. Those who became members obtained no
accession of character as citizens, but to the contrarv wei'e often
on that account marked down jis inferior men. The G. Lodge
itself, and the whole Order in Maryland, had been from the very
first lodgere in a public-house and pensioners uj>on the caprices

THE GBAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 211

of a convivial landlord. The whole of these outward circum-
stances of suspicion and moral inferiority had passed away. The
reality of the change was shown by the result, in a manner and
to a degree which no one could have anticipated. At the very
idea of leaving the public-house, the commimity reached out to
meet them and to welcome them as they had never before been
welcomed.

The " Maryland Reform " was now an event of history, and
the bar had been forever divorced, not only from the lodge-room,
but the Order ; the movement slowly but surely obliterated that
ancient landmark, and for the firet time our practices tallied with
our principles, and the new, and we hope everlasting, era of
moral influence and power took its beginning.

Attended by such favorable auspices, the G. Lodge assembled ;
present, the G. Officers — Thomas Wildey, Thomas Scotchbum,
Augustus Mathiot and William Hall ; Keps. James L. Ridgely,
of Maryland ; William J. A. Birkoy, of Pennsylvania, and James
Gettys, of the District of Columbia ; Proxies, Charles Price, of
Massachusetts ; Richard Marley, of Kew York, and John Boyd,
of Delaware.

The reader will here see, for the first time, a name which has
not only been wholly identified with Odd Fellowship, but which
has always been inseparably associated w^ith the supreme body,
under every vicissitude, down to this day. We refer to the hon-
ored and aged brother who for so many years has been the G.
Cor. and Rec. Sec. of the G. Lodge of the U. S, Rep. Ridgely
was gathered into the fold in July, 1829, ra])idly passed the chairs,
and having entered the G. Lodge of Md., became its G. Sec. on
the 16th of January, 1831. He was immediately elected a rep-
resentative, and took his seat at this session. He had formed the
acquaintance of Wildey, and though dissimilar in many traits, each
had found in the other a congenial soul. They were mutually
attracted, and before long began that devotion to each other and
to the work, which attended the founder to his gi'ave, and yet
bums in the heart of the sun^ivor. This intimacy led to results
which neither of them could have contem])lated. The one was
fresh from a college cumculum, and the other was the kee]>er of
a public-house; the one was a professional man, the other a lodge-
maker and reformer in the cause of benevolence ; the one the
founder of an Order, the other a beginner in life. One could

212 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

scarcely dream that two such men would meet and clasp hands •
that the younger man would become the beloved disciple ; that
by this union great events would follow, and that these two would
be one in life, and by nearly fifty yeare of mutual labor would
forever link their names in a cause of world-wide fame.

Tlie business began with the report of the movable committee
upon certain diflerences between the body audits G. subordinates
in Massachusetts and New York ; these arose out of the non-pay-
ment to the G. Lodge of the assessments made upon those juris-
dictions for its support. Rep, Brice, of Massachusetts, reported
in that State 4 subordinate lodges and an Encampment, and Rep.
Marley, of Kew York, presented the report of his G. Lodge,
claiming 20 P. Grands and 4 subordinate lodges. This was illu-
sive in both instances, and could not deceive any one conversant
with the Oixier in those sections ; equally so was the report of the
movable committee, made the year before, in which both juris-
dictions were represented as prosperous, w^hen it was far other-
wise. They were certainly sadly mistaken, and were, no doubt,
led into the delusion by a sanguine disposition, which took no
account of the true situation, for the real condition of things was
to the contraiy. The G. Lodge of New York, if in being,
barely survived, and the G. Lodge of Massachusetts had ceased
to exist.

Rep. Birkey, of Pennsylvania, made a splendid rc^port of pro-
gress, from which it appeared that his G. Lodge contained 224
P. Grands ; the G. Encampment, of 16 inemboi-s, liad two subordi-
nate encampments, with 32 contnbuting mcml)ers ; the subordi-
nate lodges were 38, and there had been an addition of 7 lodges,
one subordinate encampment and one degree lodge. 1282 per-
sons had been initiated ; there were 21 honorary membere and
2753 who contributed. Four lodges had failed to report, and yet
the amount of receipts had grown to the round sum of $15,822.42.
No report came from Delaware; in consequence of the death of
one member and the absence of another, there was no quorum for
a G. Lodge. By reason of this defunct condition of the G. Lodge,
Delaware Lodp:e, No. 1, demanded the vacation of the G. Lodge
charter, and the return, to the subordinate, of the charter under
which it was originally instituted. In reply, the following was
adopted : " Resolved, 1st. That the G, Lodge of Delaware be
dii'ected to deliver forthwith to the G. Lodge of the V. S. its

THE OBAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 213

G. Charter, the same being forfeited by a disability to work, to
wit : the want of five P. Grands. 2d. That the G. Lodge of the
State of Delaware be directed to return to Delaware Lodge, No.
1, the charter granted by this G. Lodge, it being the only charter
by which said Efelaware Lodge, No. 1, can legally work ; the said
Lodge, No. 1, being amenable only to this Grand Lodge. 3d.
That the G. Sire return the charter to the G. Lodge of Delaware
so soon as there shall be an application received from five legal
P. Grands of said State of Delaware."

Nothing was received from Friendly Union Lodge, Providence,
Rhode Island. No report was made from Maryland, but in the
tabular statement is shown a return of 12 lodges, 789 initia-
tions, one suspension; contributing membei-s, 1500, and revenue,
89438.77 ; thus marking an increase in that State, over the last
repoi-t, of 452 initiates, 7 lodges, 791 members, and 87011 of rev-
enue. The total increase of the Oi*der was, of initiates, 2166 ; of
membei'ship, 1415; of sulx)ixiinate lodges, 11; and of revenue,
810,737; the two feeble jurisdictions not reporting. The Maiy-
land gain was thus far in excess of all the other bodies combined ;
of the 11 new lodges she had 7 ; of the 2166 initiates she had 789 ;
of the 1415 increase in membei'ship she had 791, and of the
810,737.04 of increase in revenue, she had 87011.77. We make
this comparison to prove that we have not overstated the impulse
imparted by the building of the Odd Fellows' Hall, and the grand
celebration of the 26th April, 1831.

The G. Sire presented a gratifying report of the increase of the
Order in England, in numbers and "respectability." It was
then determined to forward, in reply, a copy of the resolutions
passed May 1st, 1828, respecting the working signs of the Order.
This referred to the use of the old and new signs. It was also
'* resolved that a G. Treasurer should be appointed." This seems
to have been so construed that an election was held, and P. G.
William Hall, of Maryland, was elected. This was an empty
compliment in the absence of a treasury, and the election Mas
treated as a nullity. Tlio following were then adopted : " lie-
solved, 1st. That all communications to this G. Lodge be ad-
dressed through the medium of tlie G. Sec, and not the G. S., as
heretofore. 2d. That each State G. Lodge furnish, annually, the
name of the street and number of the house wherein its resi)ecti ve
subordinate lodges hold their meetings. 8d. That it shall bo the

214 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

duty of the G. Sec. to funiish every State 6. Lodge, annually,
with tlie name of the street and the number of the house wherein
every lodge is held, acting immediately or mediately under the
jurisdiction of the G. Lodge of the U. S." The fii-st of these
resolves was an open and direct attack upon the irresjwnsible and
unlimited exerciso of power by the executive oflScer; which at
firet was necessary, but was now forbidden by law. But the new
authority was yet young, and had not been able to turn the atten-
tion of the membei'ship sutRciently to the fact that the sole power
to* be obeyed was the constitution. This declaration then was
necessary as an assertion of sovereignty, and as a publication of
notice that all the business was now to be conducted through the
channels made by the law.

The other resolutions were intended to furnish a directory by
which the subordinates could be visited ; that travelling brotliers
might be able to find and take cheer wherever their business or
pleasure might lead them. This in some places was of the very
highest importance, especially where the Order was weak and
but little known. It was also ^^ liesolvedy That the present G.
Sire's official term be prolonged until the ensuing annual meeting
of the G. Lodge." This was an exercise of power of doubtfiil
constitutional authority, but there was no objection, and it was
agreed to and carried into efiect iie/n, con. At this stage Rep.
Ridgely moved two resolutions introducing fundamental consti-
tutional provisions. First, that the Royal Purple degree should
be a necessaiy qualification for representatives in the G. Lodge
of the U. S.; secondly, a declaration that the G. Lodge of the
TJ. S. was the only depository for granting charters to open
lodges and encampments in foreign States, and in the districts or
territories in America. They were adopted, and thus another
ATtal change was made by the vote of a mere majority, a juris-
dictional question was settled and a new qualification required of
representatives.

A committee "vvas appointed to remodel the funeral ceremony.
Tliis has always been a fruitful source of vexation ; the dilficulty
was to make the form sufliciently liberal and free from sectar-
ianism. The ])repent is a compromise between the last and its
immediate predecessor, with the provision that either may be
used or none. The blind ])rejudices of many of the clergy have
led them to deny our right to any such ritual. Their objection

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED BTATEB. 215

takes the form of a protest against the form of prayer adopted,
and many have gone so far as to claim a burial service as a re-
ligious ceremony in which the laity, excepting in cases of necessity,
cannot decently officiate. There are instances of rudeness, and
even of insult, to the brotherhood on these solenm occasions, by
certain bigots who have been associated in the services. That
we have never struck back and put such intolerance to shame, is
the best comment upon our professions of toleration. But we
have other and most honorable reasons for our sufferance, when
we behold that great array of Gospel ministers who gladly join
us and unite their prayers with oure at the grave. Tliese so fully
vindicate the cause of religion from ignorance and bigotry, that
we find it easy to excuse their narrow and uncharitable brethren.
When it is considered that we are not a religious body, and
have no form of religious sei-vice ; that prayer for the blessings of
heaven is as proper for the " poor publican " as for the " haughty
])harisee "; and that our prayera are made as individual persons
asking a boon from the Common Father; we aix) amazed to find
that we are charged with trenching on ground dedicated to the
Church. Such pei'sons would reject that divine petition, " the
Lord's Prayer," and refuse to use the fonn provided by inspira-
tion itself. When the Church sliall realize the fact that burial
services are not sectarian ; tliat tears and sorrow for the loved
are a divine ceremony written in the hearts of mankind : that
such an occasion is not a sacrament, but a tribute ; not a religious
offering, but a wail of nature for the departed ; not so much an
act of worship as a mournful elegy of regret, then our true
position on this point will be fully comprehended. AVe do not
in our fraternal offices refuse the presence of tlie minister of
religion ; we res}>ect his ritual, and join with devotion in what-
ever he may do ; at any grave, much more at that of a brother of
tlie Order, Odd Fellowship rcquires us to unite with all good
men, and esi)ecially with such as have been set apait for such
services, in whatever may improve the living and do honor to
tlie dead. What difference does it make as to which is the leader
in the rite, the man in ordei's or the man of business, if deconnn
l>e ol>sen'ed ? But we are as usual liberal on this ]X)int ; our
(•(»remonies are never intended as a suJistitute for the rites of
others, and in no case do we insist U]X)n them; it is our duty
" to hnry the d^ady^ and when we have tendered our offices, our
duty is discharged.

216 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

But to return to the record. The English magazine was
encouraged by a subscription for a sufficient number of copies to
distribute among the G. Lodges. There never was a class of
men more ardently desirous of diffusing information than the
Odd Fellows of the United States. The Order has a literary-
history of which it may well bo proud. The early laborers were
found constantly aiming to disseminate intelligence on every
point of general interest, and their successor have inherited this
quality. It Mould require a volume to narrate the means devised
for the diffusion of our principles by means of the press. From
the " Covenant," originally published at Baltimore in 1836, down
to the present periodicals, which supply all the jurisdictions, the
publications of the Order would fill a respectable catalogue.
Among the other public services rendered by Odd Fellowship, the
cultivation of letters will be found to fill an honorable place ; one
without a rival in this or any other country in any similar insti-
tution.

The next business in order was an application from P. Grands
Nathaniel Estling, J. G. Joseph, Richard G. Cheavens, Jacob W.
Holt, and Jas. W. Brice, praying for a charter to open a G. Lodge
in Cincinnati, Ohio, which was granted on the condition that the
G. Sec. was satisfied of their legal competency. This charter
was issued and that body was instituted on Januarv 28th, 1832.
The following G. Oflicers were int^t ailed : David T. Stewart, G. M.;
Sannicl Peel, D. G. M.; Hiram Marks, G. AV.; Samuel Cobb^
G. Sec, and AVilliam AV. West, G. Treas. A ])etition was also
received from brothei-s John W. Peterson, J. S. Hedges, Zena&
B. Glazier, James S, AVhite, Jacob M. Garretson, William Ford^
and Jesse Starple, praying for a charter for a lodge to be located
at Wilmington, Delaware, and to be hailed by the title of Jefferson
Ijodge, No. 2, which was granted. Zenas P. Glazier here men-
tioned was afterwards a G. Sire. A charter was also granted to
Patriarchs James L. Kidgely and othei*s to open a G. Encamp-
ment in Baltimore, Maryland. As will elsewhere appear, the G,
Lodge of Md. in a solemn resolution resigned its authority over
the subordinate encampments in the State to the new G. bodj'.
Tliis G. Encampment, thejirst in the worlds was duly instituted
in the city of Baltimore on the 31st of December following^
when the subjoined oflicers were installed : Thomas Wildey, G.
Patriarch ; Sanuiel Lucas, G. High Priest ; John H. O'Donovan,

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 T

G. Warden; MeClintock Young, G. Scribe; John Boyd, G»
Treasurer; John N. Murphy, G. Janitor, and WilHam Hall^
Assistant G. Janitor.

This action gave form and legality to the patriarchal degree
lodges, and was the beginning of that division of tlie Order into
two branches which sundered its unity in the States. Hereto-
fore, as has been elsewhere explained, the encampments were
adjuncts of State G. Lodges for conferring the so-called " sublime
degrees.'' This was their origin in Maryland, and the same idea
prevailed also in the more complex system formed in Penn-
sylvania. But after a short period the possessore of these degrees
began to aspire to a separate independence, and in every quarter
met with sympathy and support. The G. Lodge of the U. S.
was first passive, then active, in their encouragement, and here
we find at last the creation of a co-equal department with that
represented by fifth degree members and P. G.'s, without even
the forms of a discussion or a division on the vote. This was not
singular, as the representatives were the parties most interested,
and it was not yet the period when the body began to take
account of its own organization and to criticise its different parts.
The next step was therefore easy. It was already necessary for
a G. representative to have received the Royal Purple Degree,
and therefore when it was proposed to admit the G. Encamp-
ments to a separate representation, it was immediately allowed.
In those days when representatives were few, this seemed to be
sound policy ; now when they are many, some inconvenience has
arisen from their rapid increase, which alters the question.

At the close of the session. Rep. Birkey, of Pennsylvania, on
behalf of the G. Lodge of that State, presented to P. G. John
Boyd, its late Proxy, a beautiful medal. The journal says that
it was prefaced by an able and eloquent address by Rep. Birkey,
which was highly complimentary to the subject of this agreeable
episode. The G. Lodge then adjourned.

An adjourned session took place March 5th, 1832, when a
charter was granted to Wildey Encampment, No. 1, at New
Orleans, upon the application of brothers Joel C. Davis, Francis
C, Davis, T. Lossing, William Colliston, Thomas Vernon, Mel-
ville Grossman, A. W. Scates and D. Siddle. A charter was
also granted to P. G.'s Joel C. Davis, Francis C. Davis, Melville
Grossman, T. Lossing and A. W. Scates for a Grand Lodge of the
State of Louisiana.

218 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

The eighth annual communication convened Monday tlie 3d
of September, 1832, in the Odd Fellows' Hall in Baltimore.
Present, Thomas Wildey, G. S.; William Hall,D. G. S. j^ro tern.;
Samuel Pryor, G. Sec. pro tem.j and Robert Gott, G. G.; Reps.
George Keyser, of Maryland, and Howell Hopkins, of Penn-
sylvania, and Proxies Charles Brice, of Massachusetts, Kiehard
Marley, of New York, and John Brannan, of the District of
Columbia. It is on the minutes that the credentials of the
members were examined and found correct. This could scarcely
be true of those accredited to Massachusetts and New York, for,
as before stated, the Order in those States was almost, if not
entirely defunct. Massachusetts by courtesy continued in this
way to have a voice at the next session, but has no more mention
until after the revival in that State in 1842. But New York
was apparently present by proxy every year until 1834, when an
elected representative was in attendance. A communication
was received from the G. Sec. of Ohio, enclosing a petition
from Patriarchs AVilliam West, David T. Stewart, P. Fuel, and
brothers Samuel Cobb, A. A. Pruden, Hiram Marks and Samuel
Peel, for a charter for Wildey Encampment, No. 1, to be located
at Cincinnati, Ohio ; which was granted. No reports from the
jurisdictions were presented, none having been forwarded. A
resolution to proceed to the election of G. S. was laid on the table;
the resolution was afterwards taken up, and after an animated
debate, was decided in the negative.

The G. See. stated that bv order of the G. S. he had issued a
circular to the State G. Lodges, informing them that in conse-
quence of the ])revaloncc of Asiatic cholera, the G. Lodge would
meet in annual session pro forma only, and adjourn to meet at a
more suitable time. It was then resolved that the G. Officers
should hold over in the interval, and that the adjourned session
should be held on the first Monday in March, 1838. Kep. Hojv
kins, of Pennsylvania, dissented, and tiled his protest, as follows:

" T, the Representative of the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, to
the Grand Lodge of the U. S. of the Independent Order of
Odd Fellows, do solemnly protest against the proceedings of the
G. Lodge of the U. S. in postponing the election of G. S., at this
time ; because it is a violation of the constitution of this G. T^dge,
which declares that a G. S. shall be (dected one year before tak-
ing upon himself the duties of his office ; and if not elected now.

THE GBAND LODQE OF THE UNITED STATES. 219

there will be no G. S. after the first Monday in September, 1833."
The G. Lodge tlien adjourned until March 4th, after thanking
Samuel Pryor, the G. Sec. pro tem.j for the able and obliging
manner in which he had discharged his duty.

The adjourned session met at Baltimore on March 4th, 1833.
Present the following members : Thomas Wildey, G. S.; Thomas
Scotchbum, D. G. S.; Augustus Mathiot, G. Sec, and Thomas
Morse, G, G. pro tern,; Reps, George Keyser, of Maryland, and
James Getty s, of the District of Columbia ; Proxies James L.
Ridgely, of Ohio, and Robert Neilson, of Louisiana, the latter
being deputized to act by the real Proxy, Samuel Lucas. Neil-
son was also appointed by the G. Lodge Proxy for New York,
and H. S. Sanderson, Proxy for Massachusetts, and took their seats.
The curious exercise of authority by a Proxy in the appointment
of a Proxy, was matched by the entirely unauthorized appoint-
ment of Proxies by the G. Lodge ; the non-existence of G. Lodges
in the latter case seeming to make no impression upon the body.
The reports of the subordinates and State G. Lodges were made
and put on file. The G, S. made a detailed report of the work
done in the recess. He opened his report by stating that by rea-
son of press of business he had not been able to visit New York
and Massachusetts, to settle the diflerences existing between those
jurisdictions and the G. Lodge, but had communicated with them
on the subject by letter. For this document see Journal 122,
3, 4 and 5. The record here says : " The Rep. from Pennsylva-
nia not having arrived, but being hourly expected, the G. Lodge
adjourned to meet at half-past seven o'clock this evening."

The G. Lodge met accordingly in the evening. Rep. Ridgely,
of Ohio, produced a newspaper containing a charge, said to have
l)een copied from a Pennsylvania paper, namely : " That Thomas
Wildey, G. Sire of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, liad
absconded with the funds of the Order." A committee was im-
mediately appointed to take the matter into consideration. Rep.
Ridgely made a report which, after a very scathing preamble,
branding the slanderer with deserved infamy, concluded as fol-
lows:

^' Resolved^ That the charges against Thomas Wildey, G. Sire
of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of having absconded
with the funds of the Order, is a base, malignant and unblushing
slander, and justly excites our regret for the degradation of human
nature, and our contempt for its authors.

220 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

^'Eeaolvedj As the unanimous wish and desire of this G. Lodge^
that Thomas Wildey, G. Sire, institute legal prosecution against
its authors and promulgators.

^^'Besolvedj That this G. Lodge will sustain and support our
G. Sire in all legal prosecutions which he may institute against
the originators or propagators of the said slander."

This W518 one of the scandalous efforts made to prejudice the
Order, by striking dow^n its leader ; similar attempts were made
to obtain notoriety, but all died where they were bom, with the
malignant enemies who could find no other way in which to
exhibit their hostility to the aspiring organization. In this case
the prompt action of the G. Lodge was met by ample apologies,
and a recantation of the article on the part of the editor of the
Pennmilvania Tehgraph^ published at Hamsburg, who also
revealed the name of the author of the falsehood. The author
was found, on inquiry, to be as worthless in a pecuniary sense as
he had shown himself to be as a man ; so that the vindication
being complete, no process was issued against him. The assault
was inspired by the anti-Masonic party, which at this time was
" moving heaven and earth " against secret societies. No further
business was transacted ; but an invitation was accepted to visit
the subordinate lodges in Baltimore, in full regalia, which was
accordingly done.

The G. Lodge having adjoumed to tlie next day, March 5,
met at 0 o'clock A. M. Reps. Keyt^er, Ridgely and Gettys, from a
committee to report amendments to the constitution, reported these
amendments : First, changing the meeting of the annual session
from the first jMonday in September to the first Monday in Fel>
ruary ; secondly, in place of the provision that the G. Lodge
shall meet at present in Baltimore, that it shall meet at such
place as the G. Lodge shall from time to time determine;
thirdly, that the G. S. must be a P. G. M., and possessed of the
Royal Pur|>le Degree, and must be elected at the annual meeting
by a majority of the w^hole number present, by ballot ; and that
he could hold no other elective oflice; fourthly, provision was
made in the absence of a G. Encampment for the institution of
subordinate encampments directly l)y the G. Lodge itself. Tlie
record is not clear on the subject, but as far as we can learn all
the amendments were adopted. A charter was authorized for
Boone Lodge, No. 1, at Louisville, Kentucky, upon the petition

THE ORAKD LODOE OF THE UNITED STATES. 221

of Bros. N. Estliug, S. Lyon, S. Waters, T. H. Bruce, G. G.
"Wright, J. Barclay, J. J. Roach and T. May berry. Tlie G.
Lodge then on motion returned the charter of the G. Lodge of
Delaware to certain P. G.'s whose names do not appear on tlie
journal.

A funeral ceremony, that intenninable subject in later
legislation, was brought up, and an effort was made to adopt
a form used without authority in one of the States, but tlio
attempt was a failure. Rep. Neilson, not discouraged, introduced
the ceremony into Maryland, where it was used under State
authority. G. Sec. Ridgely was the author of the first, and one
of the last of the several fonns of Funeral Service adopted by the
Supreme Body, yet he has for many years been opposed to these
movements, for the reason that in such solemn hours tlie family
usually prefere its church and clergy; and for the additional
reason, that our broad and tolerant principles render it extremely
difficult to frame anything sufficiently general and free from
objection, yet specially meeting all the wants of such an exigency.
But he firmly maintains the riyhi to the use of a funeral service
on the part of the Order. The G. Lodge then adjourned to the
evening, and again to the next morning, and then again to the
evening of that day, doing no business. On the last occasion,
March the 6th, the minute is as follows :

" The G. Lodge met pui*suant to adjournment ; but no Repre-
sentative from Pennsylvania appearing, on motion, it was resolved
that in consequence of the continued disappointment in the non-
aiTival of the Rep. of Pennsylvania, this G. Lodge, ever anxious
to consult the wishes of so great a body as works under the juris-
diction of that G. Lodge, deem it proper to adjourn until Monday,
the 18th inst., at ten o'clock A. M., unless the Rep. from Penn-
sylvania should sooner arrive ; in which case the G. Sire has the
power to convene the G. Lodge."

This is proof that the good-will and hearty co-operation of that
great State had become indisj^ensably necessar}' to give character
to the proceedings. Her numbers, wealth and efficiency were
aided by the strong men sent as representatives, and no njcasuro
of importance was now adopted without the counsel of that jhjw-
erful constituent. These repeated adjournments and the final
refusal to continue in session in the absence of Pennsylvania, were
a graceful recognition of the power and dignity of that jurisdic-
tion.

222 AMEXtCAS ODD FELXOWSHIP.

The G. Lodge convened on March l.>, 1S33, pnisuant ta
adjournment. Present : Thomas Wildey, G. S., Thomas Scotch-
bum, D. G. S., Augustus Mathiot, G. Sec., and Tliomas Morse,
G. G.jpro (cm,; Reps. George Keyser of Mainland, and Howell
Hopkins of Pennsylvania ; Proxies Henry S. Sanderson of Massa-
chusetts, John Pearce of Xew York, John Brannan of the
District of Columbia, James L. Ridgely of Ohio, and Robert
Neilson of Ix>uisiana. The G. Lodge having been formally
o[>ened, on motion of Rep. Hopkins, it was resolved that when
the credentials of a G. Representative were presented, his certifi-
cate should go to a committee, who should examine into its^
authenticity and also into the qualifications of the brother. A
committee was thereui)on appointed, who reported that Proxy
Rep. Pearce of New York was entitled to his seat ; afterwards
the proxies from Ohio and Louisiana were also admitted. The
following was then adopted : " Resolved, that a committee be
appointed to take into consideration the constitution of the G.
Lodge of the U. S. of the L O. of O. F., and report what altera-
tions or amendments, if any, are necessary ; and that the said
connnittee be instructed to ascertain the means necessary to
establisli a unifonn system of working in the several State G.
Lodges, and tlieir subordinate lodges throughout tlie t'nitod
Statc*s." The coininittee ai)pointed consisted of Reps. Keyser^
Hopkins and Brannan. This resohition was important, as
its laliors resulted in the adoption of an amended constitution on
the 4th of Sei)teniber following ; the latter clause, with some
clianges in the personnel of the committee, led to the adoption of
wliat is known as the revision of 1835.

In confoniiity with instructions from his State, Rep. Hopkins
of Pennsylvania offered the following, which wiis sent to the
committee just appointed : "Resolved, that the representation
in the G. Lodge of the U. S. be apportioned with reference to the
number of members working under each State G. Lodge; allow-
ing one r(»])resentative for each State G. Lodge containing one
thousand or less members, and one additional representative
for ( ctrfj additional ihousandy This proposition in its last
clause was v(»ry c»bje(rt ion able, and, if adopted, would have made
the G. Lodge the most unwieldy of bo<lies. As it was, the first
clause fixing X\w ai)portionment for one rei>resentative, and the
amendment which gives the second representative to jurisdictions

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 223

having more than one thousand members, became part of the
constitution of 1833, and remains unchanged to this day. See
Article 10, constitution of 1833, and Article 9, Section 2, of con-
stitution of 1854 ; Journal 150 and 2375 respectively.

Rep. Keyser offered a resolution to have the O. 13. N. of the
first degree so altered as to dispense with the last clause ; which
was referred to the same committee. The G. Lodge then pro-
ceeded to the nomination of G. Officers, when the following were
named and elected: G. S., P. G. M. Gettys, of the District of
Columbia ; G. Sec, Samuel Pryor, P. G. M. of Penn.; G. Treas.,
John Brannan, P. G. of Md ; G. G., Thomas Morse, P. G. of Md.
Reps. Ridgely, Hopkins and Pearce w^ere appointed a committee
to inform P. G. M. Gettys of his election, and to request his pre-
sence in the G. Lodge on the next day, at 7i o'clock P. M. The
newly elected chief officer appointed Robert Neilson, of Md., D.
G. S. At the hour designated, the G. Lodge assembled. There
being no new business the lodge adjourned, to meet in Philadel-
phia on the 7th day of June ensuing Appended to the minutes
is a statement, without signature, which shows $501.64 due to the
G. Lodge by the several G. and subordinate lodges.

It is evident that Massachusetts and New York, which had
failed to report, were about to succumb to the ill-fortune which
still pursued them. The proceedings indicate one thing very
plainly, that the right of G. Lodges to instruct their representa-
tives was fully claimed and exercised.

A new G. Sire w^as elected who had no prestige but that
which attached to the office itself; the Order, by this election, had
assumed to stand alone ; the individual was merged into the asso-
ciation ; separate, and even joint efforts were now to be super-
seded by the magic power of a coqiorate name and the potent
authority of a vast confederation. The great leader was about
to lay down the sovereignty which had its official and personal
existence in him alone. The past was glorious, but the present
was not less so ; for the reign of law and order was commencing,
when many men, organized and welded into one, should wield an
influence to which even that of Wildey was child's play.

The organization was completed, and the organizer retired ;
the machinery was cunningly contrived and in motion, but the
power to drive it was not in the inventor, but in mightier forces,
harnessed for the work. The glamour of a magnetic soul, which

224 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

had kindled a flame of benevolence never to be quenched, had
done its oflice, but a consecrated throng had set that flame upon
a golden candlestick in the temple of Fraternity.

The adjournment of the G. Lodge was to meet in Philadel-
phia ; but in the interval a special meeting was held on May the
4th, at Baltimore, for the purpose of acting on a petition to char-
ter Virginia Lodge, No. 1, at Harper's Ferry, by brothers James
Crawford, L. W. Bowman, "William Compton, Seth Pollard and
William Bailey. This application was granted, and the special
session closed.

The contemplated adjourned session, at Philadelphia, took
place'on June 7th, 1833. Present, Thomas Wildey, G. S.; Thos.
Small, D. G. S. j;ro tern.; Augustus Mathiot, G. Sec; Reps. Geo.
Keyser, of Maryland; Howell Hopkins, of Pennsylvania; James
Gettys, of the District of Columbia ; and Proxies John Brannan,
of Massachusetts ; John Pearce, of New York ; James L. Kidgely,
of Ohio, and Robert Neilson, of Louisiana. Brother H. S. San-
derson, Proxy of Massachusetts, was allowed to name P. G.
Brannan as his substitute, and the latter acted as proxy for that
State. The G. Lodge being duly organized, all Odd Fellows,
members of G. Lodges and in possession of the Royal Purple
Degree, when vouched for by their representatives, were admitted
to witness the proceedings. The important committee on amend-
ments to the constitution and on the secret work, was enlarged
by the addition of two members, Rej^s. Ridgoly and Pearce. The
following preamble and resolutions were then submitted and laid
upon the table :

Whereas^ The untiring zeal, devoted labor, and cheering suc-
cess of P. G. Sire Thomas Wildey, in the business of Odd Fellow-
ship, entitles him to the approbation and favor of every Odd Fel-
low. And irhereas^ his indefatigable industry and unceasing
eflbrts to unite this country, from north to south, from east to
west, in one common brotherhood, manifested from his earliest
establishment of this Order, and more especially by his recent
disinterested and laborious visit to the Western and Southern
States, and the glorious success resulting from his tour, by the
establishment of Odd Fellowship in the great States of Ohio,
Kentucky and Louisiana, invoke our gratitude, and imperiously
demand a lasting ]>erpetuation of his merits : — Therefore,

liesolved^ That a committee be a])pointed to prepare and pre-
sent, on behalf of this G. Lodge of the United States, to P. G. S.
Thomas Wildey, a token of the high respect which this Grand

THE ORAND LODGE OF THE UNITED BTATE8. 225

Lodge entertains for these distinguished services to the Order, and
the affectionate regard which we cherish for his private wortli.

These resolutions were taken up at the evening session and
adopted ; and Eeps. Kidgely, Brannan, Pearce, Keyser, Hopkins,
Gettys and Neilson were appointed to carry them into effect. That
is to say, every representative present was put on the committee,
a singular instance of a whole body forming itself into a special
committee as a guard of honor.

At the afternoon session Rep. Keyser,from the committee on the
constitution, reported a form of constitution, which, being consid-
ered by articles, was amended and adopted. The constitution of
1833 continued to exist, with amendments, until 1854, and is
the basis on which the present one was constructed. Columbia
Encampment No. 1, of the District of (\>lumbia, was chartered
upon the petition of brothers Wm. W. Moore, Jas. Gettys, (tco. M.
Davis, Robert Boyd, William H. Mauro, Thomas Stelle, Joseph
Borrows and William L. Bailey, of Washington City. By-laws
to accompany the constitution were proposed and adopted, and pro-
per order was taken for printing and distributing those imjwrtant
documents. James Mc Annal having appealed from a sentence of
expulsion by Delaware Lodge, No. 1, the lod«i:e had been required
to give him a new trial. The lodge refused him another hearing,
and it was resolved that it deserved censure. It was also resolved
to suspend the opening of the G. Lodge of Delaware till such
time as Delaware Lodge should return to its duty. The 6. S.
was authorized to investigate the matter, and as his judgment
might dictate, restore the brother or confirm his expulsion, and to
report his action in the premises to the G. Lodge. All unfinished
business having been referred to the committee on the constitu-
tion, the thanks of the body were voted to the G. Lodge of Penn-
sylvania '' for the use of their splendid hall " during the session,
and the G. Lodge adjourned the first meeting held out of Balti-
mon*, to meet again in the latter city at the regular annual scis-
sion.

Before proceeding to the next session, which closes this
chapter, and whicJi also terminators the ofiicial career of tlio
founder, we stop to narrate the manner in which the resolution
was carried out, which proposed that some token of reganl and
aftection should signalize the retir(»meiit of tlu^ chief. It was
15

226 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

" Resolvedj that a committee be appointed to procure and
present to P. G. Sire "Wildey a piece of plate, of at least five
hundred dollars value, as a mark of the respect and regard in
which the Grand Lodge holds his services for the Order." This
was immediately adopted, and the following conmiittee appointed :
Beps. Hopkins, Keyser, Pearce, Skinner, Ridgely and Lncas.

This was a great venture, when at the last report the treasury
contained only the sum of $97.10. But the subordinates came
to the rescue ; Maryland paid S102.90, New York $40.38, Penn-
sylvania $150, Louisiana $40, Ohio $10, the District of Columbia
$17, Virginia $30, Kew Jersey $10, Kentucky $8, and Delaware
$5, making in all $413.28. The service cost $505, and the
balance of $91.72 was paid by the G. Lodge of the U. S. The
plate was bought through the agency of Bro. Andrew E. Warner,
of Baltimore, afterwards G. Treas. of the G. Lodge, and no pains
were spared to have it of the finest quality and of exquisite
design. At length it was brought into the body of representatives,
and the veteran was called up to receive it in the presence of the
assembled membership. The doors of the G. Lodge were throw^n
open, and the P. Grands in full regalia filled every seat. Tlie
record tells us that Kep. Hopkins, of Pennsylvania, made the
presentation " in the name of the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows in the United States of America/'

This service of plate was preserved by P)rotlier Wildey with
great regard, and continued to adorn liis lioii; cliold during his
life, and since his decease, with many jewels and medals received
by him from lodges and encanipnient^i, totrether witli his regalia, has
been obtained by the Order in ^Maryland, jis a sacred memorial
to be preserved and transmitted to posterity. Tliey are all now
on exhibition in tlie library room of the Hall in Baltimore.

The ninth annual session convened at Baltimore on Mondav
the 2d day of September, lsa3. Present, Thomas Wildey, G. S.;
Thomas Scotchbnrn, 1). G. S.; Augustus Mathiot, G. Sec., and
Thomas Morse, G. G.; Be])S. George Keyser, of Maryland;
Howell IIo]>kins, of Pennsylvania, and Simon Robinson, of
Delaware; Proxies John Pearce, of New York; James L.
Ridgely, of Ohio, and Samuel Lucas, of Louisiana. Tlie G.
Lodge having opened for business, a committee was appointed to
examine the credentials of Rep. Robinson, of Delaware, which
were found correct, his G. Lodge having been restored in the

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 227

recess. No other credentials were passed upon; a singular
omission of the precedents which had before been followed. The
minutes of the previous annual and special meetings were read
and approved, and the reports of the jurisdictions and the sub-
ordinates were presented. The G. Sire then submitted his
annual report — Journal 139-40 — 1, 2, 3. A petition was re-
ceived from Bros. John M. Wolfe, John Spalding, Smith Rock-
wcll, T. W. Hays, Richard Eno, William P. Dunton and John
Wilson, praying for a charter for a lodge to be located at Norfolk,
Virginia, and to be hailed by the title of Washington Lodge,
No. 2 ; to be attached to the jurisdiction of Maryland. The
charter was granted. A letter was received from Bro. Gettys,
G. Sire elect, excusing his absence on account of indisposition.

On the 3d September, 1833, a meeting was held of the same
persons. P. G. Brannan, G. Treas. elect, resigned that place,
and P. D. G. M. Augustus Mathiot was unanimously elected to
fill the vacancy. P. G. S. Wildey before leaving the chair he
had so long filled, delivered the following :

FAREWELL ADDRESS OF THE FOUNDER.

Brethren : — The period has now arrived when the long and
arduous relations existing between us are about to be dissolved,
and the duties of the high oflice you have called me to discharge
for the last eight years are to be surrendered to that authority
from which it emanated. It is indeed, my brethren, with mingled
feelings of pleasure and pride that I retire from office — the
pleasure which the retrospect affords, and pride at the un-
paralleled prosperity which our beloved Order exhibits. Pro-
foundly sensible of the distinguished honor you have conferred
upon me, and penetrated with a lively sense of gratitude, I
should be callous to the best feelings of our nature did I permit
this occasion to pass without thus publicly giving vent to the
emotions of my heart.

In the long official career which your confidence has boon
pleased to mark out for me, many things, I doubt not, have
occurred, perhaps irregular or indiscreet. Such, my brethren,
you may rest assured, have been errors of the head, and inton<led
in good part by your first offi(*er — such errors as have not, hajv
pily, worked any injury to the gigantic march of our devoted
institution. It is needless for me to recount to you, who are so
well acquainted with the facts, the brilliant history of our Order,
during the last eight years, in these United States. It has earned
for itself its own monuments, and attained its long denied rank

228 AMEKICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

in tlie scale of human charitable institutions. And I trust
nothinff shall occur to oppose its onward march to still greater
pre-emmence and distinction. Friendship, Love and Truth are
its animating prin(M])les, and should be deservedly cherished by
us as the great pillars of social intercourse and human happiness.

To you especially, mv brethren, the llej^resentatives of the
States, am I indebted. To your friendly counsel, salutary ad-
monition, and useful instniction, much is due by the fraternity,
and to your vigilance and industry for the welfare of the Order
at large. To your unceasing labors, and judicious legislation,
the Order is indebted for a wise and liberal Constitution, whieli,
whilst it protects and maintains the authority of this body, gives
to every subordinate jurisdiction its just and legitimate riglits.
Your recent sessions have been attended with more than
ordinary labor, and I doubt not that they will l>e crowned \vith
success.

Permit me, before I ciose these remarks, to beg you all most
earnestly to believe that I have been directed with an eye single
to the prosperity and well-being of our Order in my official
course ; and to ask of you to do me the justice to attribute the
many errors 1 may have committed, to over and ill-judged zeal,
rather than to capricre or bad design.

And now I beg leave to surrender my office to my successor;
returning the homage of a grateful heart to the Supreme Being
for the guardian care with which he has nui-sed our beloved
Order — for banishing discord and disunion from among us, and
putting the seal of disaj^probation U]>on those who would pull
down an institution created for purposes n^vcred by the good
and respected by the virtuous. TA*t nie invoke a continuance of
His l)lessings; may lie guide and direct your counsels, and
temper your delil)crations with wisdom and judgment; so that
you may j>reside over the destinies of this institution with re-
h'gious and watchful care. May He inspire my worthy successor
with a due sense of the high responsibilities which await him,
and give to him that clearness of judgment and firnmess of
character, integrity of purpose and brotherly love, so necessary
in the office with which you have honored him; and may He
finally have Odd Fellowship througliout the globe in his holy
keeping.

nn^thren, 1 thank you for your attentiim ; and although it be
painful to part with those with whom we have so long and inti-
mat(»ly been associated, l)v connnon ties, in unity of counsel, and
in joint efforts to rear and sustain an institution inferior to none
on earth, (whose fruit is peace and good-will to man) — yet the
consciousness of honest effiirt to discharge my duties, and the
cheering succ(^ss which has crowned our labors, soothe the bitter
recollection, and sustain me. Farewell, my brethren — and
permit me to tender to you individually my most affectionate

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 229

regard and best wishes for your continued health, happiness and
prosperity.

P. G. M. James Gettys was then duly installed Grand Sire,
and the Grand Sire appointed D. G. M. Robert Neilson D.
Grand Sire. "Whereupon, on motion, the appointment was
unanimously approved, and the D. Grand Sire and P. G. M.
Samuel Pryor, G. Secretary ; P. D. G. M. Augustus Mathiot,
G. Treasurer; and P. G. Thomas Morse, G. Guardian, were sev-
erally installed.

And thus closes the story of an official life which began in a
humble hostelry among convivial associates, and ended in a
spacious hall among a band of the best and noblest of the land.
The man of a few boon companions was now sought by the grave
and wise ; the humble mechanic with a single Word and a simple
Grip had become the author of a system whose secret rites, of
manifold beauty and scenic power, attracted the sympathies of the
most cultivated pei'sons ; the rude beginner of a club had become
the revered founder of a mighty Order ; the illiterate coach-spring
maker had surrounded himself with a senate of learning and
intelligence; the foreigner, a stranger by birth to the country's
traditions, had established an institution which, of its kind, was
the pride of his adopted country ; the five men of " the Seven
Stars" had under his guidance increased to thousands of the best
citizens of the greatest cities and States ; and the obscure denizen
of Still House Lane, and such like abodes, was welcomed to
banquets of honor in public halls, and was the cynosure of every
eye. The childless and brotherless man had become the father
of a mighty family, and shared the affec^tions of a glorious brother-
hood. But above all, the name of Wildkv, before unknown, had
been borne by his exertions and merits upon the wings of fame,
until JIngland and Ameri(*a, in their most virtuous citizens, rose
up to do him reverence, and dwelt with joy upon the utterance
of that, now, celebrated name.

A review of the situation will show the Order's numerical
and financial condition at this time. The G. Lodge itself had
no money and but little credit. Its constitution, adopted Janu-
ary 15, 1S25, had two provisions looking to a revenue; thus
Article 0 : " Each State G. Lodge shall pay equal proportions
toward defraying the expenses that shall o(^eur in the G. Lodge

280 AMEBIC AN ODD FELLOWSHIP.*

of the U. S.; and each G. Lodge shall bear the expenses of its
Representative." And Article 17 : " The charter, with the
charges and lectures of the first or White, second or Blue, third
or Scarlet, together with the Covenant or Remembrance Degrees,
shall be charged at thirty dollars to defray the expenses thereof, —
the money to be paid immediately on the delivery of the same ;
but provided, if the lodge so forming has not the means to pay
that amount, the degree books will be detained until it can
comply with the whole charge. It must also defray all travelling
expenses."

At the second meeting after the body was organized, the
Royal Purple Degree was produced and sent to the G. Lodges,
and its price required to be returned to pay the expenses of the
G. Lodge of the U. S. and of the Representatives. This was a
very slight addition, and was not much helped by the coming of
the Patriarchal Degree in September following, and requiring
one dollar from every brother who should receive it. The price
of the latter degree was afterwards increased to two dollars and
fifty cents. These were very inadequate means of revenue, and
small as they were, not easy to collect ; this was notoriously the
fact with reference to the payment of the current expenses by the
G. Lodges provided for by Article 9. Tlierefore on the Ist day
of May, 1828, it was, " Resolved^ that at each annual meeting of
the G. Lodge, it shall be the duty of the representatives or
proxies of each State, to estimate the current expenses of the
ensuing year, and draw on each State G. Lodge for the same,
which must be immediately paid, to enable the G. Sire to pay
the necessary and essential expenses that may occur, and that he
keep a regular account of the same, and present it to the G.
Lodge at the annual communication."

This last resolution admits the fact that G. S. Wildey was
acting as Treasurer, and was receiving and paying out the money
without special orders, and that the whole matter was left in his
hands. When we discover that he was spending his own money
to eke out the slender income, and was the largest creditor, the
reason for such acquiescence is apparent. The same action was
kept up in 1820, Journal 00, when it was provided, " that of
moneys received by the G. Sire for charters, as well as the per
centage from subordinate lodges, acting under the jurisdiction of
the G. Lodge of the U. S., the sum of one hundred dollars be

THE GRAND LODGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 231

retained to defray all incidental expenses ; and that the G. Sire
keep a correct account of tlie same, and present it to the G.
Lodge at its next annual meeting." This was somewhat more
specific, as an account was now to be kept and to be duly presented
for the action of the body ; but no such statement was made, for the
obvious reason that no funds were on hand, and the G. Lodge
was pleased, on the 5th of September, 1831, to elect a Treasurer,
when as before stated, there was no treasury, and the election was
treated as a nullity. Meanwhile the prosperity of Maryland, and
more largely that of Pennsylvania, had reacted on the G. Lodge ;
the percentage from those States satisfied the G. Sire and he was
no longer a creditor. Accordingly in that year he states an
account, the first to be found upon the records ; see Journal 117.
After charging himself with cash received from subordinates to the
G. Lodge to the amount of $201.47, he claims credits for $114.25,
leaving a balance in his hands of $87.22. The Secretary was, by
the constitution, entitled " to reasonable compensation," and one
item of the credits was $30 paid that officer. His next report
was made in 1832; see Journal 132. This is rather a curious
account ; he admits the balance of the last year, the receipt of
$47 from Maryland and Pennsylvania, and of $180 from the new
lodges in Louisiana, Ohio and New Jersey, making in all $314.22.
From this gross sum he deducts $66.87 advanced in various
amounts to Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, Delaware
and the District of Columbia, and a further amount for general
expenses, leaving $97.10 in the treasury. This settlement shows
that the salary of the G. Secretary was thirty dollars per annum.
Here for the first time we find the account of the State G.
Lodges with their superior detailed.

The difficulty w^hich the G. Sire could never settle between
the G. Lodge and Pennsylvania and New York, stands out prom-
inently on the journal. The trouble was about money ; Massa-
chusetts was yet owing her quota of expenses from 1824 down to
and inclusive of 1832, and New York was charged with owing
for the sessions of 1830-31 and 32. The District of Columbia
was also in arrears for two years ; the subordinates in New Jersey
owed for charter fees $60 ; the Delaware subordinates, for per
centage and advances, $72, and the lodge in Rhode Island, on the
same account, was in arrears $45; a total of debts of $501.64 due
to the G. Lodge and only $97.10 in the treasury.

233 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

These figures tell with great accuracy of the fearful struggle
for life which the young lodges encountered, and which, for a
time, had a crushing influence upon the Order. The members
were poor, the expenses were great, and were daily increas-
ing; rent, regalia, lodge furniture, not to mention constant calls
for relief upon an empty exchequer, were imceasingly making
their importunate demands, until the whole membership was
crashed under the weight of the intolerable burden. But when,
to crown their misfortunes, the distant and insolvent parent lodge^
which was already in debt to its presiding oflicer, came, like an
inexorable creditor, demanding its quota and expenses, they were
in despair, and in the cases of Massachusetts and New York, were
driven from the field.

The final account of the G. Sire was rendered down to Sep-
tember, 1833, (see Journal, 163), in which, of ^76.10 received,
he had, after paying expenses, a final balance of $8.52. Here he
ceased to act as G. Treasurer, having paid the balance on hand
to Augustus Mathiot, the first who held and performed the duties
of that oflice in the G. Lodge. These facts will exhibit clearly
how completely the G. Sire was an embodiment of the whole
movement during his tenns of oflice ; in which, to use a current
phrase, he held both " purse and sword "; when he absorbed in
himself the vital force of the whole, and was in all but name the
Grand Lodge itself.

The Order had fared better than its finances would seem
to indicate. In 1S25 there were 4 G. Lodges, tlioseof Maryland,
Massachufictt?, New York and Pennsylvania; attached to these
were only 9 subordinate lodges, of a membership so small that
the aggregate could not have exceeded a lew hundreds. In
1826 there was an addition of but 3 subordinates, 2 of them in
New York and one in Pennsylvania; while in 1S27, of the two
new lodges opened, one was in Maryland and the other was in
Massachusetts, making in all 14. In 1S2S the District of Colum-
bia furnished 2 subordinates, and each of the other States, except-
ing Maryland, a single accession, and the gross number had risen
to 10. For the first time we find a notice of expulsions, which
amounted to 20, and Pennsylvania reported 508 members. 1829
gave better indications. Maryland, indeed, was stagnant : Massa-
chusetts and Xew York had but a nu^agre increase of 2 each ; but
Pennsylvania began to exhibit vitality, and instead of 5, reported

THE GRAND LODOE OF THE UNITED 8TATE8. 233

13 subordinate lodges, which inade the respectable number of 31 ;
but five expulsions appear.

The year 1830 was still more encouraging; 27 new lodges had
been formed, and the whole number had reached 58. But the
prosperity was due, for the most part, to Pennsylvania, which had
gathered in 20 lodges, which, added to 2 instituted in New Jer-
sey and one in Rhode Island, left but 4 for the other localities.
There was this year, indeed, a fifth Grand Lodge, but it was an
anomaly in the system, having but eighty members under its rule.
The District of Columbia, with its 4 lodges and $395.28 of reve-
nue, was indeed of the size only of an ordinary subordinate.
For the first time we have the numbers of the membersliip in
more than one jurisdiction ; the District counted 80, Mar}'land
709, and Pennsylvania, having more tlian doubled its number,
reported the very satisfactory number of 2247. The others were
silent, and could not have been numerous, but the admitted
total of 3086 members was a tangible something of the greatest
promise.

The next year, 1831, w^itnessed the revival in Maryland, when
the numbers were more than doubled ; Pennsylvania wa.s rapidly
growing, and brought in an addition of 506, and the Order was
planted in Delaware, Hhode Island, Ohio and Louisiana; but the
cause was waning in Massachusetts and New York. The number
of lodges was 69, and there were 4451 contributing members.
The table of the year gives 2166 initiations, 20 suspensions, 7
expulsions, and $26,464.52 of revenue, against the sum of
$15,727.48 of the previous year. Tlje year 1832 was still favorable ;
there were 93 subordinates, 5956 members, and a revenue of
$35,324.78 ; the initiations were 2549, suspensions 4, and exjml-
sions 29.

At the close of Wildey's administration the Order was respect-
able and vigorous, and foundations were strongly laid in Mary-
land and Pennsylvania, upon which a solid building could safely
be erected. Kentucky and Virginia had In^en added, and th^re
were now 8 Grand IxKlges subordinate to the Grand Lod^e of the
United States, omitting Massachusetts, which had fallen away.
Surely the needy Grand Lodge, though suflTcring for the want of
money, had much to console it in the prosperity of the member-
ship. Maryland and Pennsylvania had passed the crisis, and the
seed sown in other States gave everywhere indications that in due

234 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

time it would produce a goodly harvest. In September, 1833,
a total of 100 lodges, 6349 contributing members, and a receipt
for the year of $22,718.92, were an earnest of final triumph. The
ordeal was ever, the principles and the organization were approved,
and a nucleus for a national institution firmly impacted, and dedi-
cated to that future which has always smiled upon the cause.

We may now pause and reflect upon the narrative which has
brought us down to such an auspicious hour in the history ; a
period when the original laborers were dead, or had retired from
the sole responsibility. In so doing, many things will occur to
the reader, some of which could not be amplified in the space
allotted for this work.

I. — ^We must admit that the causes hereinbefore set forth for
the wonderful eflects that followed, were apparently greatly out
of proportion to these effects, and of a singularly composite nature
and quality.

II. — That the actors who set the enterprise on foot were not
such as we would ordinarily select to found and build up a per-
manent and splendid beneficial and moral institution.

III. — That the founders, although they ultimately famished
the fundamental plan for the edifice, began with none of those
consultations which usually precede great undertakings. For it
is plain that the Order grew upon them, and took form according
to the exigency of each particular incident in the history.

IV. — That but one of the original few who began the work
took part in all the successive movements, and enjoyed the full
measure of final success — Entwisle having died in 1824, and Welch
having retired in 1829.

V. — That the first movers were strangers and foreigners
where they labored and broke ground, in a hostile city, and there-
fore could not and never did bv personal influence commend it to
the native population.

YI. — That the first efforts were, for the most part, failures,
and no great success was acliievod by the originators, until new
men and measures were supplied by later accessions. In this
connection all will at once recur to the literary member, John
Pawson Entwisle.

VTI. — That the original secrets were greatly altered and
added to by other work more satisfactory and better adapted to
the purpose, although in the main the first basis was retained.

THE GRAND LODGE OF THB UNITED 8TATE8. 235

Here notably appear the American d^rees, and especially the
degree of the Covenant, which again brings forward Grand Sec-
retary Entwisle as the greatest acquisition to the cause. His
career as the organizing mind that produced the whole plan, and
especially as connected with these degrees, will appear when we
speak of him as the third in the great Trio,

VIII. — That a marked indication of the early period was a
recognition of the patriotic feeling which then existed in this
country. This was partly voluntary, but also necessary, growing
out of the antipathy toward Englishmen then prevailing in
Baltimore. But it was also •sound policy; hence Wdshington
Lodge, named for the father of his country ; FranMirij after the
American patriot and philosopher ; and Columbia^ which was
the patriotic cognomen by which this country was described.
Hence also the banishment of " Rule Britannia " and the loud
call for "Hail Columbia" in the lodge-room and at the convivial
board. All these were creditable alike to their heads and
hearts ; we do not therefore wonder that the first sentence in the
general laws of 1821 or 1822 was as follows:

" Sec. 1. This fraternity will meet to assist every brother
who may apply, through distress or otherwise, who is well attached
to the government and faithful to the Order."

IX. — That fraternal and social motives were chiefly relied upon
at the beginning, and, whatever may have been the case after-
wards, the beneficial feature did not cause the success of the first
decade.

X. — That the system of charity as distinguished from benefits,
now grown to such immense proportions, is modem and Ameri-
can, and is the outgrowth of the principles as distinguished
from the benefit system. The names of such as have been con-
spicuous in this direction would include all our Past Grand
Sires, living and dead, with those of brothers now living who are
well known to the Order.

XI. — That the plan finally proposed was modeled after the
State and general governments of this countrj', and was intended
to be a system well compacted and balanced, and not to be dis-
turbed but for the gravest reasons. Many years of experiment
and toil have given us such a system, and we should leave no
means untried to preserve it from innovation.

S36 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Liiftt of all, we must perceive that there are "Ancient
Landmarks," so well established and rooted in our system that
they do, and forever ought to remain as " fixed facts " and nn-
written law. An Order like ours should, in coming years, have
some claim to antiquity and uniformity, and this will be best
secured by adherence to ancient usages, where they are as
valuable and interesting as many which any intelligent brother
will be able to indicate.

• But other reflections will occur of the most gratifying nature.
The reader will remember with pride that no stain rests upon
any of our honored names ; that if unknown and unregarded,
they were good men, who rose by personal merit to distinction ;
that the early lodges were never under the ban of virtue or the
law of the land ; that they never disturbed the public peace ;
never interfered with religion or party politics, and thus did not
become the tools of sect or faction : but that they inscribed on
their banners Toleration and Brotherly Ix)ve; memorable
and prophetic w atchwords, destined yet, " like the drum-beat of
England," to go round the world.

7!

CHAPTER X.

JOHN I'AWBOX ENTWI8LK.

He drew his light frum that he was amidst.
As doth a lamp from air. which hath Itself
Matter of light, altho' it Hhow it not.

— BAII«EY'8 "FBBTtJS."

The Intellectual and Literary Man.

We do not know of any association which has cultivated
literature as have the Odd Fellows of the United States. At an
early day the call was for a magazine to defend and proclaim its
principles, and now we are pre-eminent in the solidity, talent,
power and numbers of our publications. From the first every
struggle was for light to illuminate the public mind ; each move,
ment of the fathers had a separate chronicle, an appropriate
statement, a formal address. This habit became constitutional,
and descended to the children ; however secret the rites, yet no
satisfaction is felt until the exoteric doctrine is made public by a
suitable oration. A lodge-room is a school of instruction not to
be surpassed by academy or college. Here order is taught ; the
order of intelligence, rank, and 8ervi(*e respectively. Here
symbol and allegory amuse, inform and edify ; here scenic effects
excite astonishment and elevate the fancy; here models and
examples inspire the loftiest emulation of the highest excellence ;
here eloquent sentiments, set to beautiful language and adorned
with truthful imagery, stimulate to virtue ; and here conflicting
creeds and platforms, banished beyond the ante-room, are replaced
by brotherly love and unity. What wonder then that the
grateful brother would share his treasures with mankind ; that he
should magnify his hours of pleasure and improvement, and in
the happiness of a full cup, seek to share the glorious libation with
the world.

To reach the great public with such an institution as ours,
many and diverse qualities are requisite in its oxjwnents. Its
plan must be feasible, to be sure, and its promises inviting in the
vital matter of pecuniary aid. But this settled, other requisites

(WD

AS ODD FEUJOWUUF.

are d^tnanded: there mnst be tiie prudent adrker.llie mble
exprjRtor. and the arm of a strr^ es€frQtive. Wdch was the
eoitjerrative actor, Entwisle the literanr. and Wilder the execu-
tire: the three came to>gether a^ one man, and exerted all these
powers at once and in the same dire<2tion : hence the re^t was
r/ifu^ but in it are foond all the elements that ent»ed into the
composition of the fhiitfixl trio. Our wise heads and loTeis of
the landmark.^ represent the characteristics of Welch : oar dadiing
pioneers and workers, of Wildev : bnt the philosophic and moral
element, which lives in the spirit of the doctrines as the Xeophvte
in the sacred secrets of the inner sanctnarv, are lineal descendants
of the cultivated and thonghtfdl genius who gave a charm to the
rongh outline and made it beautiful.

EXTWISLE BEFOKE HE JODTED WILDET.

John Pawson Entwisle, like most of the early members of the
Order, wae a native of England : bnt of what part has ncTer
^ been dis^rlosed. The silence of his contemporaries on the subject
of his personal history can be accounted for by the ignorance of
all of the importance of the special services of each of the parties ;
another reason is apparent in the absence of that culture among
his coa^ljutors wliich could alone detect his excellence. But the
best and true reason, we jiiip[)r>se, was that the arch-worker Wildev
by his fiplf-ndid energy obscured all other merit, or had the good
fortune to have it reflected in himself. Wildey had nothing to
cointiiunicate that was not already known, and never spoke of
Entwisle as he did of Welch, Bovd and others, who were his
acknowlerlcrcd favorites. This is certainlv remarkable: several
of tlK>se that knew Entwirile sur\ived him for more than forty
years, and two of them are now living, yet they retain no impres-
sion of liis eminence. It may be that the superior traits we find
in tliih ]>rr»ther wc*re entirely overlooked ; perhaps their standpoint
was too close? and his presence too familiar for accurate and
dinpassionate criticism. Envy may have drawn the veil around
him when hr sunk suddenly out of sight, and left no cultivated
brother to pither and jireserve his laurels. It may even be that
serious or fatal defects of character had made him obnoxious to
the brotherhood.

Wild<yV silence might have l)een caused by Entwisle's fatal
prominence and masterly importance in a common field. It will

JOHN FAW60N ENTWIBLE. 239

be found in another chapter that we have not imagined the
founder worthy of apotheosis ; we present him as we find him, with
his appetites and habits as well as his " blushing honors." It
was not in his nature to brook a rival, nor his fault if he was true
to his nature. Wildey loved reputation, such as he attained, as
only such men can love it. He left Boyd and the rest behind
and below him. Welch retired and gave him the whole field, but
not so of the Grand Secretary. He had gone down in his harness
as the first medal was preparing to adorn his bosom. He had
clothed the rude figure with graceful drapery as the originator of
the American degrees. His was the correspondence that in
weighty words moulded others to the common policy ; his the pen
that in polished diction and with flowing periods gave the poetic
impulse ; above all, his hand wrote those reports, resolutions and
addresses by which the great leader signalized each successive
step to victory.

To such as have studied human nature, it is not new to hear
of " the fears of the brave, and the follies of the wise," nor that an
unlettered man should pride himself upon his literary merits. It
is not strange then if Wildey, everywhere receiving the applause
due to the papers, of which by the record he was the writer,
should have hesitated to give the credit to another. Besides,
Entwisle was dead and forgotten, it could do no good ; he was a
stranger, and left no friends to keep his memory alive. This day
was not anticipated, when softer hands and, if not kinder, yet
kindred hearts should hunt him out and bear him to the light,
when his work should praise him, and the Order he served so
well would hail him as worthiest of all in what adds lustre to
these later days, the reign of the lofty moral principles of which
he wrote so well. We have no patience with the trifling details
of a meagre record full of trumpery, which cannot even tell us
one fact of a life and death of such importance to the Order. If
he was forgotten in the expectation of his predictions, we can only
deplore with Pliny : " £a »uh oeidis posita neyliyimwi ; prox-
imorxim iiicuriosij longinqxia seciamurP

In what manner then we may, and with the meagre materials
at hand, we shall proceed. We know that he was married, that
he was young, that he left a widow, who may for what we know
be now living. We only see him in the year 1821 flashing
meteor-like in tlie twilight of that era, and in 1824 suddenly

*240 AMKKIGAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

disapjKjaring below the horizon. I^ersistent inquiry has discovered
or started certain traditional stories of him, some of which may
have good foundation. All say that he was the son of a Christian
Minister ; one makes the father a Presbyterian, and another an
Episcopalian. Again, the father was a Wesleyan Minister; but
all agree that he was intended for the sacred calling, but after
receiving the proper education, refused to enter on the ministry.
An early marriage is cited as the reason that had the most weight
with him in his decision ; that necessity drove him from home to
obtain sustenance for his family. " And thus," says G. Sire
Kennedy, " he became estranged from his family ; and before
many years, with his young wife and child, emigrated to
America."

Taking up his abode in Baltimore, he procured employment on
one of the newspa^xirs of the day ; as he signed himself prioJer, he
may have learned that gentle craft and practiced the art " pre-
sen'ative." Here, of course, he was supplied with general infor-
mation, as well as opportunity for study and improvement.
While thus situated, his social nature led him among his country-
men, and at an early day, to join with them to build up the Order
of Odd Fellowfhip. He took an active part at once, for he seems
to have been better instriu^ted in the progress of the Order in
En«];land than his companions. P. (i. Sire Kennedy snys, *<he
was a Past Grand in 1S20, while John Welch was Xublc (irand;
he doubtless passed the chairs before leaving home ; no person
having at that time been N. G. in Washington Lodge but Wil-
dev." We doubt this, and incline to believe he was made and
passed in Washington Lodge; P. G. S. Kennedy may have had
information to the contrary, but we are of the opinion he was
mistaken. At all events, we find him a P. (i. in the earliest
record which we have been able to jnit ii])on the journal. What-
ever may be the fact, he is claimed bv Washington Lodge as one

of its earlv initiates. The K)st minutes could alone settle the

«

f|uesti<)n.

The e^lucation of Entwisle gave him a leading position, esj>e-
cially ill regard to improvements in the work of the Order, or in
any reform that might be projected. Entirely devoted to the AVil-
dey interest, he led the way to improve its intellectual condi-
tion : his ability in that way may be judged by the design and
execution of tlit^ C\)venant and Remembrance Degrees, i)repared

JOHN PAW80N KNTWISLK. 241

y
by liim as early as 1820 ; which, m substance and structure, were
altogether superior to the degrees adopted by the Manchester
Unity in 1816. He even made an effort to improve the old ritual,
but was forced to desist ; the veneration in which it was held
made its bad grammar and faulty style its greatest merits ; indeed,
the awkwardness of its diction was generally esteemed among its
distinguishing beauties. When afterwards, in 1831, the effort was
made by the Grand Lodge of Marjland to correct some of its
glaring errors in style and composition, some who are yet living
know how grudgingly it was done ; the mark of the knife could
scarcely be detected. And when again, in 1835, a bolder attempt
was made in the Grand Lodge of the United States, how suddenly
it shrank before the angr)' glance of '' ancient usage." It was
not until 1845, when the Order had become fully American, that
the representatives found courage to disregard the past. The
effort was then successful ; all of the old essentials were retained,
and the ancient ritual made to speak pure English. That great
reform did not stop here, but introduced new features of refine-
ment, which gave us the noble ritual of to-day.

AUTHOR OF THE RKPRESENTATIVE SYSTEM.

To Entwisle is especially due the credit of devising the rep-
resentative system, on which the Grand Lodge of the United
States is organized. The original purpose of those who drafted
the warrant which came back from Preston, was to establish a
central supreme authority, vested in a local working lodge. To
his superior discernment, endorsed by Welch, the Order is in-
debted for the discovery of the fallacy of this plan, and especially
of its unfitness for this country. He pointed out a certain failure
on the one hand, and indicated the true policy, by which Mary-
land would lose nothing, and the Order would spread over the
nation. He and Welch found their model in the political frame-
work of the government of the United States. First, subordinate
lodges in the several States, and their Past Grands in a State G.
Lodge to govern and defend them ; then, over all, a general G.
Lodge, coini>o5ed of representatives from the State G. Lodges,
as the supreme head of the Order. It is not contended that he
saw all this at (mce, or that he fully comprehended its tendency ;
but he certainly looked and worked always in that direction.
His masterly report from the conmiittee on tiie organization of
16

242 AM£BICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

the G. Lodge of the U. tS., is sonorous and full of matter. That
paper, having no precedent, goes over the whole ground in a
manner that at once bespeaks the gifted member of the family.

To examine his writings and subject them to critical investi*
gation would vindicate our estimate, and show how well and
forcibly he held the pen and supplied the brain-work. In one
matter he had a choice, but it was not gratified. He expected
that the clause in the constitution niaking the city of Baltimore
the permanent seat of the body, would meet with no opposition.
He had set his heart upon this feature ; his sudden demise saved
him from a painful disappointment. He did not foresee that
two of the four Grand Lodges would insist on striking out
" permanent '' and inserting " present." For he had made calcu-
lations on the foreign jurisdictions ; that gratitude would move
them to adopt Baltimore as the home of the Order. His regrets
would have been greater, because in his advocacy of the plan he
had one argument that put down all opposition. He pointed to
the clause securing the Grand Lodge to Maryland as the special
reason for wishing to have it rise to power. He thought that
human nature, in common gratitude and justice, would make it
acceptable to all. But Maryland has no cause to complain of
tlie supreme body, which has always been her firmest ally and
tower of defence.

Some two months before his death, on April 26th, 1824, at
the annual annivei*sary, he was toasted, and made a response
worthy of th(? occasion ; it was pitliy and scholarly, brief and
pointed, a model for windy speakers. I>ut he shone best in
composition, when he sat down to instnir't, persuade or encourage.
In the old coyy of tlu* General Laws of Washington Lodge, he
introduces them in these words:

INTROnrCTION.

The cultivation of friendshij), the pleasures of good company,
and the improvement of morals aiv the ])riinary objects; for the
attainment of which a number of gentlemen of the highest
respectability, ])elonging to the several societies, who are faithful
witnin the limits of this terrestrial globe, have formed themselves
into a frat(M'nity of Independent Odd Fellows. The members of
this fraternity do therefore bind themselves under the most
solemn obligations, firmly to unite, sincerely to love, and in-
flexibly to stand by each other, in sickness or in health, in pov-
erty or in competence, in })rosperity or in afilietion.

JOHN PAW80N ENTWI8LE. 243

Begarding their lodge as a family of brethren, among whom
the welfare of the whole constitutes the happiness of the indi-
viduals, each conceives himself bound to contribute his share,
proportioned to his abilities, toward the general fund of enjoy-
ment. Every Odd Fellow cheerfully subscribes his wit to
enliven the meetings, as well as his money to defray the expenses
of the lodge ; and entertains with a song or instructs with advice
his brethren assembled. Good humor and good-will are the
characteristic features of the fraternity ; honesty and Odd Fellow-
ship ought never to be separated. " Friendship^ Lorn and
Truth " is the motto of the fraternity. Truth ought therefore
to reign on his lips ; Love in the affections ; Friendship in the
heart of every Odd Fellow.

How easy, unaffected and graceful the style, and how rich the
vein of humor, pathos and eloquence ! One rises from the perusal
as if from a bath of generous wine. Dick Steele might in some
happy Jiour have sent it to the Spectator as one of those Attic
essays that made him famous. It is but rarely, if ever, that tlie
most eminent talent has condensed in so small a compass
the whole object of the Order and the duties of its members.
Macaulay says that young Somers, on the trial of the Bishops,
made the reputation of the first constitutional lawyer in England
in a speech of but fifteen minutes ; such samples as we have
from the literary Secretary are suflicient to stamp him a rare
genius, and to put the seal to his claims as the intellectual centre
of early Odd Fellowship.

But his chief legacy to the Order was the Covenant and Re-
membrance Degrees ; of the latter we say nothing, as it has not
been the subject of special commendation, nor of much criti-
cism : its merits however have been suflScient to preserve it.
Some change of apparel was made in it in 1845, but the sub-
stance remains; and by general consent it is retained as a
worthy part of the written work.

THE COVENANT DEGREE.

The Covenant Degree demands at our hands a far different
notice, and under the scrutiny of criticism becomes the most beau-
tiful, instructive and consistent part of the ritual. It is but just
to remark, in liviine^ however, that for many years the authorsliip
of this degree has been disputed ; but, as we believe, with no
reasonable show of probability. In 1844 a committee on revision

dM AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

wus engaged in a thorough reconstruction of the ritual ; its great
design was to prune away every vestige of Masonic work ; and
when detected, to substitute in its place original and suitable
material. The Covenant Degree was the main objec^t of attack
and inquiry in that direction. Brothers Chapin, Ridgely, McCabe,
Moore and Kennedy were charged with the investigation, which
was entered upon and diligently pursued. The conunittee sat in
Kew York, and consulted every Masonic work they could find in
the metropolis, and advised with Masons recognized as eminent
in that work, but (^ould find no trace or foundation for the impu-
tation. The nearest approach to suspicion was an expression of
opinion, that in some respects it resembled a side degree of tlie
Masonic Order.

All of the committee were Masons in good standing, and left
no stone unturned to find the suspicious coincidence, but in vain,
and they concluded that its origin was not Masonic. They therefore
laid the hand of revision tenderly upon it, and retained it as the
sole j)roperty of our Order. Brother McCabe was on the commit-
tee, but did not take part in the revision, and of course did not
attend this scrutiny. But knowing all the fiicts, he signed the
report, and gave in his adhesion to what the othere had done.
Bro. McCabe was outiiipoken in his opinion of the fallacy of the
charge, and his long stand in*:: *^^^ superior rank in the Masonic
body ought to be conclusive on that point. It had a final trial
before the Grand Lodge of the United States, when the report of
the revision committee was considered; at least one-half of the
representative's were Masons. The same objection was then
made and fully discussed, and yet the report of the conmiittee
was un(tjihnou.shj adopted. It was thus fully ticquitted of having
been filched from the Masons. But its great merit still continued
to invite assault; a publication by Bro. E. P. Nowell, fonnerly
of the American Odd Fellow, of the ritual of the Patriotic Order
of Odd Fellows, has caused the assertion that this degree, as well
as the Patriarchal Order itself, had been borrowed from their
ceremony. We have carefully read that ritual, and find a very
slight similitude between a i)art of it and this degree, but nothing
to justify the charge of plagiarism. This will appear beyond
controversy by an analysis of the degree itself.

The Covenant or Pink Degree, as it is indiscriminately called,
combines two ideas, or rather a twofold illustration, drawn irom

JOHN PAW80N ENTWI81.E. 245

distinct and independent sources ; one profane, and the other
sacred history, but each teacliing the same lesson. The scene of
one is laid in Judea, that of the other comes to us from Home.
The love of Jonathan and David, as related in the book of Sam-
uel, is the burden of the former, and the Fasces, or its emblematic
model, the latter. The symbolic Fasces were constantly in view in
the Senate house, and were always borne aloft by the Lictors in tlie
procession of a triumph, as an allegory of union, or strength and
power as the 'fniit of union. It was composed of single sticks,
which, in the bundle, formed an integer of many parts, thus indi-
cating weakness in the parts and consolidated power in the
whole.

The Roman legend was equally adapted to the pur|)ose ; the
plebeians deserted the aristocracy, and the revolt threatened to
bring in the reign of agrarianism. Shakspeare has admirably
dramatized the incident in his Coriolanus, in which he portrays
with admirable skill the danger of division, and that the safety of
the whole depended upon a union of all the parts. These furn-
ished the material which the young author has put to such valu-
able use. Of course the stories were not of his invention ; but he,
like Shakspeare, has caught the ideas and put them in dramatic
form ; giving them practical development as moral lessons to
mankind.

But we may be asked, what did he supply in the weaving up
of that so well furnished to his hand. The answer is ciuy; his
fertility and creative power are shown by his application of the
incidents narrated. He bends them to perform auxiliary but
eflfective duty in the cause he served ; adorning them with riirh
mosaics of his invention, which sparkle like diamonds in the set-
ting of the story. Thus the Quiver, the Arrows, the Stone
Easel, the Voice of Warning and the Fasces are the 6ul>stance
and power of the degree; supplying, as they do under his skilful
touch, a rare combination of scenic effect and moral force. If
Entwisle had done nothing more than this, his fame would be as
sure and lasting as the life of the Order. Its place in the theory
of the degrees will be set forth in the chapter on that subject.

But this was ])ut a small portion of the services that have been
so ill requited. His was the brain and genius that gave life to
the conceptions which he alone had projected; and his the con-
summate skill to bring about that union which gave the Order its
perpetuity and power.

246 ' AMKKICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

HIb official Bervices appear upon the record ; whatever his pro-
viouB history as a member, the iirst known minute puts him next
to Wildey. He was, by acclamation, made Deputy Grand M aster
at the organization of the (Jr. Lodge of Md. and of the U. S. on
the 7th of February, 1821. He was thus the first to fill the
second place to the founder of the Order. This office of labor and
responsibility he held for two years, when he gave place to Welch.
His services with his pen were imperatively called for in the Sec-
retary's office, and be obeyed the call. At the election held on
the 22d of February, 1823, he was elected and installed Grand
Secretary, and at once entered on the duties of that great office.
Here he organized the designs of his colleagues, and became the
mainspring of all that followed.

HIS SUDDEN DEATH.

But suddenly, in his vigorous manhood, and in the midst of
arduous labor, he died. He had no after recompense ; he had
toiled without reward, and he fell almost unnoticed in the confu-
sion of the. events then occurring. It is true that in life the
Grand Secretary was duly esteemed. To him was awarded the
first medal ever granted by the Grand Lodge ; to him was awarded
the position of first Grand Representative; in him, next to Wil-
dey, were bound up the hopi^s of all. But he died at a period
when most of them thought the whole work was done, and that
the great workman might be spared or give place to feebler men.
When the shout of victory was heard over the great birth of a
federal union, its champion, with arms crossd u])on his breast,
was left to his silent funeral. His sudden departure wus soon
felt to be a calamity, and the void in the adminis^trative branch
of the Order was not filled for many years; many efforts to
supply his place were signal failures.

The record may be to blame, but the following is not at all

satisfactory :

Baltimore, July 6th, 1824.

The Grand Committee met pursuant to a call of the Grand
Master, and opened in regular form. Present :

Thomas Wildky, M. W. G. Master.
Thomas Scotchburn, R. W. D. G. M. p, t.
Maurice Fennell, K. W. A. G. Sec.
John Boyd, W. G. Guardian.
Charles Common, W. G. Conductor, and
P. G.'s Nelson, McCormick and Williams.

JOHN PAW80K ENTWI8LB. 247

D. G. M. Welch, G. W. Mitchell, and P. G.'s Roach, Seeds
and Harris were each fined 50 cents.

The Grand Master stated that tlie object of the meeting was to
take some action relative to the death of the Grand Secretary,
John P. Entwisle. On motion, it was unanimously

Besohed^ That the sum of til'teen dollars be and is hereby
appropriated to the widow of our Grand Secretary, John r.
Entwisle, being the amount intended to purchase the medal voted
him by the Grand Lodge, for his services rendered to the Order
in general.

The proceedings of the committee of Franklin Lodge, No. 2,
respecting the funeral of our Grand Secretary, were presented and
approved. When, on motion, it was

Resolved^ That a committee of three, viz : one from each
lodge, be appointed to draw up a communication to be sent to
the subordinate lodget*, approving of the proceedings of the com-
mittee of Franklin Lodge, No. 2.

The Grand Committee then closed.

Maurice Fennell, A, G. Secretary.

His illness must have been brief, for he was at the quarterly
session in May. How inadequate the proceedings in view of the
loss incurred ! But when we consider the assembly he had left, the
wonder is not so great. There were but eight present at the meet-
ing on the occasion of his death, and five were absent and were
fined for non-attendance ; making in all a show of thirteen persons
nominally interested. As the 10th article of the constitution re-
quired all to be present at " annual, quarterly and special sessions,"
under penalty of a fine of fifty cents, the whole body was composed
of thirteen in all. In such a body the individual was everything,
and the aggregate representatives, on ordinary occasions, merely
cyphers. Whatever might have been the feeling at the time, it is
remarkable that Wildey, after stating the object of meeting, did
not deliver the usual *' address."

THE PEESIDINO GENIUS OP THE ORDER.

It is a work of pleasure to portray the character of this
favorite brother, who, in a limited circle, has made a great im-
pression upon our leading men. All who have gone back
patiently to the beginning, whatever their previous opinions,
return with enthusiasm for this early laborer. Among others,
P. G. Sire Kennedy, who had deeply studied the first decade, did
him a sort of homage as its presiding genius. He had formed in

248 AMERTCAW ODD FELLOWSHIP.

his mind an ideal of the man that was both striking and affect-
ing. He thought him a young man full of promise, and above
his associations, yet held to them by the bond of a common pur-
pose, and living in a future and brighter sphere, of which his
hopes gave sure augury ; that he was a student and a scholar^
transforming the dull prose of his surroundings into the poetrj'^ of
a mind of taste and a heart of sensibility ; that when among the
early band he was above them, and in his soaring thoughts
found no sympathy among the ruder workmen. It may be so ;
we confess the spell, for we have felt it from the first hour we
traced him adorning the foundations with the chaplets fitting to
crown the edifice.

We have imagined him reticent, grave, yet gentle and winning
in his manners ; a reader of the classics, and well acquainted with
the rich stores of English literature. A man not yet fully assured
of his own faculties, because he wrote and thought with the ease
of superior men. A hero- worshipper also, looking upon Wildey
as a very prodigy of energy, and readily yielding the palm to a
kind of power which he had no fiiculty or desire to wield. A
gentleman, in fact, of rare wit and fancy, struggling in eclipse
among the clouds of poverty ; a stranger who never was fully at
home among his fellows: whose aspirations and whose gonial in-
fluence would better suit the^^e days of opulent })rosperity than
the narrow limits of liis time. We have resented as something
personal that he was not the beloved disciple of the founder.

HIS FAME 18 ASSURED.

That such, to some extent, will be the sentiment of our
readers, our ex])erience leads us fully to expect. Kindred spirits
will be excited by his story, to pay him the tribute whieh
has b(»en so lon^r and un<cenerouslv withheld. The G. Lodij^e of
the U. S., so quick to seek out merit and reward it, may devi>e
some means of exaltinfjc a name so glorious. It inav vet become
as wide-spread as Wildey 's, and the whole Order give him their
applause. Encampments and Ind^s may yet ^e('k his record for
a charter name. Degree lodg(\- may rise to perpetuate Entwisle,
as they have others of the olden time ; above all, our orators shall
hang upon him their richest eloquence, to point the morals they
have learned from him, and a vast brotherhood sludl mourn over
the early death of this Mam and 13K()TnKK.

JOHN PAW80N ENTWI8LE. 240

Wildey, in snrviving all his early friends, had liis full reward,
and now wears the ehaplet he so well deserved; bnt his good
fortune has been the means of concealing the merits of
other men, who, in a large degree, gave his greatness its existence
and its final triiunpl . In energy, in enthusiasm, in executive
ability, Wildey was truly great ; }>ut in no way was he greater than
in the selection of the counsellors by whom he was guided. His
earliest advisers were Welch and Entwisle; to them, and es-
pecially to the latter, his hopes and fears were confided, and upon
his sagacity he relied ujx)n all occasions. The early reforms, as
before stated, sprung from Entwisle's brain, and the iron will and
matchless activity of the founder put them in motion.

He sleei)s, but his spirit yet walks among us and inspires the
work ; he sleej)?, but he shall no longer be neglected and forgotten.

*' Yet wliat if no light footstq) here
lu pilgrim love and awe repair? —

So let it Ikj.
Ho sleeps in silence, but his sod,
Unknown to man, is marked of Oo(L"

We cannot point our readers to his grave, for it is nameless;
nor to his epitaph, for none such, to our knowledge, did
he have ; but in these pages we inscribe the name of John
Pawson Entwisle, as upon a princely cenotaph, as his fit me-
morial. In the twelfth chapter we shall place on the column^
between Welch and Entwisle, the old chieftain, Wildey.

CHAPTER XI.

THE SECKET PRINCIPLE.

Say from whonoe
Tou owo Uila strange intelligence ? or why
Upon this blasted heath you stop my way
With such prophetic greeting ?
Speak, I charge yuu.

— Macbeth.

The subject of this chapter is both delicate and difficnlt. In
its preparation, a vast number of authorities have been consulted :
history, general and special, of the ancient knowledge known as
the "Mysteries"; chroni(jles of secret societies and of their
arcana, such as signs, symbols and words, and the designs which
gave them vitality; with many books of various titles and
objects, containing facts or suggestions available for our purpose.
We may mention standard works on Masonry, essays and anony-
mous contributions, and above all, that great storehouse, the
encyclopedias. Careful and continuous study has revealed but
little that is certain, save only that we were treading among
shadows and upon uncertain ground. The solutions were often
as mystic and difficult as the secrets they attempted to reveal;
dates of important eras were often guessed at; societies and
sects ruthlessly confoimded; and origins, principles and results,
though given in a form the most exact, were for the most part
sketches more creditable to the novelist than the historian. In
such a medley one is soon lost and confounded. We found
indeed, what was absolutely necessary, the existence of the prin-
ciple and its ample exercise, with results of an amazing char-
a(;ter, which answer the question of its importance to mankind.

The iirst intention was to give the history and development
of the secret principle somewhat in detail. Jjut this would
require ela!)orate treatment, and a whole library of books. A
glance will sliow the vastness of the subject ; thousands of vol-
umes have been devoted to it, and it will be found to aflect every-
Tcice and country, (*very form of knowledge, and the whole prac-
tic^al framework of society. The investigator will dis(*over its

(380)

THE 8ECBET PBINCIPLE. 251

traces among all nations, and its outgrowth has shaped the faith
and practice of the world. Its history would be the history of
man from the beginning. But even within narrow limits, the
difficulty of anything like a true outline is insuperable. For
instance, Egypt is the oldest land of chronicles, and held in its
bosom the most celebrated mysteries. Yet the origin, natui'e
and secrets of her rites are buried in her catacombs. Greece
became the heir of Egypt, and improved upon the mystic inheri-
tance ; but even here uncertainty alone is certain. If the secrets
of the Grecian rites have been revealed, where and to whom
shall we look for the revelation? The historians give us one
version, the philosophers another, and the poets one entirely
different. Either all the exposures are false, or the true one can-
not be indicated. Of the three, one may choose which he may,
and yet come short of the true solution. May we not then infer
that much of mystery was buried in the ruins of Delphi, or lost
before the printing press could give it circulation?

But, after all, secrets are nothing save as they embody a tsLn-
gible so7nethi7i(/. Take the case of the Christian religion: when
type and allegory were embodied in the Messidi, they were cast
aside. Hence Christianity is ignorant of Jewish rites, and cannot
explain the myster}' of the Shekinah. The substance supplants
the shadow, and the fulfilment the prophecy. It follows that the
old secrets are but little known and cannot be fully pointed out.
When the eflect ceased, the cause had first ceased ; so that we
have no firm reliance on any secrets save such as have been pre-
served in some formal organization. For all such were more or
less arbitrary, and took their significance from their connection
with natural relations and conditions. The relations remain,
but for the most part the forrriR of their progressive conditions
have been dropped. In a w^ord, the secret or formula is absorbed
by the substance it has clothed ; or having served its purpose, is
thrown aside for others more suitable for the later stages of the
same process. But the need for the secret principle is coeval and
co-extensive with the race as part of the world's spiritual heritage.
As such, it will prevail everywhere, and everywhere work its
mighty influence, undeterred by the scientist or his philosophy.

MYSTERY.

The region of the mysterious is enchanted ground. On all
sides the real is bounded by clouds and darkness, among whose

252 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

boundless recesses tlie imagination disports itself on the wings of
a wild and exuberant curiosity. Its territories have been mapped
by the fancy, and invisible inhabitants made to appear and play
their role in fictitious annals. To furnish motives for these in-
habitants, human passions have been invoked, human relations
have been assigned them ; they have been given a genealogy and
divided into families. Invisible agents have been sketched in
the pages of biography, and history has aspired to furnish the
events of an unseen world. Nor are the invisibles confined to
the outer world, but in every zone we greet them as visitors
among earthly dwelling-places. As they become familiar to ns,
we claim them as denizens; they inhabit the ocean, and roam the
valleys and the mountains; they munnur in the streams and
speak loudly in the winds. Nor are they careless of the human
race ; to the contrary, they are its masters or its slaves, and mix
in all that concerns it from the cradle to the grave.

But in a specific manner the common curiosity undertakes the
solution of far different phenomena. Nature is a mystery ; ori-
gin;*, first priiM'iplcs, simple elements are all unknown, and man,
the curious inquirer, is the greatest mystery of all. A restless
desire fo know awakens all the activities of the human mind;
science ever toils to discover and philosophy to explain. Thus
arise theories of creation and development, and the secrets of the
globe iU'c Kouglit in cosmogonies of every variety. The crucible
is everhcattnl, the telescope and microscope ever pointed, the pick
and the hammer ever plying; facts are compared with fact«, exper-
iments with experiments, theories with theories, until we are
bewildered in the eflbrt to invade the sanctuary of the unknown.
This passion has ruled the race, and will continue to do so to the
end of time.

THE ANCIENT MYSTERIES.

So universal a principle could not fail to exert a mighty influ-
ence among all peo])les and in every age. At all times and in
endless forms it has been invoked, for the worst as well as the
best of ends. Its grand appearance was under the style of the
ancient mysteries. When first known, this was already the type
of all that was trrcnt and wonderful. It comes to us from the
earliest antiquity, claiming even then to be ancient, and having
already obtained sovereign ascendancy. Out of it sprung young

THE SECRET PRmCIPLE. 253

science and philosophy. Its central idea was the analysis of the
unknown, chiefly in the domain of nature ; that physical structure
with its indescribable garniture, and its invisible but certain sym-
pathy with the inquirer. But it also embraced all known phe-
nomena, spreading out in all directions ; wherever a secret was
found, it was made the foundation of a system to which a temple
was dedicated. Man, in the primitive state, could not fail to be
impressed by his moral and physical dependence, and instinctively
reached out for a liigher and stronger support. The theology of
the mysteries taught him the unity of God, and the doctrine of a
future state of rewards and punishments. Itfi morality taught
the law of love, and its science, in some sort, unveiled a portion
of the arcana of the material world. Upon thei^e and the theory
of an eternal life, "as universal, all-powerful and all-sustaining,"
did they repose, as unfailing oracles.

Of these fii'st origins we know absolutely nothing l)eyond the
genesis of the Jewish historj'. Some over-zealous writei's upon
Free Masonry provoke a smile when they make that institution
to antedate the human family. The argument is simple, " light
was before man, and light is the symbol and scope of that Order."
We are inclined to class them with some of our own visionaries,
who date Odd Fellowship with the creation of man " })ecause
Adam was the first Odd Fellow." But as we are not dealing
wholesale in fable, we merely mention these suggestions as in-
dicative, at least, of the zeal of those who have made them.

rrs ANTiQurrY.

The secret principle preceded the earliest empires, and was
coeval with Indian mythology and the Magi or priests of Persia,
and flourished, says Aristotle, " for many years before the rise of
the kingdom of Egypt." But its antiquity does not rest alone
upon external evidence; it was embodied in formal initiatory
ceremonies and august symbols. Indeed, we liave no record of a
people among whom the knowledge on which it was founded was
not taught " as the ground and genesis of all things : the whole
state ; the rise, the workings and the progress of all nature ;
together with the unity that pervades heaven and earth." Reli-
gion as the primal clement in man, and that by which he was
most influenced, was chiefly considered. But the hidden princi-
ples of belief were seldom, if ever, communicated to the people ;

254 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

they were confined to the priests, and the favored few who were
admitted to their confidence. Thus arose the division of the
doctrines into the ejcott^ric and the e^otericj the former consisting
of those outward forms and fables which were current among all,
and tlie latter embodying the principles underlying them and
from which they sprung. These were committed only to such aft
by their rank, influence, wealth, or intelligence were the natural
heads and rulers of the multitude.

THE DOCTRINE AND RITES.

The first step was usually considered the entrance by the can-
didate upon a new life ; a word, therefore, significant of that fact
was used by all nations. This word in Latin is initia, from
which we have derived the word hiiiiatimi. The ceremonies
consisted, in general, of rites of purification and expiation, of sac-
rifices and processions, of ecstatic songs and dances, of nocturnal
festivals fit to impress the imagination, and of spectacles designed
to excite the emotions of terror and trust, sorrow and joy, hope
and despair. The principal subjects of the representation were the
legends of particular divinities, their abode and passion on the
earth, their descent into Hades, and their return and resurrection ;
thus symbolizing both human destiny and the order of nature.
The rites were chiefly symbolic acts and spectacles, yet sacred
mystical words, fornuilas, fragments of liturgies or hymns were
also enii)lovcd. There wore also certain objects with which
occult meanings were associated ; these were carefully imparted
to the initiate, or were used in the ascending scale of after pro-
motion. Such as Phallus^ Cfeis^ Cijceany Cistvs^ Calathns^ Thi^r'
l<?^^t<?, according to the diflferent mysteries; which severally mean
the male organ of generation, the serpent, the drum of the ear or
tympanum, a ro('k rose, a basket made of osiers or reeds, and a
staff' entwined with ivy, but whose mystic significance no one has
l)een al)le to explain. Whatever their symbolic meaning, their
use was manifestly as drapery for deeper things, or as the keys to
more precious possessions.

THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES.

The Study of the profound fascinates the mind and leads to
invention and discovery. The inspiration of such themes touches

THE 8ECBET PRINCIPLE. 256

tlie deeper nature and develops the nobler powere. What wonder
then that the able and historic ancients, who have given us the
most, if not all, of our finnest bases of science, were devotees of
the mysteries ? " Happy," says Pindar, '* is he who has beheld
them, and descends beneath the hollow earth ; he knows the end,
he knows the divine origin of life." Thus the jEletisiniarij the
most venerable of Grecian rites, was greeted with universal
homage. Among its brotherhood assembled the most distin-
guished poets, philosophers, historians, and statesmen, whose
names have survived tlie mystery itself. The fundamental legend
on which the ritual was founded, was the search of the goddess
TJeres for her daughter Proserpine, her sorrows and her joys, her
descent into Hades, and her return into the realm of light.
Again the legend dwells on the changes of the seed of corn under
the figure of the loss of Proserpine, and her ultimate return to
her searching mother ; vicissitudes which symbolize the course
of nature and the destiny of the soul. These are matters of sig.
nificance worthy the attention of such master-spirits. To them
nature, in its sublimity, was the mirror of the infinite Creator,
and of His attributes of wisdom, power and goodness. They felt
a craving for a higher destiny, and the spiritual wants of their
nature led them to everj' oracle and every altar to appease the
ap2>etite. The very language, so beautiful and gorgeous, was full
of dreamy allegorical expressions, well calculated for secrecy.
This was peculiarly true of the eastern nations ; among whom
the parable and the prophecy were indigenous, and the mind rioted
in metaphor and symbolic imagery. The transition to mystic sys-
tems was natural and easy. Among these the earliest seems to
have been that of the Magi, the disciples of Zoroaster, to which may
be added the Brahmans and Gymnosophists of India. These had
a regular initiation, and a graduation from the lower to the higher
degrees.

THE EGYPTIAN SCHOOL.

The Egyptian school, however, which followed, suq)assed all
its predecessors in the influence it exerted and the light which it
generated and dispersed. The authorities fix the origin of the
mysteries anterior to this time, which, according to the ordinary
chronology, was about 1900 years before Christ. Their original
design, as we have stated it, is generally conceded. Entering

250 AMEBICA^ ODl> PELLOWBHIP.

Egyi)t from Media, Assyria, Pei*sia and contemporaneous peoples,
they seem to have found a congenial soil. Here they attained
jHiwer and intluonce, and reached the zenith of their greatness.
Egypt, before tliat time of but little c^stimation, soon began to
rise to distinction, and its fame filled the then known world. The
chief men from contiguous nations swarmed to a land so renowned
for wisdom, and which, by its laws and religion, had begnn to
give civilization to the vast Delta of the Nile. From that time
it acquired a name, not less illustrious among the nations of anti-
quity than now, at a distance of thousands of years. Such was
the height to which it reached in the arts and sciences, that some
believe that it had all the essential knowledge now possessed by
mankind. Others have argued from such proficiency, the singular
doctrine that more learning has been lost than the world at pre-
sent contains; in other words, that the modern civilization is but
a modification of the ancient civilization. Certainly we may
agree with them in many particulai-s, for civilization is an ideals
which no generation can realize : and yet so much progress was
made by our predecessors, that indeed it seems, on inquiry, as if
there was " nothing new under the sun." We cannot stop to
discuss so grave a theory. But it must be confessed that the
works and attainments of the Egyptians can only be explained
by placing them in the front rank of nations. To this day their
very ruins are the wonder of the world. Temples, obelisks and
pyramids remain to attest their greatnet^s nnd shame the littleness
of succeeding generations. They not only challenge admiration,
but awaken profound regi'ct that the secret of such skill and sci-
ence should have been lost in thedecavof that Colossus of ancient
historv.

Thebes, Memphis and Helioi^olis Mere cities of regal splendor,
where learning had its seats, where royalty held its court, and
where the mysteries were installed as oracles of wisdom. Egypt
arose in the life-time of Peleg, and reached its zenith within a
hundred yeai*s of the death of Abraham. Institutions soon be-
came poi)ular whose arcana were only attainable by special ini
tiates. Their theology and philosophy were in full accord, and
combined to teach the unity of God and the immortality of the
soul. Their mysteries were of two kinds, the greater and the less,
the former being those of Osiris and Serapis, the latter those of
Jsis. Those of Osiris were celebrated at the autumnal equinox,

THE SECRET PRINCIPLE. 257

tiiofie of Serapis at the summer solstice, and those of Isis at the
vernal equinox. The doctrines taught were divided into the
two classes of the exoteric and the esoteric. Osiris symbolized
the sun as the image of the great ruler, and was afterwards
in the Greek mythology represented by Apollo. Isis was
the moon, symbol of the universal mother. According to Plu-
tarch and Tacitus, Ptolemy, warned by a dream, sent to Sinope
for a colossal statue, which, on its arrival at Alexandria, was de-
clared to represent the god Serapis. The temple of Serapheum
was built at Alexandria for the reception of the statue, and was
the last hold of the Pagans in that city after the introduction of
Christianity. Gibbon describes it as magnificent : " the conse-
crated buildings were surrounded by a quadrangular portico ; the
stately halls and exquisite statues displayed the triumph of the
arts ; and the treasures of ancient learning were preserved in the
famous Alexandrian library, which had arisen with new splendor
from its ashes." In the year A. D. 389, the grand statue was
involved in the ruin of his temple and religion.

Isis was the first, Serapis the second, and Osiris the third
of the Egyptian rites. The theory of these rites, if w^e may so
speak of them, is shadowed forth by Apuleius in his " Golden
Ass," which describes them under the disguise of a fable. " Be-
hold, Lucius, I, moved by thy prayers, am present with thee ; I,
who am nature, the parent of things, the queen of all the elements,
the primordial progeny of the ages, the supreme of divinities, the
sovereign of the spirits of the dead, the first of the celestials, the
fii*st and universal substance, the uniform and multifonii aspect
of the uncreated essence ; I, who rule by my nod the luminous
summits of the heavens, the breezes of the sea, and the silence of
the reahiis beneath, and whose one divinity the whole orb of the
earth venerates unBer a manifold form, bv different rites and a
variety of appellations. Hence the early Pln-ygians call me Pes-
sinuntica, mother of the gods ; the Attic aborigines, Cecropian
Minervji ; the floating Cyprians, Paphian Venus; the arrow-bear-
ing Cretans, Diana Dictynna; the three-tongued Sicilians, Sty-
gian Proserpine; and the Eleusinians, the ancient goddess Ceres.
Some also call me Juno, others Bellona, others Hecate, and others
Xlhamnusia. The Ethiopians, the Arii and the Egyptians, skilled
in ancient learning, honor me with rites ])eculiarly appropriate,
and call me by my true name. Queen Isis."
17

268 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

THE INITIATIOX.

The place of initiation was a pyramid erected over subterra-
nean caverns, the great pyramid being considered the tomb of
Osiris. The candidate, conducted by a guide, was led lo a deep,
dark well or shaft in the pyramid, and, provided with a torch, he
descended into it by means of a ladder affixed to the side. Arrived
at the bottom, he saw two doors, one of them barred, the other
yielding to the touch of his hand. Passing through it, he beheld
a winding gallery, whilst the door behind him shut with a clang
that reverberated through the vaults. Inscriptions like the fol-
lowing met his eye : " Whoso shall pass along this road alone, and
without looking back, shall be purified by fire, water and air;
and overcoming the fear of death, shall issue from the bowels of
the earth to the light of day, preparing his soul to receive the
mysteries of Isis." Proceeding onward, the candidate arrived at
another iron gate, guarded by three armed men, whose shining
helmets were surmounted by emblematic animals, the Cerberus of
Orpheus. Here the candidate had oflered to him the last chance
of returning, if so inclined. Electing to go forward, he under-
went the trial by fire, by parsing through a hall filled with inflam-
mable substances in a state of combustion, and forming a bower
of fire. The floor was covered with a grating of red-hot iron bars,
leaving, however, narrow interstices where he might safely place
his feet. Having surmounted this obstacle, he had to encounter
the trial bv water. A wide and dark canal, fed by the waters of
the Nile, arrested his progress. Placing the flickering lamp ujxin
his head, he plunged into the canal and swam to the opposite
bank, where the greatest trial, that by air, awaited him. He
landed upon a ])latfbrm leading to an ivory door, bounded by two
walls of brass, into each of which was inserted an immense wheel
of the same metal. He in vain atteni])ted to open the door*
when, espying two large iron rings affixed to it, he took hold of
them ; but suddenly the platform sunk from under him, a chilling
blast of wind extinguished his lamp, the two brazen wheels
revolved with formidable rapidity and stunning noise, whilst he
remained suspetided by the two rings over the fathomless abyss.
Put ere he was exhausted, the platform returned, the ivory door
opened, and he saw before him a magnificent temple, brilliantly
illuminated, and filled with the priests of Isis, clothed in the mys-
tic insignia of their officer, the hierophant at their head.

THE SECRET PRI1>ICIPLK. 259

But the ceremony did not end here. The candidate was
subjected to a series of fastings, which gradually increased for
nine times nine days. During this period a rigorous silence was
imposed upon him, which if he preserved, he was at length fully
initiated into the esoteric doctrines of Isis. He was led before
the triple statue of Isis, Osiris and Horus — another symbol of
the sun — where he swore never to publish the things revealed to
him in the sai>ctuary. He first drank the waters of Letlie, pre-
sented to him by the high priest, to forget all he ever heard in his
unregenerate state ; and afterwards the water of Mnemosyne, to
remember all the lessons of wisdom imparted to him. He was
next introduced into the most secret part of the sacred edifice,
where he was instructed in the meaning of the symbols there
contained. Last of all he was publicly introduced as a person
who had been initiated into the mysteries of Isis, the first degree
of the Egyptian rites.

From this we may obtain some idea of the nature of the
fonns by which the ancient mysteries were explained.

In the third degree the candidate received a name taken from
that of Deity, and the dogma of the unity of God was imparted to him.
It was not indeed a personal God, but in the sanctuary all forms
were reduced to unity, and the many idols to the one divinity,
prinieval power and intelligeiice,

*

CHINA, JAPAN, BRITAIN, GAUL AND SCANDINAVIA.

Thcj?e mysteries spreading through Greece, Phoenicia and
Asia Minor, descended to Rome, and were greatly refined in their
passage. Thence they went to Britain, and in the decline of
Rome spread in a modified form over modern Europe. The
object of the latter organizations was to subvert polytheism and
to vindicate the unity of God. It is to Greece that we owe the
perfection of the system ; but we will first dispose of those which
were auxiliary, or independent of Egyptian origin.

The Chinese at the beginning had no system of mystery.
This continued until (Confucius, and for a long time afterwards.
Their form of doctrine was philosophical, and they worshipped
an invisible God. But becoming idolatrous, this simplicity was
lost in a metaphysical mystery. Tlie diief end of initiation was
an absorption into the deity O-Mi-To Fo. Omito meaning "im-
measurable,'' and Fo only another name for Buddha. Buddha

S60 AMSBIOAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

was a wise and great teacher, ivho at his death leoeived diTine
honors, and whose legend fonns the whole body of the doctxine.
The last sentence of the fonnder was, <* All componnds are per^
ishable," a positive truth capable of demonstration. The final
object is the deliverance of the soul from pain and illusion. The
endless rotation of metempsychosis is broken, by preventing the
soul from being bom again. This is attained by paiijBcati0n
from even the desire of existence.

The Japanese have a mixed philosophical and religiona
system. Their philosophy is founded on astronomy, and their
religion the worship of an incarnate Ood. The Grand Lama is
that Qodj but the true doctrine refers simply to the origin of the
world. Thus none of these had the scope of the ancient mjB-
teries of i^ypt.

To the Druids alone has been given the name of the Magi of
the West They had much the same meaning as the Brahmans and
the Persian Magi. They had also the esoteric and exoteric religions
doctrines. Their rites were practiced in Britain and Ganl, the
Island of Anglesea being their chief seat The system embraced
all the philosophy and religion then known in those loealitieB.
The periods of initiation were fixed by the course and position of
the sun. It was a maxim witli them tliat water was the first
principle of all things, and existed before the creation in unsullied
purity. They also taught one Supreme Being, a future state of
rewards and punishments, the immortality of the soul, and a
metempsychosis. Tliey seem to have possessed much scientific
knowledge, and plainly followed the doctrines of Pythagoras.
The final secret was that of death and a resurrection ; the candi-
date was first placed in the^^if^^^^ or coflin, where his symbolical
death represented the death of IIu, or the sun ; and his restoration,
in the third degree, symbolized the resurrection of the same
luminary.

Their temples \vere generally situated on an eminence and in
dense groves of oaks : circular, because a circle is emblematic
of the universe ; oval, in allusion to the mundane egg, from which,
according to the traditions of many nations, the universe, or ac-
cording to others, our first parents issued ; serpentine, because a
serpent was the symbol of Hu, the Dniidical Osiris ; cruciform,
because the cross is an emblem of regeneration. Their only canopy
was the sky, and they were constructed of unhewn stones, their

THB SECRVr PRINCIPLE. 261

nnmber having reference to astronomical calculations. Tlie
three principal temples of this description in Britain, were those
of Stonohenge and Abury in the soutli, and that of Shap in
Cumberland. Where stone was scarce, rude banks of earth were
substituted, and the temple was formed of a high vallum and
ditch. The adytum or ark of the mysteries was called a cratrdech^
and was used as the sacred ^a«^, or place of regeneration. It
consisted of three upright stones as supporters of a broad, flat
stone, laid across them on the top, so as to form a small cell or
stone coffin. The place was often subterranean ; the immense
grotto at Castleton in Derbyshire, called by Stukely the Stygian
Cave, as well as the giants' caves at Luckington and Badminster
in Wilts, certainly were used for tliis purpose.

The Scandinavian mysteries had their empire in tlie vast
forest regions of the north of Europe. Their whole doc^trine and
ritual bear marks of the influence of a rude, but connect astronomy.
From tliis source the Druids learned to ere(^t the huge monu-
ments of rock which still remain, to form tlie gloomy pastes
of stone, to hew caverns out of the solid rock for the rites
of their mystery, and to use natural grottoes for the piirj)08es of
initiation. The candidate pei*sonated the sun ; being asked his
name, he replied, " Gangler," that is, the wanderer, or he that
perfonns a revolution, distributing blessings to mankind. In the
palace, with a boundless roof, he discovei*s three seats; on the
lowest is the King, called Har, sublime ; on the central one, Jafu-
har, the equal of the sublime ; on the highest, Tredie, the number
tliree. These personages are those the neophyte beheld in the
Eleusinian initiation, the hierophant, the daduchus or torch-
bearer, and the epibomite or attendant on the altar ; these he sees
in Freemasonry, the Master and the Senior and Junior Wardens,
personifications of the sun, the moon, and the Demiurge or
Master of the Ix)dge. In the instruction the candidate was told
that the greatest and most ancient of the gods is called Alfader
(the father of all), and has twelve epithets which recall the twelve
attributes of the sun, the twelve constellations, the twelve superior
gods of Egypt, Greece and Rome. The priests were called
Drottes ; their number also was twelve, who were alike priests
and judges ; and from this order proceeded that bulwark of the
citizen, a trial before twelve men, by the name of a jury, under
the common law of England.

262 AMERICAN ODD FELLOW8HTP.

The grand periods of initiation were quarterly, and determmed
by the course of the sun, and his arrival at the equinoctial and
solstitial points. But the time of the annual celebration was
May-eve, when fires were kindled on all the cairns and cromlechB
in the island, which burned all night to introduce the sports of
May-day ; whence all the national festivity still practiced on tliat
day dates its origin. But the festival of the 25th of December
was celebrated with great tires, lighted on the tops of the hills,
to announce the birth-day of the god Sol. Tliis festival was not
kept by the Druids only, but throughout the ancient world, from
India to Ultima Thule. The festival of the summer solstice was
kept on the 24th of June. Both days are still kept as festivals
in the Christian church, the former as Christmas, the latter as
St. John's Day, but of course with another and a deeper mean-
ing. The use of evergreens in chui-ches at Christmas-time is the
perpetuation, with a holier meaning, of an ancient Druidical
custom.

None of their doctrines had general diflFusion, and have left
no living trace among Christian nations.

GREKCE.

We will now return to Greece, whopc influence has afTeeted
every pliase of modern civilization. Greece, as before stated,
borrowed from EL^'vpt, but added richly to tlie original stock. To
give an in<lex to (Irninn mysteric^s would re<|uire volumes. But
we have selected the pride and glory of that system as an ex-
ample of the whole. Of all the mysteries, the Eleusinian was the
greatest. It was a relitjious festival, in honor of the goddess
Demeter or Ceres, the patroness (►f agriculture, and the re])resent-
ativc of the ])rocreativc power of nature. It is thought to have
been intended to give an ideal meaning to the* coarse* fancies of
the |)opular religion.

To the mysterv of Elcusis wc must add the Dionvsian nivste-
ries, as the former, in its rites, seems always to have included the
latter. They also came from Egypt, and were in honor of Bac-
chus. The legend of the murder of Bacchus or Dionysius by the
Titans, can easily be identitied with Osiris, who was slain by his
brother Typhon. In these rites the initiate was duly prepared
and properly clothed, lie was then delivered to the conductor,
who gave the mystic warning, ''Depart hence, all ye profane!''

THE SECRET PBINCIPLB. 268

He then made " a rude and fearful march througli night and
darkness." In this state of terror he long remained. ' Here was
enacted t\\Q funereal part of the rites — the death of the god, the
search for his body, and the discovery of the remains. The mourn-
ing is now turned into joy, amid shouts of " We have found it —
let us rejoice together !" The candidate was then shown the tor-
ments of the wicked and the rewards of the righteous. The rites
were explained, and he was furnished tokens of recognition. The
whole concluded with the pronunciation of the mystic words,
Konx Ornpnx^ whose meaning lias never been explained.

Here we may perceive the primitive belief that men are the
offspring of tlie earth and tlie heavens, and the worship of the
sun, the personal presence of tlie heavens as Savior Lord, and of
the earth as sorrowing Lady and Mother. The whole pantheon
seems to have been organized about these two central shrines. We
think we can show the same idea detached from symbols, in the
connection of one form of Christianity with the worship of the
Virgin. The Greeks gave a profound spiritual meaning to the
Eleusinian, as also to the mystic connection of Demeter with
Dionysius. She gave them bread, but they never forgot that she
gave them also the bread of life. " She gave us," says the ancient
Isocrates, " two gifts that are the most excellent : fruits, that we
might not live like beasts, and that initiation, those who have
part in which have sweeter liope, both as regards the close of life
and for all eternity." So Dionysius gave them wine, not only to
lighten the cares of life, but as a token, moreover, of efficient deliv-
erance from the fear of death, and of the higher joy which he
would give them in some happier world. And thus it is, that
from the earliest times, and in all the world, bread and wine
have been symbols of sacramental significance. In the end we
shall find that the whole world organizes about its centre of faith.
Thus, under three different religious systems — Jerusalem, Delphi
and Mecca were held to be, each in its turn, the omphahw or
navel of the world. It follows inevitably that the main move-
ment of th(» world must always be joyous and hopeful. By rea-
son of this joy it is that every religious system has its feast ; and
the sixth day — the day of lacchus — is the great day of the festival.
The inscription which rises above every other is, " To the Savior
Gods."

964 AUKBIOAK ODD FELLOWBmP*

THXIB INFLUENCE ON THE XODEBNB.

Having thpB passed the mysteries in brief review, let ns
ine their final influence. Originally they contained eveiything ;
science, art, government and religion. Knowledge was power, and
it extended over all things. But in Oreece a separation waa aoon
effected. She gave us the science of government, and emancipated
art from mystery. Government took the forms of manuchj^
aristocracy and democracy, and art had for its priests the acalp-
tor and the painter. Of science, out of the regions of pore matfar
ematicB, but little was known. It followed that the mysteriea be*
came exclusively rdigums. True, indeed, the Boman Pontiff
did, for a time, unite all under his priestly sceptre. Kings were
his subjects and nations his slaves. He became the Grand Lama
of the Christian world. This ignorant vicegerent of onmiscience
forced Galileo to deny the revolution of the earth, and even Friar
Bacon, in his laboratory, was branded a magician. But the Befor-
mation divorced Church and State, and the thunders of the Vat*
ican became harmless to science and government. Beligion ia
again the mysteiy.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IS ORIOIKAL.

Thus it will appear that Odd Fellowship did not originate
from the sources we have investigated. We are not in any sense
a religious body. Neither are we the teachers of philosophy or
science. It follows that we must seek some other and far
diflFerent origin. Our Order is founded upon a rock of trutli. It
began within the memory of man, and we know its origin. Pass-
ing by its initiatory rites, it owes nothing to tlie.past. There are
certain elements in man that are generic ; there are conditions
in his lot that are common to all, and Odd Fellowship is merely
a development of certain of these conditions. Poverty was the
motor force of its beginning — mutual relief the object — social en-
joyment its first result. From this root it spread out and grew
up as the greatest of beneficial societies. It is to-day The Bxh ift>
FiciAL Society. In England it is nothing more ; but here it is
not merely a beneficial society. A class of men have ruled it who
have wedded benefits to charity and dues to beneficence. Hence
we are many-sided. As a beneficial institution we insist on the
receipt of dues and the payment of benefits ; but as a moral and

THE SECRET PRINCIPLE. 265

spiritual force we deal with the higher motives and minister to
the finer nature. The whole edifice glows with the light of a
splendid hunianitarianism. Its dome, like the visible heavens, is
on fire with the guiding stars of a moral universe. Thus all the
aspects of men are met and gratified.

In our secret work the same duality appears. Each degree
is a workman's lesson, or the work itself. Poverty is again the
motor. In the higher wants, such as Friendship, Love and
Truth, we still inculcate the remedy of mutual relief. It is still
the workshop, but its walls are the visible horizon ; still the
workman, but his task the regeneration of the world. Our
mysteries then are as old as man ; but their forms, like modem
science, borrow little or nothing from the past. They were a
discovery like that in California; the gold was already there,
but the man and the hour had never before met to open up its
treasures to the world.

The Masons are not legitimate descendants from this stock,
although they bear many marks of a similar paternity; for that
body is certainly original in its legends, its moral and its secret
work. It is a system too practical in its theory and universal in
its teachings to have spnmg from an original which had no land-
marks, but took new forms in every country where it found a
domicil. But operations of the human mind, in their limited
sphere of action, cannot in the very nature of things be entirely
original ; in the sense of entire originality no system can for a
moment maintain the claim, however much it may be asserted.
But Masonry is an original in the qualified use of that tern), and
a mighty original, hoary with antiquity and rich with the spoils
of a thousand conquests. Yet the similarity in some features of
Masonic aims to those of these ancients, establishes the fact that
one portion, at h^ast, of that mystic system is sacredly protected
by the Masonic body We refer to art, science, especially that
of numbers, and that intellectual ornamentation which is the
noblest object of Masonic aspirations. These are crystallized into
other and more subtle forms, and those who teach and those who
learn at that point within a circle, may well be considered as
conserving these noble traits of the Ancient Mysteries. When,
therefore, we speak of Masonry as a fonn of Ancient Mystery, it
is always in the accommodated sense in which it is here explained.

A work published in London, in 1875, entitled " The Secret

S66 AICSBIOAV ODD RLLOWSPIF.

SodetieB of all Ages and CSoniitries,'' by CharleB William Heeke-
thorn, in two volnmesy is remarkable for this, that the Order
of Odd Fellows has no chapter in the volnme, nor even ao moeh
f as a single word of mention. This may . be explained by
the author's theory, when he says, introduction, sec. S, ^ We may
therefore more conveniently range secret societies in the two
comprehensive divisions of religions and politicaL" As our Order
is neither political nor religious, but simply beneficial and moral,
he naturally supposed that we were not teachers of esoteric
doctrine. In the study of the rule he did not find the exception,
and his n^lect is strong proof that we are original, not capable
of being classified under any of the generic fonns of seoet
societies. For such is our claim, which we are ready and able at
any time to maintain against all comers and every odds.

THE ANOIENT MYSTERIES IN MODERN FORMS.

In many striking traits the Eoman Catholic Church of to-day
contains tlie fundamental features of the ancient mysteries. Its
faith in traditions and its descent from ancient Rome, the pnpQ
of Greece, account for this. The whole ritual of its worship
revives the pageantry of pagan antiquity. A late drawing «rf
Brahma, made by William Simpson, a learned Hindoo pundit, is
curiously suggestive in this connwtion. It represents Brahma
supreme, wlio in the act of creation made himself double, namely,
male and female. The original figure, as copied, is far too grosQ
for the public eye. Thus the male priest puts on female or
flowing garments, to represent the double sex or the creative
power in unity. The Catholic surplice is the figment of a
woman's dress ; it can be traced back to the Egyptians, Assyrians,
Phoenicians, and others who worshipped Isis, Astarte, Venus, Is-
wari and others in that garb. The female garb was a compliment
considered most pleasing to the goddesses. But the most singular
similarity of all exists among tlie Japanese. It is said tliat
Zavier, on witnessing their practices, was filled with astonishment
and terror. ^^ Diabolo e^^clesiam Christi imitanie^^'* exclaimed
the saint. " The devil imitates the Church of Christ." The
Papal religion is essentially feminine and built on the ancient
Chaldean basis. It clings to the female element in the worship
of the Virgin Mary. In modem theosophy, the Indian mirror,
Haja, from which "we have the word ^' magic," is called the

THE 8ECBET PBIliCIPLE. 267

Eternal Mirror of Wonders, the Virgin Sopliia, ever bringing
forth, yet ever a virgin, the analogue of the Virgin Mary. But
our limits preclude more on this interesting and fruitful topic.

To betray the mysteries was everywhere considered infamous,
and the heaviest penalties were attached to it ; hence, in all in-
itiations, the candidate had to take the most terrible oaths that
he would keep the secrets entrusted to him. We all remember
that Alcibiades was banished and accursed for having revealed
tlie mysteries of Ceres.

THE DOCTRINES AND RITES OF PYTHAGORAS.

But we turn to other manifestations of the secret principle, of
less antiquity indeed, but potent in their influence upon mankind.
Of these, the teaeliings of Pythagoras were certainly great. He
was born in Samos, about 680 years before Christ, and died
probably about 504 B. C. He is said to have traveled thirty
years collecting knowledge, especially the secret doctrines of the
priests concerning the worship of tlic gods. Egypt, Arabia,
Phoenicia, Judea, Babylon, and even Gaul and India, are men-
tioned as among the countries in which he traveled. He is said
to have returned to Samos, with religious zeal the predominant
element in his character. He afterwards settled at Crotona,
where he was honored as a person favored by the gods, and as a
revealer of divine secrets. His doctrine was mainly founded on
the mysticism of numbers, and was long afterwards recognized
in alchemy and in the symbols of mystical architecture. Those
adopted by him were principally derived from geometry. The
right angle was an emblem of morality and justice. The equi-
lateral triangle was a symbol of God, the essence of light and
truth. The square, like the tetractys, referred to the Divine mind.
The nihe was the symbol of the mind of man after it had been
purified by piety and acts of devotion, and thus prepared for
mingling with the celestial gods. The jpr/int within a circle, and
the dodecahedron, or figure of twelve sides, were symbols of the
universe. The triple triangle was an emblem of health, and the
letter Y a representation of the course of human life, in which
there are two diverging paths: the one of virtue, leading to hajv
piness, and the other of vice, conducting to misery. He believed
in the universal influence of numbers, which he supposed to be
the controlling principle of all things. Nuinbers were of two

268 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

kinds, intellectual and scientific. Intellectual number existed
before creation, and became, in the plans of Deity, the producing
cause of all things. Scientific number is the generative cause of
multiplicity, which proceeds from and is the result of unitv.
Scientific numbers are equal or odd. Equal numbers are said to
be female, and odd ones male ; because even numbers admit of
division or generation, which odd ones do not. Odd numbers,
however, are the most perfect. One, — the Monad, — ^represented
the central fire or God, and was the symbol of existence and univer-
sal preservation and harmony. Two was unlucky, and denoted
darkness and the evil principle. Hence the Konians dedicated
the second month of the year to Pluto, the god of hell, and tlie
second day of that month to the manes of the dead. Four was
the divine number, and referred to Deity ; so that many nations
gave to Ilim a name of four letters, as the Hebrews, ALGA.
So we have A D A D among the Assyrians, A M M M
among tlic Egyptians, S Y R E among the Persians, D E IT S
among tlie Latins, and T-H EOS among the Greeks, T-H
being a single or compound letter in that language. Five rep-
resented light, and a triple triangle, forming the outline of a five
pointed star, was an emblem of health. Among the Cabalists
the same figure, with the name of God written on each of its
points and in the centre, was considered talismanic. Among
Free Masons, five is symbolical of the five orders of architecture,
the five human senses, and the five points of fellowship.

But of all the number's after unity, seven was the greatest.
Pythagoras called it " veneral)le," because it referred to the crea-
tion, and was made up of two perfect figures, the triangle and
the square. The Hebrew bible is full of illustrations of the sacred
character assigned to this number. In six davs the earth's ere-
ation was perfoct(»d, the seventh was consecrated to rest. If Cain
be avenged sevenfold, Lamech seventy and sevenfold. Abra-
ham pleaded seven times seven for Sodom ; he gave seven ewe
lambs to Abimelech f(»r a well of water. Jacob served seven
years for Rachel, and also another seven years. Joseph mourned
seven days for Jacob. Laban pursued after Jacob seven days'
journey. The seven years of plenty and the seven years of fam-
ine were foretold in Pharaoh's dream, bv the seven fat and lean
beasts and the seven cars of blasted corn. The children of Israel
were to eat unleavened bread seven days. The yoimgof animals

THE BECRET PBINOIPLE. 269

were to remain with the dam seven days, and at the close of the
seventh to be taken away. By the old law man was commanded to
forgive his offending brother seven times, but the meekness of the
Savior extended his forbearance to seventy times seven. On the
seventh month a holy observance was commanded to the cliildren
of Israel, who fasted seven days and remained seven days in
tents. Every seventh year was directed to be a year of rest for
all things, and at the end of seven times seven years commenced
the jubilee; they were to observe a feast seven days after they had
gathered in their com and wine ; seven days they w ere to keep a
fiolenm feast, as they had been blessed in the work of their hands.
Every seventh year the land lay fallow. Every seventh year there
was a general release from all debts, and bondsmen were set free.
Every seventh year the law was directed to be read to tlie people.
If they were obedient, their enemies should flee before them seven
ways; if disobedient, their enemies should chase them seven
ways. Hannah, the mother of Samuel, in her thanks, says that
the barren hatli brouglit forth seven, and some Jewish writers say
that his name answers to the value of the letters in the Hebrew
word which signifies seven. Seven of Saul's sons were hanged to
stay a famine. Jesse had seven sons, the youngest of whom
ascended the tlirone of Israel. The number of animals in sundry
of their oblations was limited to seven. Seven days were aj)-
l>ointed for an atonement on the altar, and tlie priest's son was
appointed to wear his father's garment seven days. A reference
to a concordance will swell the number of these instances.

Among the heathens this number was equally sacred. There
were seven ancient planets, seven Pleiades, and seven Hyades ;
seven altars burnt continually before the god Mithras; the
Arabians had seven holy temples; the Hindoos supposed the
world to be enclosed within the compass of seven peninsulas ; the
Goths had seven deities, viz : the Sun, the Moon, Tuisco, Woden,
Thor, Friga and Seatur, from whose names are derived our days
of the week ; in the Persian mysteries were seven spacious
caverns, through which the aspirant had to pass; in the Gothic
mysteries, tlie candidate met with seven obstructions, which were
called " the road of the seven stages"; and finally, sacrifices were
always considered as most efficacious when the victims were seven
in number.

870 AMSBIOAK ODD FELLOWSHIP.

The school of Pythagoras was not unlike the social sgrsteini
of the last century, for the member was required to deposit his
property in the common fund of the society. The degrees were
three ; the Acousmatici, the Mathematici and the Py thagoreansy in
the last of which the initiate was clothed in white, and folly
instructed in the secret doctrine. Silence and secrecy were the
fundamental lessons taught to the disciples, and, after these, devo-
tion and brotherly love. We have all read the wonderfully pa-
thetic and noble story of Damon and Pythias, who were disciples
of this splendid school. They adopted a system of signs of recogni-
tion of the most perfect character, by which, at first sight, they
became at once intimate and familiar. To serve brothers in dis-
tress no sacrifice was too great ; they crossed seas and traveled ti>
the most distant lands to succor them.

Masonry has been charged with borrowing much of its theoay
firom the Pythagorean, and certainly their similarity in the mat-
ter of numbers is remarkable. Yet we cannot say that there is
more than a similarity, as the legends of Masonry are fSur differ-
ent from those of Pythagoras. Three is, for instance, a Bacred
number in Masonry. Thus we find it pervading the whole
ritual. There are three d^rees of Ancient Craft Masonry — ^three
principal ofiicers of a lodge — three supports — three ornaments —
three greater and three lesser lights — three movable and three
immovable jewels — three principal tents — three rounds of JacobV
ladder — three working tools of a Fellow Craft — three principal
ordera of architecture — three important human senses — three an-
cient Grand Masters — three recreant F.*. C.\ — and, indeed, so
many instances of the consecration of the number that it would
exceed the limits of this chapter to record them. Tlie number
nine, or three times three, is scarcely less sacred. It derives its
value from being the product of three multiplied by itself. For
a similar reason 27, which is 3 times 9, and 81, which is 9 times
9, are esteemed as sacred numbers in the higher degrees.

Thus we have seen that the secret principle, whether envel-
oped in religious or scientific fonns, had a secret initiation : its
objects were gradually unfolded by Degrees ; it had its signs,
tokens and uniform ; it imposed solenm obligations of secreqr,
and its devotees were banded together for the noblest purposes.
It kept alive the knowledge of a divine unity and of human re-
sponsibility. It gave, in a limited sphere, a code of pure moral-

THE SECRET PRIXdPLK. :f71

itT« and drew men gradnallv together as the offspring of a com-
mon father.

AXCIEXT mrSTERIES CORRrPTKP I IIH^LATRY AXD MYTHOLOt^Y.

But by the very nature of thin^rs these prinoipW were i\>r-
mpted. If, as many believe, they were traditional fn^n Xoah,
the original knowledge was soon lost to all but a very few*
Ensebins is clear on this point. •• That man/* says he, *• in the
first and earliest times never dreamed either of erecting tempK^
or idols, having neither painting at that time, nor the }H>tter's
art, nor sculpture, nor masomy, nor an»hitet*tunN is I supjnvsc,
what every thinking man evidently sees ; but over and abi>ve all
these, they had not so much as heard of those gods and heroes
so renowned since.'' But the multitude were not satistiod, and
soon began openly to adore the sun and moon. From these they
bowed down to the stars, especially the planets, and in a won!,
worshipped the whole host of heaven. This, called Sabism, was
the most ancient sect of the pagan world. But idolatry did not
long remain in this simple state. It soon extended to all the
objects of the physical and animal world, with the elements,
the rivers, the mountains on the one hand, and various living
animals down to the meanest insect, and the souls of the de-
parted on the other. Thus far their ideal divinitii^ were foundeil
uix)n objects that had a real existence. But they did not stop
here. They not only bestowed divine honors upon the mi>st
dignified of human functions, but extendeil those honors to the
most degrading offices, till at last it assunuHl the form of a uni-
versal system. Ignorance in philosophy, and esj^ecially in
physics, gave rise to many fables. By gross and sensible repre-
sentations they gave life to every physical thing. In process of
time they pro<*eeded to deity those objects, which they repn»sentcMl
in human form. Thus the rainbow, that token of reconciliation,
became the beautiful Iris, the messenger of the goils and of
Juno, be(»ause the rainbow de<»lare8 the disposition of the air,
which that goddess represents.

The religious portion of the system was hedged round with
an awful sacredness. Thus Anaxagoras was punishe<l with
(loath for having taught that the sun was not animated, but was
a mass of red-hot iron about the size of the Peloponnesus.
Many curious parallels have been drawn to show that their wor-

S72 AUEBIOAV ODD FELLOWSHIP.

ship was derived from a corruption of the Hebrew scriptareB ; bat
although the analogies are striking, they are not oondiiBiTe.
Some of their errors arose from a defective chronology and their
ignorance of hi6tor}\ Certainly their ideas of the deluge are
clear and unmistakable. But nothing misled them more than
their ignorance of geography and the marvellous stories told
them by travelers. The ocean was a place overspread with
darkness. The rocks that form the straits of Scylla and
Chaiybdis were two monsters that swallowed up their ships.
The Cimmerians were supplosed to be a people buried in eternal
darkness; the Arimaspians and Issedonians as men that had
but one eye. Here was a people covered with feathers ; there
man monsters without heads, as the Acephali ; or having dog's
heads, as the Cynocephali ; 6ome whose ears reached down to
their heels, and yet others that had but one foot As the action
proceeded, new ideas were added. Hence the hero became the
demi-god, and new prodigies added new subjects for apotheosis.
Poets arose to embody these marvels into verse and to add im-
measurably to their number. Painters and statuaries also put
poetic creatures into such perfect form that they at once became
part of the system. At length the gods condescended to sit for
their portraits, and were presented in bodily presence to the
world. Soon the Puj>erior gods introduced a host of tutelar
deities, who sat at every hearthstone and became attached to
every household. They now became universal ; every crime as
well as every virtue had divinities assigned it. The adulteress
owned Jupiter ; the ladies of gallantry, Venus ; jealous wives,
Juno ; and the pickpockets, Mercury imd the goddess Lavema.
They overruled every act of the life. Over marriage presided
Juno, Ilynienaeus and others ; Monius was the god of raillery ;
for jollity they had Vetula, and for pleasures Volupta. The
great talkers invoked Aius Locutius,. while Harpocrates and
Sigalion were the gods of silence. Pravor, Timor and Pallor
were those whose invention was owing to terror, fear, and pale-
ness which accompanies them. The poets invoked Apollo,
Minerva and the Muses ; the orators Suada and Pitho ; the physi-
cians Esculapius, Meditrina, Census, Hygeia and Telesphorus ;
the servants and maids Ancula and Ancutae; shepherds the god
Pan, cowherds the goddess Buhona, horsemen Castor and Hip-
pona. They had a god of ordure named Stercutius, and one

THK SECRET FBINGIPLS. 273

for other conveniences, Crepitus ; while for the coinmon sewers
they had Cloacini. But we must stop in an enumeration which
is wellnigh endless. Varro reports them as thirty thousand, but
we have no difficulty in believing the statement of Pliny that
''the number of gods surpassed that of men."

All this, and more of like import, was the exoteric or public
doctrine held by the mass of mankind. To deny it was impious
and a capital offence. Hence the contrary was imparted in
whispers, and by signs and tokens, and in secret. Who does
not remember the fate of the illustrious Socrates, who knew the
secrets without initiation, and whose proclamation of the Divine
unity led to the grand tragedy of his execution ? Had not Salem
also its Melchisedec, the Idumeans their Job, and the Chaldeans
their Abraham ?

TRUTH WILL FINALLY PREVAIL.

But the end was approaching. The priests turned into verse
what was delivered by the Priestess of Delphos in her fury, and
their poetry was often wretchedly bad. The EpicureanSi
especially, made it their open jest, and said, in raillerj', it was
surprising enough that Apollo, the god of poetry, should be a
much worse poet than Homer, whom he himself had inspired.
Soon these railleries, and those of the Cynics and Peripatetics,
obliged the priests to cease turning the responses into verse, which,
according to Plutarch, was one of the principal causes of the
decline of that oracle.

One after another the idols fell, the temples were in ruins, the
oracles were dumb, and the vestal virgins no longer fed the
sacred flame. The awful reverence of brutish ignorance gave
place to indifference and disgust. With stealthy tread, led on
swiftly by panic ten'or, the countless multitudes of deities fled
away. Reality uprose, stem and majestic, arid sat upon the
seven hills; the heavens went further off, and became astronom-
icnl, and Iris, last of the departing train, melted into heaven.
Thence issuing, she broke forth again in unclouded splendor, the
zone of the new covenant, in the radiant \k>\v under whose lofty
arches trooping angels sang, " Glory to God in the highest ; on
earth peace, jrood-will to men."

The Pantheon was suddenly deserted, and though yet haunted
by the old traditions, became the monumental teini)le of a grander
18

974 AXKBIOAH ODD FBLLOW8HIP.

myBtery. Many nncoath relics and tatters of the old iiiytkology
remain, but we are gradoallj dropping the gross forms of an-
tiquity. The Jew, despite the Talmud and tlie Cabala, never
lost his knowledge of Jehovah ; the Moslem ntters the mighty
C17, ^^ There is but one God !" and Christianity will yet teach the
lesson of spiritual devotion to the world. Gross supersHtion
enshrouds numerous nations, and there are many modem Cim-
merians. But truth, like the sun, will shine upon all lands and
illuminate mankind. Tbt tkuth will nbveb smtibelt emebok
WBOU mrsTEBT. The Unenown will neveb be fully disclosed.

KjFOWLEDOE will GOHTINUE to use the signs AHD 8T1IBOL8 OT ▲
DiEVINB ABCANUlf, BUT THAT ABCANUM WILL BE THE TBUE WISDOM.

i:'')'^! a^ /7t(^/^

r (

CHAPTER XII.

THOMAS WILDEY.

Within the oyster's shell uncouth

The purest pearl may hide : —
Trust me, you'll find a heart of truth

Within that rough outside.

— MB8. Osgood.

Of all tasks, that is the most difficult which proposes the re-
production of an individual who has left the world. Supposing
such a feat possible, it is after all not the man himself, but
only the image he made in the mind of the producer. Art may
copy his features and his form ; eye-witnesses may testify to his
w^ords and actions ; even the interior may be indicated by the
sentiments and motives which he professed, or the manifest ten-
dency of his actions ; his " works that follow him " would seem
to be the surest test, but these may be fallacious, unless one
could know why he did them. Pride, vanity, prejudice, envy,
bigotry, or the half insanity of eccentricity, may have been the
producing causes. Man is an enigma when seated at our fire-
sides and eating at our tables : how much more so when he is
absent and only presents himself at second hand ! Besides, there
are but few artists who, like Boswell, devote a life to the subject
and thus produce a masterpiece. It follows that of all produc-
tions, biographies are the worst. They are mostly written by
friends who are naturally partial ; and a blind preference is some-
times more injurious than an open enmity. Eulogy is often so
recklessly applied as to form a mask which any person might
wear, and is nowise indicative of the individual beneath it.
Such things have been, and will be ad nauseam. But readers
now require some attempt at literary photography, and critical
exposition is the demand of the age. It insists upon knowing
who and what was the man ; his gifts, whether natural or ac-
quired ; his dispositions, habits, forms of thought and motives,
and all those things that go to exhibit the living person. The

time is passing when one can dress up a human being as an

(»»)

\^ t

276 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

allegory, and present him as a mere collection of physical and
moral attributes. Flesh and blood are now necessary to form a
man, even in the pages of biography. It will not do to say he
wus wise, without a specimen of his wisdom ; that he was good,
without the visible tokens of goodness ; that he was great, unless
his claim to the title is made good by actions worthy of the
name. Readers expect to be told why such things are asserted,
and especially to be informed of that in which his eminence con-
sisted, as distinguished from his weaknesses or his vices; for they
no longer look for perfect character, but expect to see, when the
veil is lifted, where the clay in the image is joined to the superior
material.
-J- In the central figure of the Trio in our picture we hope to

be successful in presenting a living man, of mixed and curious
workmanship indeed, but in his lineaments a man of character
and capacity, who required but the place and the motive to
develop qualities which have always made leaders of mankind.

WILDEY BEFORE THE 19th APRIL, 1819.

The subject of this memoir was a personage of such a charac-
ter as to require peculiar treatment. Curiosity has been busy
with him, and cannot be said to be in any manner even tolerably
gratified. His station was so little elevated, and liis private life
so imeventful, as to leave him much in shadow. True, he was
known to many now living ; but even they were not admitted to

^ the knowledge of his private walks, or to witness those home
scenes which more than anv other indicate the man. He was at
all times reticent, or entirely silent, about himself, and his solitary

^life gave no glimpse into the obscurity of his dom.esti^* SQpreJs.
He was manifestly of huml)le extraction, and might be ranked
one remove above a common laborer. He signed himself *' Coach-
Spring Maker," but his fellow-craftsmen knew him better by the
name of " Blacksmith." His early years were passed in England,
and at his maturity we find him in Baltimore. His appearance
was striking; as a specimen of a true John PiiiU, with the blufi-
ness, sincerity, and pluck of that nation. AVitli a mellow voice
and a hearty grip, he never failed to win all (*omers in a jovial
company. The man was restless and full of vitality, and nothing
could repress the animal vivacity which was always breaking out
in frolic and humor. At times, indeed, he was serious, and that

*■'

THOMAS WILDEY. 277

was always when he saw human suffering, and he ran eagerly to
relieve it. It is said, when the yellow fever raged in Baltimore,
Thomas Wildey was constant in his efforts to assist the sufferers.
He gave medicines and money, and nursed and watched the
victims when many fled from the contagion.

His iriendship was rarely given, but when granted, became a
tiaered thing to which he bowed with lowly reverence. Of educa-
tion he had little or none, save what came to him by social inter-
course ; his knowledge of books was scanty, but no one in his
station had better discernment of men. His judgment was quick
and excellent, and his ready mind grasped a good suggestion
and never failed to make it his own. In his sphere he was
always the arbiter, holding sway over his equals by his will and
humor, and even among his superiors passing for a man of vigor
and capacity. Such was Thomas Wildey when he had just
attained his 37th year, in the early part of 1819.

Thomas Wildey was bom in the city of London, on the 15th
day of January, 1782, in the reign of George III, at the close of
our Revolutionary War. At five years he went to a parish school,
and left it at the age of fourteen, to learn a trade. Judging from
his attainments, the school must have been inferior or the scholar
dull and negligent. His indentures called for the trade of a
" coach-spring maker," at which he served his time, and came
forth a skilled workman. He pursued it as a journeyman for a
number of years, in many of the towns of England. In the year
1817 he married, and soon after embarked at Liverpool for the
United States, and arrived at Baltimore early in the month of
September. But before leaving home he had been prominent
among mechanics, not only as a workman, but in their class en-
joyments. Among these, perhaps, none ranked higher than those
which were pursued by the so-called Odd Fellows. On his com-
ing of age he became an initiate of Lodge No. 17 of that Order,
in the city of London, and served in every capacity, from the
humblest to the highest office ; at an early day he was presented
by his brethren with a silver medal, as a token of regard for valu-
able services. After three years devoted to No. 17, his zeal led
him to enlarge the sphere of the Order. He foimd a distant su-
burban locality, and in a short period caused the institution of
Morning Star Lo(l<re, No. 38. He was imanimously chosen its
first presiding officer, and during his Ihembership of ten years,

878 AMBBIOAN ODD FSLLOWBHIP.

was called upon twice afterwards to fill the same chair. It will
thus be seen that the first thirteen of the years of his majority
were spent in the active work of Odd Fellowship.

The Manchester Unity was not formed until 1809, and Wit
dey became an Odd Fellow in 1804 ; so he must thenhave been
connected with some one of the independent oi^ganizations which
afterwards formed the Unity. The particulars of his labors in
England have never been given, beyond what we have detailed.

On the 30th day of July, 1817, he bade adieu to his native
land and embarked for America ; he reached the city of Balti-
more on the 2d of September following, and sought and obtained
employment Business was stagnant and money scarce ; the war
just over, had crippled all kinds of trade, but he was master of
his craft, and found work when many others were n^lected.
Subsequently he is found on Harrison Street, Baltimore, with a
partner, as coach-spring makers ; afterwards he was on one of the
wharves, a coal dealer; off and on he kept an eating-house, to
which his love of company disposed him ; and latterly he was a
market gardener, and last of all a farmer with a capital. In 1818
he made the acquaintance of John Welch, a house and ship pain-
ter, an Englishman, who had preceded him to this country.
These two were naturally much together as fellow-countrymen,
and never tired in recurring to men and scenes in the old world.
A year had cemented this intimacy, when a new feature was
added to it. They discovered that each of them had been an
Odd Fellow, and the mutual surprise was quite agreeable.

WILDEY INSTITUTES WASHINGTON LODGE.

The story is told by Wildey in a fragment of three written
pageSy which is too rude in structure for general perusal. We did
intend to insert it exactly as he set it down, but on reflection have
concluded to improve it by the necessary revision. Speaking of
himself, he says: "In the year 1818 he made many acquaint-
ances ; among these he was familiar with a Mr. John Welch,
with whom he was afterwards intimate until his death. Wildey
often spoke to his new friend on the subject of beneficial societies,
and was surprised to learn from him that no such association ex-
isted in Baltimore. In reply, Wildey suggested that he knew of
a society which would suit this country, and mentioned the name
of the Odd Fellows. Welch carelessly remarked that he had

THOMAS WILDEY. 279

been a member of that Order, but had never met with one, or
heard of such a society since his emigration. By mutual admis-
sions, it was found that Welch had been a P. V. G. in Birming-
ham, England, and Wildey had been initiated in that country in
the year 1804. Wildey often thought on the subject, and finally
concluded to publish a notice for a meeting of such Odd Fellows
as might be residing in the city. For this purpose he sought
Welch and induced him to join in the call."

He then details the subsequent proceedings and the incidents
of the first informal meeting. He says : " Pursuant to notice,
the preliminary meeting took place on the 13th of April, 1819.
Four gentlemen were present, with Thomas Wildey, making five
in all. He examined them, and was satisfied that they had been
regularly initiated into the Order. Wildey then informed them
of his intention to establish the society of Odd Fellowship, and
craved their assistance for that purpose. He also stated that no
such society was known in the city, and of course there was no
organized arrangement to relieve the distressed, or to care for the
widow and orphan. And further, that the citizens to whom he
had presented the subject did not wish any such society. That
the name of the lodge should be Washington. This was consented
to, and it was agreed that the lodge should be opened on Monday,
the 26th of April, 1819. The 26th of April arrived, and at 7
o'clock P. M., Thomas Wildey proceeded to open the lodge.
He, firet of all, took his obligation in the presence of the other
four, and then obligated them ; calling the society the Washing-
ton Lodge, No. 1, of the Independent Order of Odd, Fellows in
the United States, the Father of our country, God bless him ! — a
day which will long be held in grateful remembrance by every
Odd Fellow."

We have given the substance of the paper, including its gen-
eral arrangement and statements, but the original indicates an
entire want of literary cultivation. Yet, as good-natured critics,
we have found much to praise in the strong common sense which
pervades the article. We particularly notice his use of the
English aspirate of the middle and lower classes. But we have
inserted these memoranda for a special purpose. We wish to do
equal justice to all. Wildey spent ten years in making addresses
and writing letters, many of which are of acknowledged excel-
lence. We wish to give honor to the authors of these productions ;

S80 AMEBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

to award their dne Bhare of merit to those . without whom the
matchlesB force of Wildey wonld have been exerted in vain. For
they fixed the principles and gave color to the movement, and
sowed the seeds of the modem era, with its lofty purposes ; pur-
poses then daringly attered, but now the current annals of
history.

Wildey's anxiety to be known to posterity by a separate and
distinct narrative, was undoubtedly great. Such a memoir would
have gratified him above measure. With his usual decision he
began the task, with the assistance of a certain John Starr, who
is elsewhere mentioned. He did not seek better help, which he
might have had ; but with a timidity unusual with him, sought
to have it done without consulting his ordinary advisers. This
attempt is engrossed in a bo^zuLblfink-book, whose back bears the
printed title, " History, &c., of the O. I. O. F. in U. States, from
1819 — 1834." The contents are in a clerkly hand, and in good
English, but the matter is condensed, and in form without special
interest ; with an addendum of copies of letters, rough sketches of
his medals, &c. But he was not satisfied ; hence he began a sort
of autobiography, by his own hand, a rude fragment of which
only remains. Before writing a single chapter he desisted.

WILDEY THE FOUNDER OF ODD FELLOWSHIP.

The enterprise made little progress for several years. Like
all such efforts by humble and obscure beginners, it had to
struggle against disfavor, apathy, and a want of confidence.
"Wildey, the leader, could bring to its aid no friends in high
places, no collateral influence or patronage. It was self-depen-
dent and alone, and had to rely upon its intrinsic excellence. But
its success was to be found in the daring energy of the unlettered
blacksmith. When he met with associates to form a lodge of Odd
Fellows, it was his opportunity. It appealed to an irresistible
passion of his nature. He saw his favorite pursuit about to l>e
reduced to the r^nlarity of a duty ; his select comrades secured
to him, his irregular rambles replaced by a fixed habitation for
his pleasures, his strange landlords for a responsible and respon-
sive Host ; and above all, the petty headship of an accidental
meeting, by the chair and leadership of a permanent society.
He loved excitement, and was easily warmed into a glow of
feeling; no ordinary misfortune could affect his spirits, which

THOMAS WILDEY. 281

— were always hopeful. He lived in constant motion, and was
^ never quiet, unless when sick or asleep ; his appearance was tlie

signal for activity, and dullness and stupidity never could exis*?
in his presence. It was always bustle — bustle — and a kind of
perpetual motion wherever he went, and yet it was in form
orderly. His sense of a certain kind of decorum was very keen ;
order was the rule of his life, but it was the order of precedence
rather than of manners. He had the English idea of class and
degree engrafted on his character so firmly that it was a passion ;

^thus his devotion to lodge rank and degree, which could never
brook either question or censure.

He had another incentive ; an instinct, yet undeveloped, led
him to cnjoj mystery. Tlie Order had given him a grip and
password, and these affected his imagination as giving dignity to

^ the proceeding. At bottom he was a devotee of secrecy ; it had
a charm that led him on, as will be shown, step by step, imtil it
overcame in that strong nature the inferior appetite itself. As
the society slowly advanced, he rose with it, and always as the

^ leader. As it took on solenm form and affecting ceremony, no
man was more captivated by their charms than the bluff chair-
man. His rugged nature was large, and found ready room for
new impressions. His worship of mystery made him a fit priest

- to preside at the decorated altars. Xo boy was more bewildered
and delighted with fancy's story than this man, who was as natural
as a boy in his love of the marvellous. To him the crowns and
mitres of the officers were real, and the gavel and title of Xoble

I Grand and Grand Master gave full assurance of splendid rank

/ and supreme authority. The legends of the ceremonies were to

him veritable history, and thus a kind of suj)ernatural imjx)r-

tanee was attached to the doctrines and duties they enjoined.

He came to believe in them with the simplicity of a child, but

) with the will of a giant ; and here we may find the secret of that
devotion which made him great. Thus he was sincere ; ho never
^^^ doubted the enterprise, or that it was worthy to succeed. Those
who saw him in the lodges w^ere always impressed by his earnest-
ness and enthusiasm. He was every inch a presiding officer ;
full of courtesy, but commanding implicit deference. In the
performance of his duties he was full of dignity ; his face was
lighted up with intelligence, and he was deft and precise in every
arrangement. All who met him in public were satisfied that he

282 AKBRIOAM ODD FICLLOW8HIP.

was in love with hk work, and had undying fiuth in his misaioii.

^ That mission in his mind was twofold. First, to become the

^ founder of a great Order ; secondly, by that Order to spread frar

^ temity over all the world : the former was fully bom, the latter
beyond mere assertion was bnt nascent. Yet as supplementary
of the former he gave it every endeavor, but we are assured that
the result was astounding even to him. Yet not so of the initial
idea, for in fancy he was in 1822 a famous man. His own im*

* portance he never underrated, but from the first day was the
father and the founder.

This idea possessed him to the exclusion of ordinary motives:
for this he recro^ed the ocean, and strove for and obtained a
separation from the Unity; for this he painfully travelled by
slow coaches and over bad roads, a visitor to states and cities^
seeking for proselytes; for this he spent laborious days and
sleepless nights devising plans, and wasting his sm^l_property

"" for means to sustain the enterprise. "Subjugated by that iciea,
even his strong will could become supple, and allow him to use
the arts of diplomacy. He often felt himself unequal to the
intellectual wants of the rising institution ; and new demands
came in the need of additional mental aliment in the system.
Aroimd him were men his superiors in that direction, but he
did not hesitate ; his haughty spirit bent to ask assistance, and
he sat at their feet for the lessons he should impart to others.
And in this he was fortunate, for his fellows were workmen un-
known indeed in literary circles, but more than able for the
task.

Again the same idea bowed his iron will, and stayed his
despotic energy at every stage where change and strategy were
required by the changing times and events of the period. In all

_ critical junctures his sure eye found the counsellor for his pur-
pose, and once found, all his imperial faculties were united to
drive on in the new direction. He was never wasteful of his
money, but when he saw the Order in want, it birred his very

— bowels and made him sick at heart. At such times he came
forward with his all, and his credit in the bargain. If the Order
lacked a place of meeting, he turned out his household to give it
shelter. If it wanted a messenger, his response was, " Here am
I.'' On all sides he spread around it his protection and affection
as the child of his very soul. This was the more intensified,

THOMAS WILDET. 283

^ 1)ecan8e lie gave himself to no other fixed employment. Thif
was his business — all else but temporary expedients. No wonder
his associates gazed on him with astonishment and gave him the
pre-eminence. He had purchased it with his money, deserved it
by his labors, conquered it by his zeal, held it by his prudence, and
indeed owned it as such men are the natural owners and chief-
tains among others ; for in him was that native force that defies
and subdues all competition.

We have not detailed the personal affronts put upon him by
\ press and people, which were numerous, and often full of vindic-
• tive malice. One notable instance will serve as a sample. The
whole matter is set forth in the report of the committee of which
G. Secretary Ridgely was the chairman, and may be found in
the Journal 127-8. This action overwhelmed the slanderer; he
inserted in his paper a full retraction and ample apology, and the
matter was dropped. But we shall not proceed further in the
relation of that which sheds no light uj)on Wildey's character.
Further details are unnecessary; his name wa^ beyond the
reach of calumny, and all such efforts recoiled upon his per-
secutors.

Wlien he retired from office in 1833, he saw that success wag
certain. At that period he had instituted four lodges in Mary-
land, organized the " Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United
States," and originated the Patriarchal Order; he had extended the
institution to Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and the
District of Columbia, Ohio, Louisiana, Kentucky, and Delaware,
and saw them all united under the present Grand Lodge of the
United States. Tlie Order was no longer in the hands of one
r man, or of a few men ; but the vigorous offspring, obeying the law
i of nature, was es^-aping from paternal control, and entering uj)on
a life of self-reliance and independence. Tlie dominion he had
gained and the j>ower he had exercised, in the very nature of
things, were slii)pir^ from his grasp. The hour of his official
abdication had arrived, when he should resign the sceptre, and
place the crf>wn on the brow of a successor, in the line of t\uv^
great Odd Fellows who were to spread the fame of the Order over
the whole earth. Tliere was no decay of his facfulties, and no
diminution of his activity or zeal ; but the day of personal govern-
ment and sinjrlc efl*ortft had passed away, to give place to an era
of organization and aH^x-iate^^l effort, far beyond the capacity of

S84 AXEBIGAV ODD FELLOWSHIP.

any eingle individnal, no matter how greatly asBiBted by perBonal
magnetiem or upheld by Bympathizing confederates.

This point in his history he could not foresee ; but when he
realized it he bowed to the necessity^ and with a dignity worthy
of the occasioni and a solemnity which truly reflected the emotions
of his soul, he uttered a ^^ Farewell Address," and descended from
the chair of Grand Sire to mingle in the ranks of the brotherhood
at large. This scene rises before us as a great event in the
life of Wildey, then but fifty-one years of age, and in the
prime of a manhood which but few could match. Of all his
pioneers of 1819, not one was at his side: Entwisle had died
early, Welch had sought other associations, and of his later

- helpers, Will^yiieJ&i^jdicmYediiim, and the rest were scattered
and gone. Two alone were present who sat in the early councils :
Scotchbum, of his own nationality, who entered the 6. Lodge of
Hd. and of the U. S., November 22, 1822, and Mathiot, who
was initiated early in 1823, and who was now 6. Secretary. All
the others were new men to him, and of far other sort than his
first companions. These were the organizers who had come in
to take up the work where he should lay it down, and gratefully
writing his name upon it as upon a precious cornerstone, build
thereon a "World's Temple to Fraternity, which would alike per-
petuate his labor and his fame. In that celebrated assembly
there were in all ten persons, including the G. Sire, viz : Thomas
Wildey, M. W. G. Sire; Thomas Scotchburn, R. W. D. G. Sire;
Augustus Mathiot, R. W. G. Secretary ; Thomas Morse, W. G.
G. ; George Keyser, Rep. of Maryland ; John Pearce, Proxy of
New York ; Howell Hopkins, Rep. of Pennsylvania ; James L.
Ridgely, Proxy of Ohio ; Samuel Lucas, Proxy of Louisiana, and
Simon Robinson, Rep. of Delaware.

We may imagine the effect of an adieu delivered by such a
man to such an audience, and even at this distance of time, be
sensible of a feeling that he was speaking to us also in that
touching peroration : " Farewell, my brethren, and permit me to
tender to you, individually, my most affectionHte regai'd and
best wishes for yonr continued health, happiness, and prosperity."
Of all who heard that farewell of the Founder, but one, the

^ youngest of the group, survives, and he alone can say how deeply
it stirs his soul when he looks first at thai and then at this — the
men of 1833 and the men of 1878 — the trust committed to the

THOMAS WILDET. 285

former by Wildey, and the grand resnlt of tOKiay in the splendid
spectacle of American Odd Fellowship.

WILDEY THE TRAVELLING MISSIONARY.

It will appear elsewhere in this history that Wildey did not
confine himself to Marj-land. We have already told of his first
travels in 1823, when in a few months he planted the Order suc-
cessively in Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania. With
the charter for Massachusetts in his hands, he passed through
Philadelphia and New York, and having instituted Massachusetts
Lodge, No. 1, and the G. Lodge of Massachusetts, he returned to
put the same machinery in motion in New York and Pennsyl-
vania. For his exjHjnses fie received but a trifling sum, and paid
into the treasury seventy-five dollars as the charter fees of the
new Grand bodies. The expenses could not have been less than
three times the amount awarded him, the balance coming out of
his own pocket. From that hour he assiduously labored until he
saw those bodies united with that of Maryland, in a separate G.
Lodge of the United States in 1825. But this did not satisfy him
so long as his Order was only in name independent. He was
present as G. Sire at the session of April, 1S26, and presided over
the body with his usual capacity, in which but one elected Rep-
resentative had, as yet, found his way. To this meeting came a
message from the parent body in England, with the present of
the Patriarchal Degree. It was thankfully received, and the G.
Lodge adjourned. Wildey was no doubt reminded by this inci-
dent of the relations of the American to the English brotherhood,
and an idea big with consequences flashed into his mind. With
him, to see an advantage was at once to improve it. Suddenly,
he, who never missed a meeting, was absent, rumors were afloat
that he was doing something for his brethren at some distant
place. But July came, and with it came the G. Sire, fresh from
a trip to the mother country.

It seems that he reached Manchester on the 17th June, 1826,
having had a passage of twenty-one days from Baltimore to
Liverpool. With his usual good fortune he obtained all that he
wished, and was the subject of astonishment at his daring by the
English brethren. They hailed him with enthusiasm as the
father of trans-Atlantic Odd Fellowship. He again embarked,
and, after many hardships, landed in his adopted country. As

286 AMKBIGAH ODD FKLLOWBBIF.

BOon as he could recover from his fifttigae and pass around among^
the lodges, inspecting the work and cheering the brethren with
his presence, he assembled his associates and told them the story
of his visit. He had in the interim effected the diplomatic snccesa
of his life. He prodaced and read to them the new charter,
which gave them independence, character and power. He alone
had made the venture, and he had succeeded. With no creden-
tials but the reputation which preceded him, and no endorsement
from his Order, or petition from his Grand Lodge, he grasped the
prize, and laid at the feet of the G. Lodge of the United States,
not yet twenty months old, the crown by whose authority tho
whole of America was rendered independent. It was a free gift
from the Manchester Unity to Wildey, and it was a free gift
from Wildey to his brethren; he did not insult their poverty by
speaking of expenses, but paid out of his own purse every dollv
of the outlay.

When G. Sire he had also improvised the annual movable
committee, and altliough but one report of its labors was made
and it utterly failed of its purpose, yet it no less called out his
personal exertions, which again led him to Massachusetts and
New York, where he did all that man could do to prop up those
falling jurisdictions. We find him afterwards in 1832 making a
pilgrimage to the Missipsippi valley and planting the Order in
New Orleans. He stops by the way to cheer his brethren in
Pittsburg, and in a few days is found in Cincinnati, visiting and
instructing the lodges, and providing for opening an Encamp-
ment. He stops also at LouisWlle, and arranges here to open a
lodge on his return. After ten days' passage from Louisville he
reaches the Crescent City, and in that far distant locality accom-
plishes the object of his journey. He forms a G. Lodge and
opens an Encampment on tlie 15th of January, 1833, for Louis-
iana. He then turns back and opens the first lodge of Odd
Fellows in Kentucky ; still returning, he institutes the G. Lodge
of Ohio on the 7th of February ; and having left behind him as a
fiery train the burning enthusiasm he had borne to the brethren,
he returns with happy alacrity to Baltimore.

Again, in 1833, he visited New York, and left no effort un-
tried to rouse that jurisdiction from its apathy. On the 4th of
July he visited New Jersey, and having reconciled every differ-
ence in that State, he located its G. Lodge and opened an En-

THOMAS WILDEY. 287

campment. Still yearning for Massachusetts, he again treads her
soil and invokes all his energies to overcome her apathy. Re-
turning, he finds the Order in Rhode Island disbanded, but
zealously infuses new Ufe into the brethren and brings them to-
gether. Having granted a charter to New Jersey, he is again
among them, and on the 31st of August opens the G. Lodge of
that State. These were his missionary labors when he held the
office of G. Sire; we are here confined to the outlines, the par-
ticulars would fill a volume.

In 1835, by the request of his successor, he again visited
Boston, to revive, if possible, in that noble city, the expiring
embers of the Order. There, with P. Grand Wood, afterwards
the heroic pioneer of Rhode Island, he again called together the
Spartan band yet in the field to retrieve the fortimes of the day.
But the hour of that splendid jurisdiction was not yet, and it
was not until 1842 that Massachusetts began her present career
of greatness. Having visited and labored at all the intermediate
points, including New York, he returns again to work in his
subordinate lodge and in the G. Lodge of Mainland. In 1837
he was sent to Richmond, and on the 16th of August he opened
an Encampment in that city, having on the 20th instituted the
G. Lodge of Virginia and installed the officers.

On the 3d of October of the same year, on motion of Rep.
Ridgely, he was made Travelling Agent of the G. Lodge of the
United States, and accepted the appointment. In March, 1837,
we find him again at Pittsburg ; he passes thence to Wheeling,
and through the interior of Ohio, and again makes his way to
Cincinnati. Accompanied by the G. Lodge of Ohio, with a
band of music, he embarks and makes a triumphant entry into
Louisville. In his progress he reaches Natchez on the 25th of
April, establishes a lodge and forms an Encampment. Before
leaving he also institutes the G. Lodge of Mississippi. He again
enters New Orleans and imparts instruction to the lodges.
Afterwards, entering Alabama, he opened an Encampment in
Mobile, and provided for the institution of Mobile Lodge, No. 2.
When at New Orleans he granted a charter for a lodge to be located
in Houston, in the republic of Texas ; the first lodge opened in a
foreign land by authority of the Grand Lodge of the United
States. On his return he institutes a lodge and an Encampment
at St. Louis, and opened the G. Lodge of the State of Missouri.

j)88 AMSBIOAK ODD FELLOWSHIP.

From St. Louis he goes to Alton^ opens there a lodge and En-
campment, and in a few days institutes the G. Lodge of Illinois.
Still moving on, he visited Mineral Point in Wisconsin, and added
to the Order a subordinate lodge and an Encampment. But why
particularize ? He multiplied himself in every direction as a very
apostle of fraternity, building up the cause, and imparting new
life to every aspiration of the new-bom organizations.

All his acts in the premises were duly confinned by his prin-
cipals, as marked by a wise discretion and in every way for the
good of the Order. By this time the Order had spread so widely
and had grown so rapidly, that it was no longer necessary to
travel into the States; application followed application and
lodge followed lodge in so many directions, rising up to crown
his labors, that even he was satisfied to sit down and witness the
grand uprising.

Although he had now attained to and passed all the honors
and distinctions which the Order could confer, and was no
longer invested with the robes and prerogatives of office, he did
not, as men generally do, throw off as a worn garment his
interest and regard for his early love, although, in so far as the
continued prosperity of the Order was concerned, he might thus
h ve done. There still remained a few of his early co-laborers
in the vineyard^ and he had raised up spirits kindred to his own,
whose character, talents, and devotion to the institution oftered
the amplest security for its safety. But no ephemeral ambition
for momentary fame or popular applause had supplied incentive
to his love for the Order ; self had no agency in giving impulse
to his generous heart: on the contrary, all his eflbrts, all his
offices and toil, were self-sacrificing from first to last. Through-
out his whole career as an Odd Fellow, private interests, health,
comfort, and worldly advantage in all its forms, were surren-
dered freely and nobly upon the altar of the Order he loved and
cherished with a devotion that never wavered, and which, as atre
advanced upon him and infirmities crept on, became more and
more intense. By virtue of his honors, as P. G. Sire, he was
under the constitution a member of the Grand Lodge of the
United States, but, representing no particular constituency, he
enjoyed no vote. He was nevertheless ever at his post, per-
forming active service upon committees, and during a period of
thirty-six years was never absent from his seat in that body, how-

THOMAS WILDEY. 289

ever distant its place of meeting from his home, except on three
occasions, on each of which he was confitied by cevere illness.
In 1840 the Grand Lodge of the United States ordered the full
length portrait of Bro. Wilder, which now graces the walFs of
the Egyptian saloon in Baltimore, and in 1841 again deputed
him upon official business to the East and North. From tliis
period the Grand Lodge of the United States, which had hitherto
been for the most part composed of proxy representation, began
to consider plans for assembling the State jurisdictions by
proper personal representatives. In 1842 the measure was set
on foot, and consummated in 1843. The effect of this wise act
of legislation upon the prosperity of the Order it is almost im-
possible to value. It assembled Representatives in 1843 firom
twenty States, and in September, 1860, assembled Representa-
tives from every State in the Union, not excepting Oregon, and
from the District of Columbia and the Territory of Nebraska.

This body, thus constituted, has since 1843 been the soul of
Odd Fellowship, and under its auspices the Order has covered
this continent. Stretching on the north from the British Pos-
sessions, it reaches to the Gulf, and from the Gulf to the Pacific
shore; sweeping beyond the Continent, it rests upon the Ha-
waiian Isles, and thence careers still onward, making its abode
among the teeming hills and golden sands of dij^tant Australia.
Notwithstanding the affairs of the Order were now committed
to competent and zealous hands, and Odd Fellowship under their
direction was everywhere expanding and prospering, Bro. Wildey
did not cease to cherish the liveliest interest in its administration,
and continued to be present at each Annual Communication of
the Grand Bodv, no matter where convened.

WILDEY THE PATRIARCH.

His crowning good fortune lay in this, that when the work
was done, he knew and accepted the issue. For such a man to
cease to lead was almost to cease to lire. He recognized it, but
was satisfied; his fame was secure, and he foresaw that new
leaders were the necessary programme of the future.

Thus we have drawn one after another the subtle threads

comprising the character of this eccentric man. Many of them

are of little worth, but others that give color to the fabric will

be found to be of gold. He rose above the level of early asso-

19

S90 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

dations, to teach wholesome truths, to confer a great boon upon
his fellow-men. How sweet his lessons, how like the cheerful
sunshine! how superior that philosophy which makes life a
blessing and death a victory, whose origin is benevolence and ita
end pliilanthropy I

Wildey did not rise with the modem progress of the Order ;
the most that can be said of him is, tluit he did not seem to
descend. His work had not added grace to his manner, or led
him to improve his education. The frank, almost abrupt, addresa
that was native to him, always remained, and to the very last his
habits were peculiar. Those who knew him in later years, won-
dered at his prominence, and saw nothing in the man to explain
it. Measured by the standard of his work when expanded, he
seemed feeble and insignificant His appearance and conduct
were not calculated to impress the observer with the opinion that
he was in the presence of more than a very ordinary man. In
fact, some natural emotions of concern would at times arise, as to
whether indeed it was proper to look to him as the source of so
much that gratified the pride and taste of so great a number of
cultivated persons. The emotion was natural, and all the appear-
ances of the object warranted its existence. He became, to a
great extent, a solitary man, and lived much in the past. Of
social life outside of the Order, he had but little or none ; although
successful in business, that business was not of a kind to give him
much credit with his fellow-citizens. At the last he was left
behind by the master-minds who had become the guardians of
the Order. If he had improved himself to meet the demand
upon him, it might have been different ; but he never inclined
that way.

His mind was unconsciously always recurring to the old
scenes and his first companions. His heart was with the modem
era, but his memories, made sacred by a thousand recollections,
were most faithful to the older times. The new names that had
sprung up, and the new men who were leading the enterprise,
seemed to confuse him, and inspire a sort of wonder that such
things should be. The difticulty of reconciling his apparent cir-
cumstances with his real place in the Order, was as great to him
as it was to others. Inaction had come upon him, to relax his
energies and blunt his sensibilities. He was the ancestor among
his heirs already in possession — the magician whose art* had been

THOMAS WILDEY. 291

improved upon, and himself supplanted by those more skilful.
His day's work was done and the night came on apace, and
he had nothing to fill up the interval. Strange multitudes
came to look upon him, and spoke kind words of greeting ;
but they were not his familiars, and in many cases he saw
that they were rather surprised than satisfied. His work,
indeed, was done, but it was well done, and the hardest task-
master could exact no more.

Age also with its train of evils was upon him — a cheerless
old age for one so fond of physical enjoyment. His early com-
_ pan ions had fallen away, and later associates could not answer
to his yearnings, or fill again the vacant seats. The old land-
marks were disappearing one after another, until he felt strange
and uncomfortable even in his favorite haunts. He might
well weep that no such world as he had contended in, remained
for further conquest. His native force, almost without parallel,
had led him to a life of boundless activity : all this was spent,
and he had to wrestle with the inclination when the power to
execute had departed. It was only left to him to leave a world
in which he could no longer work his will as a potent force
in the affairs of men. There were times indeed wlien the old
flame burnt brightly in the socket, and at some festival his
gaiety returned.. Then, age forgotten, he rehearsed the story of
the early days, and made his auditors the confidants of the hopes
and fears of the pioneers. He was young again, and for a mo-
ment the lapse of years vanished from his memory. On such
occasions he sat, a noble wreck of enjojnnent — laughing with
true philosophy at ills he could not avoid. True to his old
instincts he sought out new mysteries, and gave his approbation
to the rising secret societies of the later time. Everywhere he
was respected ; his locks had fallen away and his brow was
wrinkled, but his heart was young. Youth gathered around
him as a relic of the happy past, and joined with glee in his
ancient minstrelsy ; while age and experience could scarce repress
a sigh of envy that time was so tender of him. But this was
not often, and he slowly yielded to the days that sapped his
strength and hurried him to meet his conqueror. It might have
been otherwise ; if he could have kept pace with his advancing
reputation he might have presided among his successors as a
patriareh, blessed and honored by his children. No man in

292 AMEBICAN ODD FSLLOWBHIP.

Ameri(;a had such an opportunity as he to wear the hard-earned
laurel in liis lifetime and win frc^h plaudits on his final passage.
But this by nature as well as by circumstances was denied him, and
he did not enjoy the double triumph. Yet after all, his shade may
well rest satisfied with the continuous reputation and glory which
evQry year adds to his renown.

THE DEATH 'OF THE FOUNDER.

The great Odd Fellow was now out of ofiice, and to all appear-
ances was henceforth free from its cares and anxieties, and might
joyfully hasten to the oivum cum diffnitate of private life.
But in laying down his ofiicial rank he merely disrobed himself
of regalia, of formal apparel ; the real life of tiie man illuminated
him with a halo which no arbitrary distinction or blaze of repu-
tation could bestow. In his lodge and encampment, and in his
State Grand Lodge, he was again the brother of 1819 and 1821,
and in the Grand Lodge of the United States had eagerly served
as proxy, representative, or filled as actively as ever positions of
special trust by the appointment of his successors. The retro-
spect rose before him in bold and vivid outline : the London boy
had crossed the ocean, and for himself and others had founded a
reputation which was hailed with delight in England. We may
imagine liis reflections when lie traveled in memory over the
scenesof his life in America: firr^t, a stranger, poor and neglected ;
then a well-to-do but obscure mechanic ; then the beginner of a
club, with a grip and a sign to keep intruders away. He looks
again : the club has become a society, and the motto, " mutnal
relief ^^ indicates the progress of his labors. Now his path is
more defined, as written law shapes the nide elements into har-
mony, and drills into compact form the band which has chosen
him its commander. The scene shifts : he is in many States and
among great populations : strangers seek him and enlist under
his banners; and those ensigns, fresh from the battles of IIuman-
rrv, have other and prouder mottoes, honorably won : Fricndiship^
IjOX'e^ Truth, The curtain again rises upon his leaguers in coun-
cil and their now distinguished chief; he is presiding over coun-
sellors fit for senate chambers, and with potent sway rules
a rising em])ire of ])enevolence and charity. All this
was history, and the curtain might have, and indeed did, reveal
more than we can well describe; and having so much more to

THOMAS WILDEY. 293

disclose to him and to us, with God's blessing it will never fall ;
for the panorama of such a life will pass and continue, and freshly
enter, to fill us with astonishment and joy, until the influence of
that Ufe shall fail, or the legacy he left to posterity shall perish.
The Grand Kepresentatives who were present have doubtless
a vivid memory of his unexpected appearance in his seat at the
annual session held at Nashville in 1860, pressed beneath the
weight of years and disease, with infirm and tottering step, but
his heart still true to its youthful instincts ; and again at the
session in 1861, at Baltimore, when they looked upon him in the
Grand Lodge chamber for the last time, receiving the congratu-
lations and greetings of his grateful brethren, with a counte-
nance, although furrowed and stricken, yet radiant with joy at
the consciousness that his mission had not been in vain.
In a few weeks after the adjournment, his body sunk to its
final rest, ere perhaps some of them had reached their distant
homes. In the Wildey eulogy at Front Street Theatre, Grand
Secretary Kidgely told the story, which even now unseals the
fountain of his tears. He said : " It was my fortune to witness
his last few days of life, to have received, as it were from his
own lips, his parting words for his brethren. Amid the suffer-
ings of the body and general prostration his mind never wan-
dered; it was clear and unclouded, and dwelt almost exclusively
upon that subject which had engrossed it for more than forty
years. His worldly affairs gave him no concern, and he declined
all notice of them. The great eflbrt of his soul was now to bid
adieu in some formal wav to us all, to assemble us in his mind
before him, and to pronounce a blessing upon our labors. Look-
ing him earnestly in the face as it mirrored this noble sentiment,
I expressed a readiness to commit his thoughts to writing.
' To-morrow I ' he feebly uttered, ' to-morrow ! ' Alas ! that
morrow never came to him ; the gorgeous sun, which was tlien
pouring his golden flood of light upon his pillow, his eyes never
again beheld. As I left him I grasped his hand, overwhelmed
by the gushing memories of the past : we had been long com-
panions; when but a boy comparatively, he admitted me to his
confidence and to his counsels; he had honored me with his
friendship, which had never been interrupted during a period of
more than thirty years; I had been his contemporary in the
Order, and a witness of his labors and their splendid reward:

294 AMEBICAir ODD FSLIX>W6HIP.

these thoughtB came fresh and unbidden as I looked npon bis
familiar and still serene countenance ; I felt that I should not
see him here below again. I was right ; I never did, and never
shaU."

"To-morrow!'' he feebly whispered — "to-morrow!" but
to him that morrow never came. That night he crossed the
gulf and sailed out upon the boundless and unknown. Did he
mean to fix the day of final parting and of his last farewell to
his brethren ? It may be so ; but if it is given to the dying to
have the gift of prophecy, this may have been a prediction. To-
morrow ! yes, a long and glorious to-morrow. Did he see that
grave assembly of the magnates of the Order, listening to the
panegyric that was the first loud echo of his fame ? Did he
read the inscription on the marble to be reared by his lodges in
Maryland ? Did he witness the splendid procession that with
waving banners thronged the streets of Baltimore to do homage
to his memory ? Did he see them — the uncovered representa-
tives of a nation of brethren unveiling his monument with
peeansf Did he see Templar Lodge of California sending a
MoBSE to plant his Order among the millions of Germany?
Did he see this history written to record his deeds and ensure his
full meed of reputation to the latest generation? And did
there in that dread hour burst upon his vision the triumph of
fraternity throughout the world i " To-morrow ! "' yes, hero of
humanity, that is the legacy thou hast left thy children!
He died in the very arms of his Order : they were j)leasant in
their lives, and in his death they were not divided.

Thus fell the last and greatest of the Trio — he who was
primus infer jHires ; and the roll of public benefactors had one
more added to its illustrious catalogue. The land was full of
his successors, for, having no offspring, mankind was his adopted
family. His last uttt^rances should become household words
with orphans and widows, the sick and the suffering, for they
were spoken by the tongue of a philanthropist and patriarch
whose life was a boon to the poor and sorrowing. With all the
pomp and ceremony that befitted the occasion of "funeral
honors," and a mourning train that filled the thoroughfares of
his adopted dty, he was laid in Greenniount Cemetery, where
his early disci j)les, Mathiot and Marley and Boyd, afterwards lay
down beside him ; three marked men in our history, illustrating
the three cardinal virtues of Friendship, Love and Truth.

TtiouAS wir,i)Ky.

The Founder had outlived two general iuns, uitd was in his
eightieth year when he passed away, on tlie IStli day of October,

1S61, leaving 42 jurisdictions and 200,0(10 Odd FellowB as his
pyramid : a iiroudtT tribute than ever rose to Egyptian greatness
liy the Baured waters of the Nile-

CHAPTER XIII.

THE I)£0&K£8 AND KNCAMPMEKT BRANCH.

Frlendsblp above all ties does bind the heart,
And faith la friendship Is the noblest pajct.

— LOIU> O&BEBT.

Dldat thou but know the Inly touch of love.
Thou vrouldst as soon go kindle fire with suow.
As seek to quench the flro of love with words.

— SHAKSPEABE.

This al)ove all, to thine own Belf b© true;
And it must follow, as the night the day.
Thou canst not then be false to any man.

— SHAR8PEARR.

The scattered lodges of England in the earliest times had
but simple ceremony; it was limited to '^ making" the term
for an initiation, and the formula for opening and closing a
lodge. In January, 1814, the Manchester Unity formed a federal
independency. Its first step was in the direction of a secret
work. Before that time the beneficial feature was the distinctive
trait, and ritualistic elements were but little known or (considered.
It was about two years before it took a form which led to any-
thing like practical results. A committee was appointed with
instructions to prepare a series of suitable lectures, with appro-
priate signs, passwords and grips ; and to spare no pains to make
them interesting and instructive. Although deficient in literary
capacity, they assiduously wrought out a scheme, and in May,
1810, reported the result. It consisted of tliree degrees and ac-
companying lectures, afterwards known as the First or White^
the Second or Blue, and tlie Third or Scarlet Deirree. They
were printed, adopted, and furnished to the Order. As may
readily be supposed, thoy were of rude construction; but the in-
elegant diction that subsequently grated harshly on educated
eai-s deeply impressed the simple men who then constituted the
larger element interested.

It does not follow that degrees were at this time devised ; to
the contrary, no claim for such an origination was then set up.

(296)

THE DEGREES AND ENCAMPMENT BRANCH. 297

The Manchester Unity separated from the London Order, called
the Grand Lodge of England. Before that separation it had all
the work, if any, of its superior. We do not know its nature or
extent, and cannot pass judgment, therefore, upon the respective
claims of each. From what we can gather, it appears that
this was a revision and introduction, and not an origination on
the part of the Unity. The degrees were only conferred on
those who had proved themselves by regular attendance upon
lodge duties for stated periods. In 1818 the conditions were as
follows : for the White Degree, faithful membership during three
months ; for the Blue Degree, six months ; and for the Scarlet
Degree, twelve months. No money charge was exacted, and
each candidate was subjected to the ballot. The lectures were
not confined to candidates, but were to be read at regular ]>eriod8
in each district for the common benefit. This was the law until
1830, when the White Degree was given at any time after the
payment for initiation ; the Covenant three months afterwards,
and so at intervals of three months for all the degrees.

The date of the production of the fourth or Golden Rule De-
gree cannot be fixed, or whether it preceded those of Covenant
and Remembrance. No records attest its origin or history. It
first appears at the organization of the G. Lodge of Md. and of
the U. S. on February 22, 1821. Six P. Grands only were
present on the occasion ; one of them had the degree and con-
ferred it upon the other five. Wildey was certainly not the in-
structor, or the faithful minutes which never forgot him would have
set it down. The minute is suggestive : " P. G. Larkam having
been duly admitted to membership, the Golden Rule Degree wa&
then conferred on five P. Grands." This seems to settle the
question of an English origin, and that Larkam brought it over
and gave it out. There has been a surmise that it was not
imported, and was in fact Entwisle's work, but there is no foun-
dation for the theory. Until 1827 the honor of receiving this
degree was limited to P. Grands, who had been admitted by
vote to membership in the G. Lodge. It was conferred in the
body of the G. Lodge, until, with the Patriarchal and Purple
Degrees, it was transferred to the Encampment branch of the
Order. It then took its present place, of the second in that
ritual. It was conferred on the first eleven as complimentarj' ;
after which the fee of one dollar was required to be jtaid, and
applicants were subjected to the ballot.

298 AHSRICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

BITUAL OF WA8HINOTON LODOX.

At the banning, Washington Lodge had no ritual. As
«tated elsewhere, its first members were of different sections of
the Order ; they had no common lesson to receive or to impart
Such property could not be lawfully in their possession. They
were entirely ignorant of the work of the Manchester Unity until
instructed by Henry M. Jackson. He brought the subordinate
lodge degrees, the initiatory form, and the opening and closing
ceremony. At the institution they had absolutely nothing, except
perhaps a grip, a password, and an obligation. That the Man-
cliester Unity had the White, Blue and Scarlet Degrees is fully
verified. A printed book with the imprint of Mark Wardle,
Manchester, 1824, is now in our archives. It contains these
degrees in full, as they then existed. Washington Lodge had
them in manuscript as the foundation of the system afterwards
completed. When the two American, or intermediate d^rees,
appeared, the five constituted the subordinate degrees of the
Order. The origin of these latter is honorable to all concerned.

THE AMERICAN DEOBEES OF COVENANT AND BEMEMBBANCE.

Previous to 1821, when Washington Lodge was ruling by its
connnittee of P. Grands, a remarkable oecurrence gave a great
impulse to the secret work. One of tlie P. Grands, Jolm Pawson
Entwisle, was carefully devising two degrees with suitable lec-
tures, to be used with the three already adopted. When prepared,
they were submitted to the eomiiiittee and were approved ; and
on the 25th of November, 1S20, the lodge was duly notified of
their acceptance and adoption as intermediate degrees. They
were designated " the degrees of the Covenant and Remembrance."
The ini2)res6ion made by them must have been verj' great. On
Febniary 22, 1S21, when the G. Lodge was formally instituted,
provision was made for its pecuniary support. The regulations
for that purpose fix a great value on the new work. The charges
Mere " ten dollars for the dispensation ; ten dollars for the White,
Blue and Scarlet Degrees, and books of charges, and ten dollars
for the intermediate degrees, called the Covenant and Remem-
brance." Tliese items make up the amount of the charter fee,
thirty dollars. It is clear from this that they were relatively
more greatly valued than the old work. When G. Sire Wildey

THE DEGREES AND ENCAMPMENT BBANCH. 299

made his visit to England in 1826, he presented them to the
Manchester Unity. The Annual Movable Committee of Not-
tingham, on June 6, 1827, gratefully accepted the gift; thus our
iirst G. Secretary enriched the ritual of the mother country.

THE PAST OFFICIAL DEGREES.

The next accession were the P. Official Degrees. The min-
utes of the Unity are as silent about them as about the Golden
Kule. They came to us from that body ; the date of their arrival
is not fixed, but it must have been soon after the English charter
was granted. Tlieir charge-book, issued by Mark Wardle, 1824,
was a new edition, revised and corrected. They are set out in
that book as part of the work. These degrees are unwritten
instructions, in symbolic language, without lectures, and
designed simply as rewards for official service in a subordi-
nate lodge. They are known as P. N. G., P. V. G., and P. Sec.'s
d(»greos. Their original form remains unchanged ; but by special
] no vision the P. V. G. and P. S. degrees may be conferred out of
the usual order. The (t. L. U. S., in 1S56, (Digest 444 a), pro-
vided, " In case of a vacancy in the office of X. G. or V. (t. of a
subordinate lodge, and all qualified membei*s refusing to acce}>t
either of said offices, the lodge may, by dispensation, elect a Scar-
let Degree member thereto, who shall be entitled to the honors,
as in the case of constituting a new lodge." Also, in 1874, (Digest
445 a), that, '' the G. Lodges of the several jurisdictions, subordi-
nate to this R. W. G. L., are hereby authorized to cause to be
<*onferred the honorary degree of Past Secretary on any P. Grand
in good standing, who has served a lawful term as V. Grand and
N. (trand in a subordinate lodge."

The fii-st notice of these degrees is found in the Unity proceed-
in^^ li(»l(l at Manchester on September 5th, 1822, as follows: " Re-
solvtMJ, that no elective officer l>e entitled to his signs as a Past
( )fficer until he has passed the office for which the sign is intended,
in a meritorious manner." As some irregularities liad crei)t into
tlicMr proper administration, on June 25th, 1S24, further legisla-
tion was resorted to: " Resolved, that the G. Master, or D. G. M.
in his absen(re, call quarterly, (or as often Jis they see fit or neces-
sary) general lectures, at whicrh the lectures of P. Officers, the signs
and })asswords, may be given to those entitled to the same, to ))rc^
vent such mistakes as have had frcHjuent occurrence." Neither of

800 AlCSBIOAN ODD FELLOWBHIP*

these reBolutioiiB would eeem to refer to cKHnething jvBt introdnoed,
but rather to what had been already practiced. They could only
apply to work already generally adopted ; and some considerab^
time moat have elapeed, in which the evil had crept in for which
they were the remedy. Hence, these degrees had been known
and imparted before that time. As early as February 2Sdy 1823,
it was enacted by the G. Lodge of Md. and of the IT. 8. ^ That
each member of the 6. Lodge be required to give the P. Grand^s
sign and password before they can be admitted into the G.
Lodge." Thus, the Past Officer's degree was already in use, and
was at that time made the test of membership in that body. It
continued to furnish the working sign and password of tlie G.
Lodge in both its singular and dual conditions, until the adop-
tion of a special G. Lodge degree.

THE ROYAL PURPLE DEGREE.

The next in order of time was that d^ree now known as the
Royal Purple. It was first designated as the Fifth Degree, after-
wards the Past Grand's or the Mazarine Blue D^ree ; purple at
last became the color, as indicative of its order of succession. It
is clearly an American production, but there has been no special
claim of anthoi*8hip; it is one of the mysteries we have not been able
to unravel. It came pereonally from G. Sire Wildey, but he could
never be induced to give the particulars. It was submitted in
fragments to his associates, until all the parts were furnished.
He never claimed to be the author, and no one believed in his
ability to produce it. But as he alone stood for it, for conveni-
ence it was assumed that it was his work. In this anonymous con-
dition it found its way into the G. Lodge of the United States on
the 30th day of March, 1 825. On its presentation the following
action was had : " Ordered, That the G. Lodges be informed that
there is a color on their charters for a degree which they have not
received, and that it will be forwarded as soon as possible."
" Resolved, that it is the opinion of this G. Lodge that the benefit
arising from the said j^ifA degree^ shall be forwarded to this body,
to defray the expenses of the same, and likewise that of the rep-
resentatives of each State." It would seem that the whole matter
had been previously matured — the degree, its order, and its use
for fiscal purposes. It was in this manner adopted, and sent to
the G. Lodges under the instructions agreed upon.

THE DEGREES AND ENCAMPMENT BRANCH. 301

It reached the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, April 14th, 1825,
when it was postponed to await " more information on the
subject." It was again considered June 3, 1825, on the occasion
of a visit from G. M. Wildey ; his presence gave rise to the fol-
lowing : '^ Resolved, that the G. Master of the G. Lodge of the
United States be requested to give the Mazarine Blue Degree to
such brothers as may apply to him for it, before leaving the city ;
upon his being satisfied that they are entitled to receive it."
*' Resolved, that the G. Lodge will pay her proportion of the
expense necessary to complete the said degree in the United
States."

A copy of a letter, of the date of May 8, 1825, from New
York, addressed to the G. Officers of the G. Lodge of the United
States, says for that jurisdiction that the fifth degree was very
much approved. At an adjourned meeting of its G. Lodge, hehl
June 6, 1825, at which G. M. Wildey was present, the fol-
lowing was adopted : " Resolved, that the fifth degree be, and
the same is hereby, received and accepted as part of tlie work of
the Order." '' Resolved, that all moneys received for conferring
the fifth degree shall be paid over to the G. Lodge of the United
States, for tlie pur])Ose of defraying the expenses of the represen-
tatives that mav be sent to that bodv." In New York as in Pliila-
delphia, several brothers received the honors of the Puq)le
Degree from G. M. Wildey. The records of the G. Lodge of
[Nrassachusetts are not accessible ; but G. M. Wildey was at its
f^ession in June 1S25. It is presumed that body r€»adily assented
to the new degree, and received it from his hands. It had been
already submitted 15th April, 1825, to the G. Lodge of Marj^land,
and it was at once fully approved by that body. In due time,
after the payment of the prescribed fee, a number of its P. Grands
also received the new instruction.

And thus was the fifth degree, successively known as the
Past Grand's Degree, the Mazarine Blue Degree, the Purj^le
Degree, and the Royal Purj>le Degree, established as a jx^rtion
of the work of the Order.

THE GRAND LODGE DEGREE.

Tlie G. Lodge Degree is also American ; growing naturally
out of the creation of State G. Lodges. It began with their or-
ganization. It has no lecture, but is left to the moral to be found

802 AMEBIOAN ODD FSLLOW8HXP.

in its pecnliar password. It has never been changed since its in-
troduction. When G. Sire Wildey was in England in Jnne, 1826^
he submitted to the authorities of the Manchester Unity the
American degrees. They were the d^rees of the Covenant and
Bemembrance, the Purple or Past Grand's, and the G. Lodge de-
gree. The G. Committee in special session took charge of them for
submission to the next session of the Annual Movable Commit-
tee. The committee met at Nottingham, June 4, 1827, and
had these proceedings : ^^ On a report of a sub<K)mmittee, the
degrees brought by G. Sire Wildey from America, were disposed
of as follows : Resolved, that the Covenant, Bemembrance, and
the degree for Past Grands be adopted ; and that all degrees be
printed in a size corresponding with the American Lecture book^
except the P. Grand's degree, which shall be printed pocket-book
size, for the use of P. G.'s ; the color for the Remembrance
lecture to be green, the Past Grand's purple."

No reference was had to the G. Lodge Degree ; it could have
been but of little use in their system ; as their form of govern-
ment did not need it, no notice was taken of its offer. It was
passed by them informally, as an unobjectionable mode of its rejec-
tion. The Purple degree lecture after some delay was printed,
and in December, 1827, was ready for delivery in the jurisdiction
of the A. M. C. It was only conferred upon P. Grands of ap-
proved standing as a special mark of esteem and confidence.

THE PATRIARCHAL DEGREE.

About the time the brothers in Baltimore were constructing
the Purple degree, P. D. G. M. Smith, of the Duke of Norfolk
Lodge (now No. 55) "Wigan, was employed in preparing another
degree, which has been of great service as an appropriate introduc-
tion to the ceremonial of the Royal Purple degree. Bro. Smith
submitted his work to the officers at Manchester in tlie early part of
1825, in advaneeof the regular meeting of the A. M. C. The ses-
sion of that body was held at Huddersfield, May 23, 1825, when
the production was referred to a eoniinittee of eight. This com-
mittee having reported favorably, the degree was adopted as the
Patriarchal; it was also resolved that "the distiiiiruishing badge
for the Patriarchal Order l>o Gold^ Tlianks were also bestowed
on P. G. Smith for " his exertions in bringing forward the newly
adopted degree." An order to print it was passed, and it was at

THE DEGREES AND ENCAMPMENT BBANCH. 30S

once disseminated tlirough the Unity. The original Patriarchal
degree of P. G. Smith was not without merit, being mainly de-
signed to test the proficiency of its candidates in the previous
degrees.

In the summer of 1825 P. G. McCormick, of Maryland, was
a visitor in England. The officers at Manchester at once availed
themselves of his presence. He was entrusted with the new^
degree and its lecture, to be delivered on his return, in person, to
G. M. Wildey and D. G. M. Welch. On his return, at the
session of the G. Lodge of the United States held September
25th, 1825, he presented his credentials to that body, and an-
nounced that he had duly presented the degree. Whereupon
the Patriarchal degree was conferred upon all the G. Officers
and members of the G. Lodge who were present. On October
18th, 1825, it was announced to the G. Lodge of Maryland, and
was conferred on a number of its P. Grands. It does not appear
to have reached the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania until May 12th,
1826. No doubt the G. Lodges of Massachusetts and New
York received the information about the same period.

Thus three new degrees of kindred character, but of some-
what different tendency from ordinary lodge work, were intro-
duced. Tlieir candidates were limited to the small band which
composed the membership of a G. Lodge. Tlie original design
was to help consume the time of the session and add to its
attractions ; thus they filled up the intervals between the
ordinary business and helped to sustain a feeble treasury.

AN ENCAMPMENT LODGE.

Such was the inside view of the work in the year 1827. But
in that year it had an extension. The G. Lodge of the United
States was already a successful experiment. It had four G.
Lodges to support its dignity, embracing four of the States ol'
the Union. Maryland had four working subordinates, one of
them operating in German ; Pennsylvania was a great success,
and the other Grand Lodges were promising. The leaders fell
that more extended views regarding the secret work would be
correspondingly beneficial. It began in a consultation amouL
eight of the most active and useful meml)er8 in Maryland.
After numerous suggestions, they met on May 6th, 1827, and
took final action ; it was then determined to organize a new

804 AMEBIOAN ODD FELLOW8HIF.

and select branch of the Order open to Scarlet degree meinben
only. For this purpose they applied to tlie 6. Lodge of Mary-
land for a warrant to establish an ^^ Encampment Lodge," in
which the three new degrees could be conferred on brothers of
the Scarlet degree. It was at the meeting held May 15, 1827,
that the charter was granted. The application tor the first time
gave to the new work the distinctive appellation of ^^ Encamp-
ment degrees." It will be noticed that this was an extension of
these degrees. Not only was the O. Lodge relieved from, ritual-
istic work; the degrees were diffused among the Order: the
Past Grands parted with an exclusive right and gave it to the
brotherhood.

The subject of these degrees had already received the atten-
tion of the G. Lodge. They were quite barren and naked, and
had much need for dress and decoration. At the November session
of 1826 a crozier was devised as insignia for the Patriarchal
degree, and it was then informally determined that the system
of procedure for all of them needed reformation. It was plain
that much was necessary for their proper exemplification ; a full
aet of emblems and a set of appro])riate regalia were indift-
])ensable to give effect to their lectures and charges. Special
implements and fittings wei*e required, and a separate place and
organization for their administration. So that when the move-
ment was made, the members were ready to give it tlieir appi*oval.
The petition was signed by Thomas Wildey, John Boyd, Thomas
Scotchburii, John Itoaeli, Ezekiel Wilson, John F. Exe, Thomas
Charters and Richard Marley. It was on the same night re-
ferred, reported u})on, and the petition granted; the charter fee
was forty dollai's, and ten \icr cent, of its receipts wtis to
be paid to the G. Lodge. The (J. Lodge relinqiiislied the right
to confer the degrees so long as they should be properly given by
the new body, and Encampment Lodge, Xo. 1, was alone autho^
ized to impart them to tlie Scarlet membei*s. Tliere was great
enthusiasm and the usual energy for working the new machinery ;
an encampment room was fitted up, emblems, implements and
suitable regalia were procured, and the "Encampment'' wjis
duly instituted in the G. Lodge Tlall on the <Uh of July, 1827.
The first officers installed were : John Boyd, C. P.; Thomas
Wildey, H. P.; Thomas Scotchburn, S. W.; Richard Marley,
Scribe; John J. Hoach, J. W., and Ezekiel Wilson, Guardian.

THE DEGREES AND ENCAMPMENT BRANCH. 305

The other members at the organization were John Welch, Wil-
liam Williams, Henry Harris, Charles Briee, Samuel Bickley,
George Freebiirger, David Ramsey, Abraham. Sanders, and
brothers Santmyer, Pitts, Clements and Richardson.

These eighteen, at a preliminary meeting on the 27th of May,
had fixed the price for the degrees ; for the first or Patriarchal
three dollars, for the second or Golden Rule four dollars, and
for the third or Purple degree five dollars. No charge, of
course, for those who had already received them. By this ar-
rangement they were able to begin with something in the
treasury. The precise period of this arrangement of the degrees
is not known ; the order was completely inverted, the last degree
prepared being the first conferred. One or more of the number
prepared the initiatory ceremonial, but no statement of the facts
has ever been made. Very soon afterwards the degree, until
tlien known as the Purple, was designated the Royal Purple,
which name it still retains. We have stated the tradition on
this subject, but have nothing of our own to ofler. But no one
should mistake the old for the new work. We cannot allege
any identity between the first Patriarchal degrees and the
present Work. They did not seem to have* any distinctive
degree character : substance was lacking to enable them to stand
alone ; hence when (ronferred in the G. Lodge they were treated
as quasi side degrees.

The Golden Rule degree, as before stated, was introduced as
the fourth degree, P^ebruary 22d, 1821. It was a barren sketch
without drapery. It is supposed to have taught the golden rule
of Christianity, with sim|>ly a sign and password. It had no
lecture. But its point and brevity made it popular; for, of the
forty -five Past Grands admitted to the G. Lodge in the first six
years, forty-one took the degree. Before being transferred to
the Encampments it became a little tangible. Article 7 of Con-
stitution of 1S23 i)rovided that it should be read everj* quarter
in the G. Lodge, and the G. Lodge of Maryland in April, 1820,
" Resolved, that the Fourth (G. R.) Degree be ordere<l to Ixi
read." Of course there was something to rearl, but it was
barely "something," unless aided by oral teaching.

KNCAMPMENT OF PATRIARCHK.

After eighteen nionths' work under the charter it proved un-
satisfactorj', and another was sought for in its stead. At the
20

806 AlIERICAH ODD FELLOWfiHIP.

eeBBion of January 16th, 1829, the 6. Lodge of Maryland adopted
the following : ^ Resolved, that Encampment Lodge, No. 1, be
allowed a charter in lieu of the one they have, that being defec*
tive in orthography." The original paper is not in existence,
and cannot be consulted. The new charter may be better, bnt it
18 not a model of careful compoflition. The style was entirely
changed; it was no longer an Encampment Lodge, bnt an **En*
campment of Patriarchs." The new warrant has the original
date of the old one, and the names of six of the original charter
members. Other changes as to names occurred, but they were
not im]^>ortant. For some reason a sort of reform of the aame
character was extended to the lodges. At the annual session of
the G. Lodge of 1830 the following was adopted : ^^ Resolved,
that the charters of Uie subordinate lodges be taken from their
frames and others placed in, with the original dates and officers
who were the original signers of said charters, with the exception
of those who may have been expelled since that period." The
last clause seems to explain the whole matter, for a natural
aversion must have been felt to keeping the names of expelled
members upon such sacred instruments. William Williams, an
original encampment charter member, was one of the expelled.
The tbUowing is the substituted cliarter :

charter of the first encampment of patriarchs.

Order of Independent Odd Fellows.

To all whom it may concern : Know ye that an application
being made to the Grand Lodc;e of Maryland by the following
Past Grands, viz: Thomas Wildey, John Roach, Senr., John
Boyd, Thomas Ciiarters, Thomas Scotchburn and Richard Marley ;
being all members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and
residing within the State of Marj'^land, to establish an Encamp-
ment of Patriarchs. We, the Grand Lodge of Maryland, by the
authority of a charter granted us by the Grand Lodge of the
United States of America, held in the city of Baltimore, hereby

Sant this charter, and we, the Grand Lodge of the State of
aryland, do empower the aforesaid Encampment of Patriarchs
to grant dispensations for opening an Encampment to all faithful
Odd Fellows throughout the globe ; and we, the Grand Lodge
of Maryland, do furthermore cede to the said Encampment of
Patriarchs the exclusive power of conferring the degrees apper-
taining to the Encanipment of Patriarchs, viz : The Patriarchal
D^ree, the Golden Rule Degree, and the Royal Purple D^ree.

THE DEGREES AND ENCAMPMENT BBANCU. 807

And we, the Grand Lodge, also privilege them to make such
laws as they may think expedient for their good government :
Provided, at all times, such laws be not at variance with the
constitution of the Grand Lodge of the United States, nor
that of the Grand Lodge of the State of Maryland. But
should the said Encampment infringe or violate the consti-
tution of the Grand Lodges, either of the State of Maryland,
or of the United States, or act in any manner derogatory
to the principles of Odd Fellowship, the Grand Lodge do retain
the power of suspending this charter ; but in case of a faithful
observance of the above stipulation, we do further bind ourselves
to repair all accidental damage or destruction of this charter.
In witness whereof, we have subscribed our names and affixed
the seal of the Grand Lodge of the State of Maryland, together
with the colors, hereby transmitted to the said Encampment of
Patriarchs, this the thirtieth day of May, A. D. 1827.

Thomas Scotchburn, G. M.
Black. Charles Brice, D. G. M.

[seal] Gold, Richard AIarley, G. W.

Purple. EzKKiEL Wilson, G. Sec.

John Roach, G. G.

David Ramsey, G. C.

But six grantees appear in the body of this instrument instead
of the original number. The name of P. G. Wilson, who sub-
scribed the original as G. Secretary, is also omitted. But the
liasty action of the body was particularly manifested in the name
given to the new organization. An Encampment of Patriarchs
is a generic name, and it was authorized to institute others of the
same class. But it should have been more specific. To be sure,
the (f. Lodge twice designates it in its minutes as Encampment,
No. 1, but that was no more a distinctive name than Lodge, No. 1.
In fact it was out of the system — a mere fragment, afterwards to
bo put in a more tangible form. However, it existed until a G.
Encampment took its place in 1832, when a regular warrant was
issued to it hs Jerusalem Encampment, No. 1. It was simply an
experiment, having no precedent in England, and never thought of
in America until 1827. But a short trial was sufticient to show
its value ; one year's experience induced its projectors to perse-
vere until it became a permanent feature of the Order. G. Sire
Wildey led here jis elsewhere, and invited the other G. Lodges
to participate.

808 AMKBIOAM ODD FELLOWSHIP.

ENCAMPMEHT8 IK PENHSTLTAHIA.

Tlie G. Lodge of PennBylvania was the first to respond. The
mvitation reached them on June 9, 1828 ; on September S9 of
that year it ripened into action. At that time a petition was
offered to that body from ten members of the Patriarchal Degree,
praying for a warrant to ^^ form an Encampment of Patriarchs."
The prayer was granted, a draft reported 27th October, and on
December 20, 1828, the warrant and charge books were formally
delivered to the petitioners. Bnt it seems that no organization
then took place. On June 16, 1829, Q. Sire Wildey being
present, a motion prevailed to reconsider the whole matter. TIic
petition was recommitted, and a report made as follows :

The committee appointed to consider the propriety of forming
the petitioners for an Encampment of Patriarcns into a G. Encamp-
ment, respectfully report that they have given the business that
serious consideration its importance merits, and are convinced
the interests of the Order will be promoted by forming said G.
Encampment : subject to the following resolutions, which your
committee recommend to your consideration :

JSesol/vedj That the original jurisdiction and government over
all Odd Fellowship in Pennsylvania, is of right and necessity
vested in this G. Lodpe.

licMolvedy That tliis G. Lodge will grant a warrant for the
opening of a G. Eiieampnieiit ; and that the recommendation of
said G. Enc.anipnicnt shall be necessary, at all times, to all peti-
tions that shall be offered to this G. Lodge for warrants for
subordinate Encampments that hereafter may be applied for, by
Odd Fellows, properly qualilied to receive the same.

Sesolved^ That ten per cent, of all moneys received by the
G. and Subordinate Encampments shall be paid to the G.
Lodffe quarterly ; and that they will conform to such laws as
shall be hereafter dictated by this G. Lodge.

JReaolmdy That the warrant of ea(?h Encampment shall
embrace the principles and requisitions in this report.

The preamble and resolutions were concurred in, and the
plan at length took practical form in that State.

The whole action in Pennsylvania was characterized by
prudence and sagacity. The project was new and the form of
its execution somewhat revolutionary. A Grand Lodge was su-
preme in its State — the sole fountain of local authority. All Odd
Fellows in the State of whatever degree were subject to the one

THE DEOBEBS AND ENCAMPMENT BRANCH. 309

master. I>nt liere was the anomaly of a class of members seeking
to break away from the governing j)ower and to set up for them-
selves. Certainly there was wisdom also in the desire for a
separation. Those having the superior degrees outranked all tlie
rest, and in that relation had nothing in common with them. A
separate association was necessary where equals in rank only
could legislate on those degrees. It was not proper that mem-
bers should be called upon to determine questions they did not
comprehend. The resolutions applied the remedy, and at tlie
same time secured the dignity and authority of the G. Lodge of
Pennsylvania. The G. Encampment provided for was organized
on June 19th, 1829, and began to give the degrees until a sub-
ordinate Encampment was instituted. A petition for that pur-
pose was granted on the 13th of August, 1829, and on the KJth
the first subordinate opened ; success was assured and thus the
new branch of the Order was firmly established in Pennsylvania.
This Encampment was distinguished simply as No. 1, but after-
wards assumed tlie style of Philadelphia Encampment, No. 1. The
journal of the G. Encampment does not give it the title until
April, 1838; in the meantime four other subordinates had been
formed with aj)propriatc names. The report of the proceeding
says, " Your connnittee also opened an Encampment ot* Patri-
archs, which organization was received with the greatest appro-
bation." The G. Encampment was opened by G. Sire Wildey,
who installed the G. Officers in due form. The report referred
to was that of the movable committee of the G. Lodge of the
United States, of which G. Sire Wildev was chairman.

NEW YORK AND MASSACHUSETTS.

On visiting the G. Lodge of New York, the committee found
its members fully alive to the new departure. They had taken
with them an engrossed warrant for an Encampment, with blanks
for names, date and signatures ; the form being modeled after
that granted the }>receding January in Maryland. It differed in
confining its jurisdiction in granting warrants to the State of
New York, instead of giving the globe for its theatre. This doc-
ument is preserved among the archives of that State. No history
of the new movement in Massachusetts is accessible, but the
report of the committee shows that they were at Boston ; here

310 AXKBIOAK ODD FELLOWSBIF.

thej met fiome delay, but before leaving tiiej fiNinmUj opened an
Encampment in that city.

WILDKT TOOK THE BESPOHBIBILnT.

This was all done without the authoritj of the snpreme
body. The excessive eneigy of Wildey conid not bear inaction ;
his plan was to see and to perform. He had so long been master,
that he never gave thought to anything but the work in hand*
The advantages of a separation of the work, the propriety of
offering new inducements to Scarlet brothers, were manifest.
He did not hesitate, and his old cohort moved ia line at his calL
But it was not the less revolutionary. To be sure, it succeeded,
and the end in this case seemed to justify the means. The O.
Lodge of Maryland acted with great spirit and put the plan
properly on foot. These degrees were no longer toys, but tools;
the practice that confined them to P. Grands was abolished, and
a great engine for good set in motion. The charters of 1827
were simply nullities ; irregularity bred confusion, and the ex-
ample was of a nature to cause alarm. But the novelty gradu-
ally merged into the system, and at length the new movement
became the pride of the Order.

ACKNOWLEDGED BY THE O. L. OF U. STATES.

Tlie G. Lodge of the United States accepted the situation,
and indirectly gave aid and comfort. It went further, and
declared the Royal Purple degree a necessary qualification for
Grand Representatives, contenting itself with the assertion that
" it was the only legitimate depository for granting charters to
open lodges and Encampnienta in foreign States, or in the Dis-
tricts or Territories in America "; leaving it to be inferred that
what had already been done was legal.

THE ENCAMPMENT BBANCH.

But this irregular proceeding had a short career. Steps were
taken to bring this comet-like emanation into the regular system,
and to make it directly subject to the central authority. At the
same session of 1831 a charter was granted to James L. Ridgely,
Joseph Bannister, John Boyd, Augustus Mathiot, Samuel Lucas
and Thomas Scotchbum to open a G. Encampment in Maryland.

THE DEGBBE8 AND ENCAMPMENT BRANCH. 311

But the G. Lodge of Maryland was already exercising sole juris-
diction in the same field. That body gracefully yielded at once
to the demand of its superior, and on the 17th of January, 1832,
passed the following: "Resolved, that for the purpose of vesting
undisputed and absolute jurisdiction to charter subordinate En-
cianpniente, and all rights necessary thereto, in the G. Encamp-
ment, this G. Lodge doth hereby relinquish to said G. Encamj)-
ment and vest therein all the rights, if any, the said G. Lodge
now possesses over Encampments in this State." The G. En-
campment had already been instituted on the 81st of December,
1831, and set up its tent in the city of Baltimore. It will be at
once seen that the Patriarchal branch as to its mode of govern-
ment was formed upon the model of the State G. Lodges. By
this adjustment it assumed a position of entire State indepen-
dence as an integral part of the Order, was admitted to repre-
sentation in the Grand Lodge of the United States, and soon
rose by its suhlhnc degrees and its select membei'ship to the
apex of the system, becoming the superior grade in the Order.

MARYLAND FOLLOWED BY THE OTHER STATES.

' But all this was the work of time. The same irregularity had
occurred in Pennsylvania; the exam})le of Maryland was fol-
lowed, and notwithstanding the manifest absurdity of the act,
that G. Lodge delegated its sovereignty to a G. Encamjmient,
which granted charters under its authority up to 1S40, the
legislation of the G. Lodge on the subject being disregarded.
In the interval (1833) the G. Lodge of the United States so
amended its constitution as to require the recognition of its
I'urisdiction over the Patriarchal branch, with "the exclusive
right to authorize Encampments in States or Districts where no
C;. Encampments existed," and also making the K P. degree a
qualification for the office of Grand Sire. The conflict of juris-
diction in the meantime continued not only in the States we
have named, but also in New York. The following statement,
taken from the columns of that late able publication, " The
Heart and Hand," gives a truthful version of the diflSculty and
of its final adjustment:

In 1834 Patrian!h Frederick Liese and others petitioned the
<i. Lodjre of the United States for a charter to open an Encamp-

812 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

ment in the city of New York, to be hailed as Mt. Hebron Jin-
campment. The committee reported that the G. Lodge had no
authority to grant the cliarter, inasmuch as the charter granted
to the G. Lodge of New York gave it the power to confer En-
campment Degrees; that the 6. Lodge of New York, in 1829,
granted a charter to open an Encampment in Albany, which
charter invested in said Encampment the exclusive power to
grant charters for Encampments in the State of New York. The
petitioners, perceiving the fallacy of obtaining a charter from a
body of co-ordinate operation, were desirous of receiving one from
an authority competent to guide as well as create. Their appli-
cation being refused, they subsequently applied *to the Encamp-
ment at Albany and received a dispensation. The members of
the parent Encampment having seceded from the authority of
the G. Lodge of the United States, the powers relative to En-
campments in the State of New York reverted again to the
supreme 6. Lodge, by the recall of the original charter of the
G. Lodge of that State in 1837, and a new cjiarter was granted
to Mt. Hebron Encampment, No. 2, of New York, in lieu of the
dispensation under which it had existed. In August, 1839, the
G. Encampment of the State of New York was instituted in the
city of New York, assuming jurisdiction of all subordinates in
the State.

In 1840 the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania adopted a resolution
to relinquish all jurisdiction over Encampments in that State* to
the G. Lodge of the United States, and an informal application
was made to tlie G. Sire to change tlie relations of the G. En-
campment from the State G. Lodge to the G. Lodge of the United
States, as tendered in the resolution. It was apparent to the G.
Sire that there were no legal means of attaining so important an
object, during the recess, as becoming possessed of jurisdiction
over the Encampments of any State. At the annual session in
1841 the G. Loncre of the United States accepted the surrender
of jurisdiction by the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, recognized the
existence of the G. Encampment, recalled the charter imder
which it was constituted, granted a new one in lieu thereof, and
confirmed the charters of all existing subordinates throughout the
State.

This ended the authority of State G. Lodges over the Patri-
archal Order, and rid the Order of the anomalv heretofore exist-
ing, of the independence of the Encampments of the control of
the G. Lodge of the United States. At the period when Encamp-
ments were organized under the several G. Lodges, it was deemed
advisable to confer on them powers similar to those formerly con-
ceded, under like circumstances, to Lodges — that is, to permit
the senior body to exercise the limited authority of establishing
co-ordinates. All the charters issued for the tii^t Encampments
in Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts, being

THE DEGREES AND ENCAMPMENT BBANOH. 313

alike in tenor, recognized the same incongruity. The impro-
priety of such assumption, and the well-being and perpetuity of
this branch of the Order, led to the organization of G. Encamp-
ments, properly constituted to exercise superintending authority
as well as tliat of giving existence — thus relieving the Encamp-
ments in those States from all embarrassment incident to an im-
digested organization.

Since passing that ordeal, in which it stood alone and took
deep root in the hearts of the membership, it has never retro-
graded, but by its own prestige and the favor of the G. Lodge of
the United States, is now assured of permanent life and pros-
perity.

UNIFORMED PATRIARCHS.

Whatever may be said of the Encampment Branch by those
who do not seem to appreciate its value, everything points to its
popuhirity and perpetuity. No better indication of its vitality
can be found than in the favorable legislation of the G. L. U. S.
Of this the most important was that which gave to Patriarchs a
street uniform in lieu of the ordinary regalia. The movement
began in 1870, when, at the instance of Rep. Perkins, of Massa-
chusetts, it was resolved " that subordinate encampments, when
they appear in public, may wear such uniform style of head-
dress as may be aj^proved by the G. Patriarch of the jurisdiction.'*
Under this resolution, cha|>eaux were at once adopted in certain
localities, to be worn in processions, as well as swords, belts, and
gauntlets ; and the matter being brought to the notice of the G.
Sire, he issued his proclamation forbidding their use. G. Sire
Stuart, though very favorable to a street uniform for Patriarchs^
had no alternative. G. Sire Fams worth, before the ])assage of
this resolution, had decided " that no regalia is legitimate except
that prescribed by law — chapeaux^ crooks, swords and belts, and
all 7nilit<iry parapJiernaliu not so prescribed, are accordingly in-
admissible." This decision was affirmed in the very words in
wliich it was made, and of course was decisive of the question
that a chapeau worn in procession was regalia. But G. Sire
Stuart's proclamation, although supported by a report from a
standing committee, was amended by striking out " chai)eaux "
as j)art of the interdicted costume. This was the entering
wedge, and was done on the motion of Rep. Stokes, of Penn-
sylvania.

814 AnnOAH ODD FBLLOWBHIP.

The friends of the new movement were greatly encoamged,
and came up in fine epirits to the Beflsion of 1872. Bep. Band,
of MaaBachusetts, brought the subject before the body, and was
appointed chairman of the committee to which it was sent. The
committee reported as follows : ^^ Beeolved, that Encampmenta be
permitted to wear such style of street uniform, on parade, as
may be sanctioned by the G. Encampments of their respective
jurisdictions ; but under no circumstances shall the funds of an
Encampment be appropriated to meet any expense incurred
thereby.'^ By this time there had been a revolution of
sentiment; New England was particularly anxious for the
chanj|:e, and the conservative members were disposed to ac-
quiesce. The resolution was passed almost unanimously and
with great enthusiasm. In 1875 the indulgence went further,
and the G. L. U. S. sustained G. Sire Durham in his deciaicm
that a Patriarch might enter his Encampment in street uniform,
provided he also assumed his Encampment r^alia.

By this time tlie new arrangement was everywhere adopted
with 1>enefieial results, and had assumed such proportions as to
become a matter of grave importance. A committee, of which
Bep. Tickuor, of Illinois, was chairman, had already reported the
style of the uniform to be worn, and after amendments severally
proposed by Rep. Porter, of California, and Rep. Innis, of
Ohio, it was adopted (Journal 6243). At the session of
1877 a uniform street dress was provided for members of subor-
dinate lodges, u|)on the report of a committee of which Rep.
Hickok, of Pennsylvania, was chairnian, and a special committee
is now preparing a street dress for Patriarchs who do not prefer
the uniform. This last committee consists of Reps. Shaifner,
Ticknor, Given, Kidder and Johnson, who will no doubt make
a satisfactory report. Of course, the use of any of these costumes
will in any case bo optional. Thus it will l>e seen that the
Patriarchal branch has introduced a feature, which has conquered
prejudice and given a new impulse to the whole Order. A
system of drill will no doubt be adopted which will hannonize
the action of the drill associations, and we may soon expect to
see the Patriarchal branch one of the best disciplined bodies in
the eountrv. Thev are alreadv reec^:nized as the leaders in our
public demonstrations. This brilliant array of Odd Fellows
liave already added to our processions a dignity and beauty

THE DEGREES AND ENCAMPMENT BRANCH. 315

which cannot be surpassed. Thi^ picked body of noble men
who have attained to the superior degrees, and overflow with
zeal and energy, now compose the hope as well as the body-guard
of the Order.

€RAND ENCAMPMENT DEGREE AND HONORARY DEGREES OF C. P.

AND H. P.

At the session of 1841 representation was accorded, by a
constitutional provision, to G. Encampments precisely u))on the
same terms as G. Lodges. A committee was at once api)ointed
to prepare an appropriate degree for the G. Encampments, and
Jionorary degrees for the Past Oflices of Chief Patriarch and High
Priest : it consisted of Reps. Kennedy, Van Sickell and Marley.
The committee re])orted the degrees on the 21st of September,
1842, and on the next day they were adopted. They were then
by resolution granted to the membere of the body, and were
duly conferred. In 1844 the G. Lodge abolished these honorary
degrees, but as some of the jurisdictions continued to confer
tliem, the G. Lodge in 1850 directed G. Encampments to destroy
the copies, which was done, and the work was 6ui>pres6ed. The
Encampments as a separate branch have, notwithstanding their
success, met with determined opposition. But in vain have pro-
positions been made again and again, either to abolish their
degrees or to merge them with the subordinate degrees; the
(t. Lodge of the United States has always in the most decided
manner refused to make any change whatever looking to the
merging of the degrees or of the two branches of the Order.

THE LECTURES OR RITUAL.

Having witnessed the spread and establishment of the new
hrancli tliroughont the jurisdictions, we may now the more
readily consider the system on which it was grafted. Before pro-
ceeding, it will be necessary to explain certain technical terms in
common use in this connection. The word Lecture is of this
(jIhss, and had a twofold meaning. First, the addresses, collo-
ijuies, charges and special modes of a degree were denominated
a lecture. The same name was also given to a meeting held for
the purpose of conferring or giving instnictions in a d(»gre(>. The
latter definition has not met with much approval in this country.

816 AXXBICAX ODD FKLLOWBHIP.

The lecture, properly speaking, is the written woilc of the degrees*
Several of them had no formal lecture; as the 6. Lodge degree^
and those of the P. Officers, these last consisting only of nn-
written work. Eecently the word lecture, with reference to the
ceremonies, is becoming obsolete It is now r^arded in better
taste to designate the work by the word ^ ritual." Tliis term
is the latest, and will most likely remain unchanged. The degree
lectures, as at first prepared, were not elaborate ; the constant
alterations and additions were not sufficient to make them lengthy ;
yet, altliough brief, there was substance enough to allow of print-
ing. Each edition seems to have been modified more or less
until 1823. In that year the charges and general work were
^ revised, altered and improved '' by the Manchester Unity. This
edition took the place of the old lecture-book. A copy preserved
in the archives of the 6. Lodge of the United States, has the im-
print of Mark Wardle, Manchester, 1824. The lecture of the
White Degree was amended in 1826 ; again, in 1827, the whole
of the lectures, Including the Covenant and Remembrance d^rees^
were published to conform to the American Lecture-Book.

Washington Lodge, No. 1, at Baltimore, received the lecture-
books of the three d^rees by the hands of P. 6. Henry M. Jack-
son, in 1819. The G. Lodge of Md. and of the U. S. was natu-
rally very anxious about the secret work. At its session held
22d August, 1821, the minutes show an impatient expectation of
the arrival of " the new lecture-lx)olvS." The copies came and
were distributed. The Covenant and Remembrance Degrees
were also furnished to the lodges. A copy of the first edition
printed by American authority is now in the archives of the
Order. The three original degrees, with the two intermediates,
are in pro}>er ix)sition, but there is no date to the volume. It was,
no doubt, printed under the resolution of April 13th, 1823, passed
by the G. I^od^e of Md. and of the U. S. It was an ambitious
venture by the indigent fathers, to whom a few dollars was a seri-
ous burden. But they were reaching out to enibrace a larger area,
and had to make a decent appearance before the world. They
therefore i)ut themselves in literarj' uniform before making the
conquest of the States. But little alteration was made from tlie
standard manuscript. It was just in time to supply the three
6. Lodges erected in June of the next year.

THE DEGBEE8 AND ENCAMPMENT BRANCH. 317

FIRST PRINTED AMERICAN LECTURE BOOK, CERTAINLY PRINTED IN

1823.

Its Title.

" Lectures and Charges of the Degrees of the Independent
Order of Odd Fellowship ; Grand Lodge of Maryland ana of the
United States, Baltimore."

TriLE OF THE Covenant Degree.

" The Degree of the Covenant, instituted and introduced into
Odd Fellowship by the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the
United States, Baltimore, November 25th, 1820, and there noti-
fied as ready by Grand Master Wildey, written by Deputy
Grand Master John P. Entwisle."

This was followed by the G. Lodge of Marj'land ; which in its
separate capacity had the volume translated into tlie German
langna<j^(».

On the 16th of January, 1827, certain brothers of Washington
Lodge ai)plied for a charter for a lodge to work in German. It
was granted under the name of William Tell Lodge, No. 4. This
rendered a translation of the work a necessity ; it was begun at
once, and was printed and issued in October of the same year.
Pennsylvania, which was always alive to progress, was start-
ing in the same direction. In lS2f) the revision of "the charges
and workings" had much of their attention. On September 25,
1820, the proposed clianges were adopted, and in October were
ordered to be printed. At the session of July 14, 1828, provision
was also made for the translation of tlie charge-book into the
German language. It was forthcoming on December 15, 1828,
and was properly distributed. The other G. Lodges made no
<'Hbrt to imju'ove or print any part of the work. This was fol-
lowed by a small pamj)hlet of the initiatory rite, printed in 1881,
now in the archives, which somewhat modifies the original ; tlie
degree lectures having been further revised in 1S21>, (sec Journal
101).

When all authority vested in the G. Lodge of the United
States, no immediate steps w(ire taken for furnishing copies of
the degree lectures and chargt^books. The supply h(»ld by the
G. Lodge of Maryland was the sole reliance. But in 1S28, the
former body assumed control, and provided for a revision of '' the

S18

Bab(»diiute lodge degrees." The alteratioiis were merehr noad-
aal and irere Bcnreely worthy of the name. No chaoge followed
Tutil the very parti^ remion of 1835.

THB BETiBioir or 1835.

Od Harch IStli, 1888, a conimittee was appointed '*to aacer*
tun the mcane DeceeBaiy to establish a iinif(»ni ^stein of
working in the several State G. Lodges and their subordinate
lodges throQgboat the United States "; it consisted of Beps.
Eeyser of Md. and Hopkins of Feno., and Proxy Eep. Brannan
of the District of Columbia. This was followed by the a,{i]>omt-
ment of a committee, of which Bep. Hopkins of Penn. was
chairman, on whom was devolved the revision of the Work. Itu I
no other way conld there be nnifomity, for, while the ancieait
and new work were in the lodges, it had been so altered ]
pruning and addition that it existed in no two jarisdictions alik<
The report was made at the session of 1834 (Joamal 173-^ j
•postponed to the next session, and after much debate and m-
amendments was adopted. (Journal, 193-4). Some of
alterations were important, bnt -none were so radical as
change of the obligation to a parol of honor. It was printc
by Sands and Neilson, Baltimore, 1S36, and distribnted with
the following appi'ndix: "Adopted by the Grand Lodge of the
United States, of the Independent Order ol' Odd Fellows, at
its regular annual session held in the city of Baltimore on the
9th day of October, 1835." This, although a decided improve-
ment ni>on the fonnor edition, did not satisfy the demand of
the increased intelligence of the Order, A very general dis-
satisfaction pre\-ailed, but its ojmmi expression was restrained
from time to time by temporizing legislation. The growth of
the Order and tlie prathial development of its moral aspects
were far in advant-e of the ritual. Its lodge-rooms were crowded
with initiates gathered from every class and calling ; merchants,
mechanics, and professional men. The old element was sup-
planted or put in the minority, or, as in many ivell-known
instances, heartily joined in the cry for reform. In process of
time the new and more refined element sticceeded to the control
of the State jurisdictions ; revision and a better administration of
the whole Bystem followed. State constitutions were amended
and digested, and the laws more strictly enforced and obeyed.

THE DEGREES AND ENCAMPMENT BRANCH. 319

The proxy system of the G. Lodge of the United States fell
before it, and the present splendid body sprung into a vigorous
existence.

REVISION OF 1845.

At the session of 1844 there came to Baltimore a demand,
general, earnest, irresistible, for an improved work ; a moral more
distinctive and didactic, a sentiment more elevated and inspiring,
a principle of deeper significance, a purer and truer tone, and the
embodiment of all these in a literature worthy of a cause so
noble and a work so great. This demand intimidated and over-
came the opposition to reform. That opposition was not without
specious arguments for its existence. It extolled the policy of
uniformity and adherence to the past, and dwelt with much em-
phasis ujion the expense incident to the preparation, printing and
distribution of the change. These objections served only to awaken
distrust and increase the desire for a revision of the work. The
majority was in no humor to be foiled, and took everj' precaution
to ensure success. To tliis end it was determined, with great
unanimity, that the committee should be appointed by the ballot.
The election took place, and the following were chosen : Rep.
Chapin of Massachusetts and G. Sec. Ridgely, Reps. McCabe of
Virginia, Moore of the District of Columbia, and P. G. Sire
Kennedy. All the members of the committee were not present
at tlie preparation of the revision, which was done at a meeting
called in the city of New York ; Rep. McCabe having failed to receive
notice of the time and place of meeting. It thus unfortunately
happened that tliis able gentleman took no part in the reforma-
tion of the subordinate and G.Lodge work. Chapin, Ridgely,
Moore, and Kennedy therefore acted in his absence, and made
ready for the session to which their labors should be submitted.

The G. Lodge, impatient and zealous, had provided for a
special session to be called whenever tlie committee should give
notice of their readiness to make their report. The notice was
given, and G. Sire H. Hopkins, by proclamation dated 30th day
of May, 1845, called a special session of the Grand Lodge of the
United States, to meet in Baltimore on the 9th of September,
1845, " to take into consideration the report which shall be made
by tlie committee appointed to revise all the lectures and charges
of the Order." The special session met, and Rep. McCabe

SSO AMERIOAH ODD FXLLOWBHIP.

having carefully examined the work of his colIeagaeB, oonciinred
with them and signed the report This revision, known as that
of 1845, was at once adopted. The changes made were fiinda-
mental and thorough, and left but little more to be done in the
way of progress. It is worthy of mention that the work of the
oonmiittee was accepted as a whole. It is now in print in the
archives of the Grand Lodge, and a comparison with the revised
work as adopted will show an approval almost Uteratim ei vet-
hatiim.

This constituted the ritual of the Order from 1845 to 1878,
without change, and is virtually the present ritual, not having
been disturbed in substance by the later revision, which mainly
addressed itself to transpositions from the secret work to the
lecture and charge books, to enable officers of subordinates to
become more familiar with it. It also corrected the deficient
; syntax and language, which had from time to time been left
tm touched. With no purpose to point out tlie changes made in
1845, it may be stated generally tbat the initiatory and degree
work were not only improved in literary style, but were absolutely
changed both in the moral and the sentiment by which they were
enforced. The latter was elevated and made to conform closely
to the cardinal feature of Odd Fellowship. A system was for the
first time introduced with a basis upon which tlie whole structure
was made to rest. This was done by building the entire fabric
upon the P. Grand's charge. The old charge was formal, un-
meaning, and Masonic ; this was at once abolished, and never
afterwards referred to. Its substitute begins at the threshold and
follows the brother to the Royal Purple Degree. As a curious
document, Grand Sec. Ridgely has preserved the rough draft of
the Past Grand's charge, as oflered by him in committee, with
all its erasures and interlineations ; by comparison one may dis-
cover to what extent his original contribution was used by the'
committee. A fac-simile impression of tlic document has been
produced, by photographic process trom the original, upon type
metal, and the engraving is in every way a faithful copy.

This paper is now on file in the G. Secretary's office as a
minute of one of the most interesting events in the history of
the Secret Work — a memorable period, when our arcana took new
fonn and significance, and presented itself in glowing colors to
the new intelligence that had found its way to our temples.

THE DEGREES AND ENCAMPMENT BRANCH. 321

P. G. Sire Moore has furnished, as his memoranda of the in-
cidents attending the revision of 1845, the following:

" The committee, with the exception of Bro. McCabe, who wasde-
tained at home by professional duty, first met in Baltimore, in the
month of March, at the ofiice of the G. Secretary. They then pro-
ceeded with the business assigned them. Bros. Chapin and Kennedy
suggested and argued for an important alteration in the ceremony
of initiation ; to this radical change Bros. Ridgely and Moore
dissented, and the subject was not furtlier pressed at that time.
The degrees of the subordinate lodges were then taken up serior
iim. After the first reading of the White Degree, it was again
read and thoroughly amended. Then the Covenant Degree was
considered, and it was determined that the narrative therein
sliould be retained, and, witli some modification of the formula,
this degree was passed. The Royal Blue, Remembrance, and
Scarlet Degrees were then successively read, and it was concluded
that they would require more thorough amendment than could
be creditably perfonned at that meeting; and thereupon Bro.
Kennedy moved to divide the duty of amending the remaining
portion of the work of subordinate lodges among the members of
the connnittee then present, with instructions to report at the
next meeting, and that when tlie committee should adjourn for
that day, it should be to meet in New York in the ensuing month
of May. This motion was adopted. It has already been
mentioned that there existed a diflerence of opinion concerning
the emblem ; but both sides recognized the fact that, whatever
the emblem might be, it could not affect an appropriate exposi-
tion of the principles and objects of the Order. To Ridgely
was assigned the preparation of the Past Grand's Charge, to
Moore the Royal Blue Degree, to Kennedy the Remembrance
Degree, and to Chapin the Scarlet Degree; the work of each to
be submitted to the committee at its next meeting. With the
ex(!eption of the Past Grand's Charge, devolved upon Ridgely,
there was no allotment of the initiatory ceremony, but it was
agreed that the adverse parties should submit their respective
views of its modification in their own way.

" The committee met in May, as agreed upon ; Bros. Chapin,

Ridgely, Kennedy, and Moore being present. The papers of

Ridgely and Moore having been submitted to and approved by

the committee, these brothers were greatly disappointed on

21

322 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

learning that their colleagnes had neglected to prepare the
degrees committed to them. They had a form of initiation com-
plete, according to their views, and, in addition to this, Chapia
had some sheets of paper on which were jotted down, in uncon-
nected form, but in beautiful and eloquent language, some excel-
lent ideas, of which the committee were proud to avail them-
selves in the course of their deliberations, by adapting portions
of them to particular parts of the work ; and Kennedy had some
notes of changes deemed necessary in the ceremonies of installa-
tion and other formalities pertaining to the subordinate work of
the Order.

" It has been already stated that the committee, at their meet-
ing in Baltimore, had satisfactorily arranged the White and Cov-
enant Degrees, and, on the resumption of their labors at New-
York, had adopted the Royal Bine Degree, as presented by-
Moore. They then proceeded to consider, as in committee of the
whole, the Remembrance Degree, in the same manner as the
White and Covenant Degrees had been considered at Baltimore.
The first question presented was as to the retention of the cita-
tions from Holy Writ which graced that degree and formed the
largest portion of it. This question ha^^ng been decided in the
aflSniiative, the remainder of the degree gave but little trouble.
Chapin's manuscripts aflbrded nearly all other matter that was
desired to perfect it. The eloquent opening lecture of the Noble
Grand was his production, and the concluding charge of the same
officer was derived, probably with some amendments, from the
old work. Then, taking up the Scarlet Degree, recoui'^e was
again had to the beautiful conceptions of moral duty embodied
in the manuscripts of Chapin, from which were selected the open-
ing charge of the Vice Grand, and also the first paragraph of the
lecture of the Noble Grand. At that point Ridgely inserted the
explanation of the colors of the Order, by Bro. Bradley, of Con-
necticut, and what follows is a continuation of Chapin's lecture,
down to and including the paragra]>li next to the last one. At
that place Moore inserted an allusion to the symbol of mortality,
which he obtained from a letter of Bro. Williamson; and the
hast paragraph of that lecture was a further continuation from
Chapin's papers. Thus ended the most important of the labors
of the connuittee in the preparation of the degrees of subordinate
lodges. Of coui*se some changes of phraseology were necessary to

THE DEOBEEB AND ENCAMPMENT BRANOH. 3^3

unite and harmonize different parts of the work in preparing it
for the press, wliich duty was allotted to Moore.

" Three or four days had now been spent in New York, and the
Encampment work, though repeatedly alluded to in conversation,
had not yet been reached in the formal deliberations of the com-
mittee. But, being at .length taken \ip, Kennedy proposed that
its different parts should be referred to members of the connnitteo
then present, with instructions to snbmit their report at an ad-
journed meeting of the committee, to be held in Baltimore on
the day preceding the convening of the special session of tliQ
Grand Lodge, required to be called to consider the report of the
committee ; and, this proposition having been accepted, the En-
campment degrees were allotted as follows : To Bro. Chapin, the
Patriarchal ; to Bro. Kennedy, the Golden Rule ; and to Bros.
Moore and Ridgely, the Royal Purple. The committee then ad-
jonrned, having first directed that the Granci Sire should be noti-
fied of their readiness to report.

" The G. Sire called the special session of the G. Lodge
to meet at Baltimore on Tuesday, the 9th of Septembt»r,
1845, six days prior to the time prescribed for the annual meet-
ing of that year. The Representatives, generally, were prompt
in attendance, and of those composing the Committee on Revision
there were present Bros. Ridgely, Kennedy, Moore, and McCabc.
Bro. Chapin was absent, and his absence was the more regretted
when it was found that the degrees of the Patriarchal branch of
the Order, which had been referred to him and to Kennedy, had
not been prepared, and that this failure would necessarily prevent
a decision on the entire work of the Order at the special session.
All of the degrees for subordinate lodges, however, had been
printed under the supervision of Bro. Moore; and the same pam-
phlet contained, in addition to the degrees, the regulations for
opening and closing lodges ; the order of their business; the forms
of installation for and the obligations of officers, and the charges
to be delivered by the installing officer ; also, the ceremony of
installation for Grand Officers, and their respective obligations and
charges, together with the regulations and charges for constitut-
ing lodges, making in all eighty-six octavo pages. On the after-
noon of the first day of the special session copies of this pamphlet
were distributed among the members, and were received with
general expressions of approbation, but the Grand Lodge did not
proceed to consider tlie report until the next morning. It was

384

then detenninedy in (»der to aflEnd the gresteit ktitodB ^

thai the repeat flhoaU be eonsideml in eonunittee of die vliole^

and the prifUcge of debate eitended to the offieen ^ die lodge.

^Tbe 6. Lodge then lesolTed itsdf into a committee of the
wbofep and ealled to the diair P. G. IL Biehaid Kaikj, of MaiT-
hnd. The ceremonies of initiation wcie fint taken np. Oftifaia
part of the woik the Committee oa Beriaon had, with perftct har-
monj, pieacnted two fiDrms, lepreaenting their leqiectiTe views.
Form Xo. 1 was the faTorite of Cliapin and Kennedy, and form
Ka ij prepared bjr Moore, represented the TiewB of liimaelf and
Bidgeljr. The pecniiar feature in the first Ibrm ouiristed of a
radical change in the maimer of initiation^ as has been abore
alhidcd ta This had but few sapporters^ and, having been die-
agreed to, the entire ptodnctionfiuled. Bat <^this form Moore had
tianrferred tlie most attractive passages to form No. 2, and also
Bi^gcly's Past Gnmd^s cliarge, so that bjr the rejection, as an
entirety, cf form ]so. 1, the Order did not lose the benefit of snch
parts df it as it was desirable to retain. Form Xa 2, however,
prior to its adoption, received several amendments, made at the
iitftf"fi* of Bro. Moore, the chief of which was the introduction
ai the present Warden's charge in lien of the charge reported.
This charge was snggested to tlie mover by Bro. Williamson. The
Past Grand^s chaise of Kidgely underwent two verbal amend-
ments. These were the only changes made in that comprehen-
sive and impressive charge. Tlie ceremonial pertaining to initia-
tion, as amended, waa then agreed to ; and, as indicative of the
scrutiny exercised by the Grand Lodge, it may be stated that,
independently of several verbal amendments, twelve distinct
votes were taken on different ^parts of this ceremony, all of
which were decided in the affirmative without a di^-ision.

^ The regulations proposed for opening and closing lodges, pre-
scribing the order of their business, and for the installation of
officx'rs, were next (considered, and a separate vote taken on each.
They were all adopted without amendment.

"Tlic dejjrees of subordinate lodges were then considered.
The only alteration made in the White Degree was the omission
from the dialogue of one question and answer, viz : ^ Do our laws
forbid the use of wine?' * No, they only forbid the abuse of it.'
No alteration was made in the Covenant D^ree except near the
close of the obligation. The phraseology of the Royal Blue

THB DEOBBB8 AND ENCAMPMENT BRANCH. 325

Degree was amended at the close of the opening charge, and near
the close of the concluding charge. In both cases several sen-
tences deemed to be superfluous were stricken out. The Re-
membrance Degree was adopted with but a single verbal
amendment ; as prepared by Bro. Chapin the opening charge of
the Noble Grand read, ' and bids us do unto others as we would
be done by.' The quotation was corrected by nmking it read,
* and bids us do unto others as we would that they should do
unto us.' This was the only alteration in that degree. And
the Scarlet Degree was adopted without amendment of any kind.

" The general instmctions for conferring the degrees were then
taken up, amended, and adopted; and, after these, came the
ceremony for the installation of Grand OflScers, together with
their respective charges, and, finally, the regulations for consti-
tuting Lodges, in the revision of all of which Bro. Kennedy had
performed eflicient service. They were all adopted after having
received some trivial verbal amendments; and this concluded all
of the work then reported by the Committee on Revision.

" The committee of the whole then rose, and by its chairman re-
ported favorably on the report of the committee as amended, in
which form they recommended to the Grand rx)dge its adoption, ' as
the proper work of the Order '; and the recommendation of the
committee of the whole was agreed to, yeas 32, nays 13.

" During the sitting of the special session, on Saturday, the
day succeeding the adoption of the new work, it was unanimously
resolved, 'that the thanks of this Grand Lodge be and are
hereby tendered to the committee on revision of the work of the
Order, tor the very able report they have made, and for their in-
defatigable exertions in the cause of Odd Fellowship '; and on
the same day it was further resolved, that the revised lectures
and charges of subordinate lodges should be used by such lodges
from and after the first of January, 1846.

" There was manifest disappointment, both at the special and
regular sessions of the Grand Lodge, that the Patriarchal De-
grees had not been submitted with the other work ; and, before
proceeding further with this narrative, it is proper here to state
that the prominence acquired by Bro. Moore in the procurement
of those degrees was purely accidental. It resulted as a conse-
quence from his preparation of the Royal Purple Degree prior
to tlie meeting of the special session. This degree had been

896 AXSBICAH ODD FELLOWSHIP.

referred to himself and Uro. Ridgely ; but at that time Ridgely
had no clerical aid in his oflSce, except what was rendered by the
messenger, and his oflScial duties exclusively engrossed his mtten-
tion. In view of this situation of his colleague, Bro. Moore renr
tured to prepare the degree ; and after it had been finished, not
wishing to rely upon his own judgment, he got a member of his
Encampment to put the d^ree in type, and strike off a number
of ^ galley proofs,' one or two copies of which were transmitted
to each member of the committee, that they might be the bett^
qualified to improve and amend it at the meeting of the commit-
tee directed to be held on the day preceding the convening of the
special session of the G. Lodge. This degree having been by
some means disclosed, Bro. Moore, on appearing at the annual
session, after die 6. Lodge had been opened, and at a moment
when it was proposed to continue the committee on revision, was
met in the i)rincii>al aisle of the hall by half a dozen or more
members, who invoked his efforts to have the other Encampment
degrees pre])ared during that session. Then proceeding to his
seat and addressing tlie chair, he stated that if the proposition
then pending should be withdrawn, and the committee be per-
mitted to retire, it was possible that the Patriarchal work might
be completed before the close of the session. This suggestion
met with approval, and the committee having retired to the
office of the Grand Secretary, Bro. Moore proposed that the
subjects ]>revioiisly agreed upon for the Patriarchal and Golden
Rule Degrees be changed. The subject selected by Bro. Chapin
for tlie Patriarchal Degree was a general review of the subordi-
nate degrees and of the moral duties therein inculcated, and the
subject selected by Bm. Kennedy for tlic Golden Ilulo Degree
was, after the model of the old work, a history of tlio Order.
Bro. Mooi-o moved that in lieu of these subjects those of the
present degrees be adopted, whieli motion having been agreed to,
the committee n^tnmed to their seats in the Grand Lodge and
reported that they hoixnl to be able to supply the degrees at that
session. Bro. ]\Ioorc would not have ventured upon this rash
proceeding but for the fact that he knew there were present two
learned and able brotliers, who, in the course of private conver-
sations witli him, in pi-evious years, had advanced ideas on the
newly pro]>03e<l subjects wliich ho and they supposed might be
wrought into appropriate degrees. One of these brothers was

THE DEGREES AND ENCAMPMENT BBANGH. 327

the Rev. James D. McCabe, a Representative from Virginia,
who had been elected a member of the committee on revision,
but was prevented from attending the meetings of the committee
by pressing duties of his clerical office ; and the other was the
liev. Isaac D. Williamson, of Maryland, who had repeatedly
served as a Representative and as Chaplain of the Grand Lodge.
The seats of Moore and McCabe were adjacent, and as soon as
they had been seated after returning from the committee, Moore
communicated his design to McCabe, and requested him to retire
to his room at the ' Fountain Inn ' and prepare the Patriarchal
Degree, so that it might be presented the next morning. Thus
taken by surprise, McCabe remonstrated and protested that it was
impossible ; but his genial and accommodating spirit soon yielded
to the solicitations of his colleague, and he left the hall. Moore
then (crossed over to Williamson, and, after reminding him of
former conversations, and informing him of the subject adopted
for the Golden Rule Degree, requested that ho would retire and
prepare it, which office was accepted with the complaisance char-
acteristic of that estimable brother. The result was the produc-
tion on the next morning of both degrees, which, together with
the Royal Purple Degree, were formally submitted to the Grand
Lodge by the committee, and in the afternoon of thd same day
were taken up, considered, and adopted, the only votes in the
negative being those of Past Grand Sire Hopkins of Pennsylva-
nia, Rep. Holden of Maryland, and Rep. Gilley of New York.
This prompt approval of their M'ork by the Supreme Grand
Lodge of the Order happily terminated, amid joyful and enthusi-
asti(! congratulations on all sides, the labors of the Committee on
Revision of 1844-5."

The now Encampment work was founded on the old, that is to
€ay, upon the three degrees originally conferred upon P. Grands only
in the body of the G. Lodge, and which "were afterwards given to
Scarlet Degree members by means of the Encampment. The
abolition of the oaths was but a very small part of the change
^fleeted by these successive revisions. That, with other forms of
the English system, were found not suitable to this country, not
to speak of the alterations in design, tone, and literary finish.
Tliirt will particularly appear by an examination of the fifth
degree, and especially of its theory and application of the colors,
a fine contribution of Rev. C. W. Bradley, an Episcopal clergy-
man, and G. Rep. from Connecticut.

1

3^8

AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Tlie Bubetantial (-lianges in tlie ritnals, or more properly the
degrees its they originally uxisted, and as tliey appear in the
several editions, of which copies are preserved in the archives,
cannot of course be eet forth in these pages. An examination of
these relies would repay the curious, as successive proofs of the
growth of Odd Fellowship, from its crude state to its present
beautiful system. Such an inquiry would exhibit a striking
instance of the success which attends co-operative etibrt.

THE DNWKITTEN WOKK.

In what we have said of the degrees, we wish to be iinder-
Btood as speaking exclusively of the written work, lectures and
charges; the secret or unwritten work of the degrees demands
a brief consideration. This is substantially the same as when
received by Wasliington Lodge from the Manchester Unity,
except in so far as modified by Bro. Wildey in concert with our
English brethren in 1826. The best known niodifioation con-
sisted of the "new signs" of initiation, which had been intro-
duced in England in consequence of the exposure of the originals.
Bro. Wildey reported to the G. Lodge of the U. S, that thia
alteration would, in his opinion, "be productive of good to the
Order "; but that body decided that the change of " signs " was
an innovation upon the ancient landmarks of the Order, and
that it would adhere to the "old signs." At the same time it
was ordered tliat all brothers should be instmcted in both the
new and ancient signs, to the end that should any of them visit
England or meet with one who had only the new signs, he might
be able to prove or to be proved by him. The Manchester
Unity was also requested "to give the ancient as well as the
new signs to all brothers about to visit this country." (Journal
85.) Of course the recommendation had no effect, as the aboli-
tion of the old signs had been fully consummated by the Unity.
But the effort to adhere to ancient usage on our part was of
short duration ; the ancient signs were nominally continued in.
the initiators', but both signs were allowed to be used : ultimately
the new sign was fully established. (Journal 93.)

This may be considered the original departure of the English
Order, which, in spite of all our appeals and remonstrances, wa»
allowed to widen and deejien until a sejiaration was forced upon
us. These deviatiouB were unnecessary', and eventually caused

lused

THE DEGREES AND ENCAMPHENT BBANCH. 321>

the division of Odd Fellowship into English and American.
Thus the unwritten Work, as we received it wnth the English
ritual, continued during the first decade unchanged ; excepting,
of course, the additions made by the two intermediate and other
American degrees. True, it had no existence save in the mem-
ory of the brethren, or in brief and curious manuscript elucida-
tions contained in the lecture and charge books. These exposi-
tions were sometimes obscured by asterisks or by mystic letter-
ing ; sometimes they were written in cipher or hieroglyphics for
the enlightenment of dull oflScers. Nevertheless, it was pre-
served with sufficient accuracy for the preservation of general
uniformity throughout all our jurisdictions up to 1848.

We will close this interesting subject with a brief remark
upon the secret work of the Patriarchal Order. Whether this
unwritten language is the same as that originally introduced
with the three degrees into the G. Lodge of Maryland, or was
changed at or after the time of their incorporation into the En-
campment system, we cannot say. Certainly it is the same now
as when used w ith those degrees in the first Encampment, with
the exception of the distinctive sign of the initiatory degree,
which was abolished by the revision of 1845.

THE SECRET JOURNAL.

At the session of 1847 a committee, consisting of P. G.
Sires Wildey, Hopkins, Glazier and Kennedy, and G. Sec.
Ridgely, was appointed " to prepare and report full and complete
instructions in the secret work of the Order.^' The report was
made by Bro. Hopkins, P. G. Sire, at the next session (1848), and
was adopted. From that time a Secret Journal has beer, kept,
in which a special record has been made of the secret work. The
identity and security of this journal have been secured by the
aid of strong constitutional supports. Since then the G. Lodge
has reviewed this work from time to time and enriched it with
diagrams taken from living subjects, but it remains for the most
part as in the original report of 1848. The history of the pre-
servation of the secret work is worthy of mention. In 1846,
a resohition "that the unwritten work of the Order shall in no-
wise be altered or amended except by a unanimous vote of this
Grand Lodge," was adopted. In 1847, this proceeding was de-
clared " null and void," and an amendment to the constitution

380 AMMtTOAy ODD FELLOWSHIP.

embodying the provision of the resolntiony was submittedy l«d
on the table, and at the session of 1848 adopted by a unanimons
Tote. (Journal 964, 1093, 1101, 1123, 1241, 1278). The aim was
not only to secure permanency, but to ensure, if possible, actual
certainty and correctness. But this object was liable to be de-
feated by a habit which had grown up, of applying to 6. Sires in
cases of real or supposed necessity for decisions upon the un-
written work. Some of the G. Sires assumed and others refused to
construe this code, the latter more wisely referring every inquiry
to the ^^italex scripiay By these constructions it was seriously
feared that the text would in time become dangerously impaired.
To remedy constantly recurring difficulties of tliis nature, reconrae
was had to various expedients, and 6. Sires were prohibited
ftoia deciding upon such questions.

The Secret Journal before referred to was at length made its
own interpreter, and its diagrams speak and teach with no need
of an instructor. The first diagrams were executed by P. G,
Bep. Woolford, of Kentucky. But, in spite of prohibitions, a
commentary lias found its way into the secret journal. The
work, composed of a few pages of foolscap in 1848, had multi-
plied to four times that volume in 1856, when it was reported
with a digest of the decisions upon it, and in that form was
adopted. New diagrams were, under the Bupervision of Bro.
Stuart, P. G. Sire, subsequently obtained, and at the present time,
with the code, sacredly perpetuate the unwritten work as originally
constructed.

THE TWO NEW SIGNS AND THE DE6BEE OF BEBEKAH.

The subject may be dismissed by the statement that the
greater part of our Work is fully entitled to be called American.
We may enumerate the Covenant and Remembrance, the Grand
Lodge, the Royal Purple and Grand Encampment degrees. To
these we may add the degree of Rebekah. Two signs have also
been added in this country, namely, the hailing sign and the
«ign of recognition. The Rebekah degree was adopted at the
session of 1851, and was the production of Schuyler Colfax, G.
Rep. of Indiana. (Journal 1793). It was intended as an hon-
orary degree for Scarlet members and their wives (Jounial 1841),
but has since taken a much wider scoixj. In many jurisdictions
it has assumed great importance, and may yet carve for itself a
liistory.

THE DEGBEE8 AND ENCAMPMENT BRANCH. 331

The hailing sign, originally called the Hailing or Sea sign,
formerly supposed to have been adopted in 1845, was the pro-
duction of G. Rep. Charles Whitall, of Louisiana. From the
fact that this sign nowhere has mention in the report of the
committee of revision of the work made in September, 1845,
and does not appear in the charge-book printed in 1846, it is
inferred that it was adopted at the session of 1846. The sign of
recognition was adopted at the session of the Grand Lodge held
in 1870. It was reported by a committee consisting of Reps.
Porter, of California ; Stokes, of Pennsylvania ; White, of New
York ; Maris, of Delaware ; Perkins, of Massachusetts ; Barry,
of Indiana ; Escavaille, of Maiyland ; Curtis, of Michigan, and
Andrews, of Texas. G. Rep. Nathan Porter, of California,
has been credited with the suggestion, and no one has ever
■claimed to divide the honor with that lamented Odd Fellow,
who has been removed by death from the sphere in which he
moved with so much usefulness to the Order and honor to
himself.

DEGREE LODGES.

Formerly it was a general practice for the members to
assemble at their "Lodge House" on the Sabbath day, and for
the N. G. of the lodge, or such person as he might select for the
purpose, " to deliver lecture," as it was tenned. Afterwards the
day was changed to some convenient evening in the week, but
there was no regularity about it. The organization for this pur-
pose was very loose, incompetent persons being often selected to
officiate, or members were forced to wait until proper persons to
act made their appearance. The regular officers at a much later
day were seldom competent for the undertaking; consequently
that duty was performed by such Past Officers as could be pre-
vailed ui)on to attend. Looseness, irregularity and confusion
were everywhere characteristics of degree work, until more
suitable arrangements were effected. The honor of the reform
belongs to Pennsylvania. The G. Lodge of that State as early
as August 27th, 1827, granted a charter to Philadelphia Degree
Lodge, No. 1, for the purpose of " the more effectually conferring
the degrees." Never was device more successful. The secret
work took new life from that hour, and the whole interior was
illuminated by the light dispensed by the new machinery. The

882 AMxasoAB odd fkllowbhtp*

example was contagioiu and the effeet permanent The Degree
Lodge became a high school of instmction ; its gndnates, teach-
ere and workere among the subordinatea. The value of the woik
was more than doubled : initiates began to aspire, and refoaed to
linger at the threshold ; and the Order took stronger hold upon
jts membership. Tonlaj degree lodges are necessary adjuncts r
in all the great centres of Odd Fellowship they adorn and magnify
the ritual. These are indeed our temples; here awe and mys-
tery hold court ; here robe and emblem are respectable ; in thia
inner sanctuary profane haste is avoided, profane inattention
cured, the candidate satisfied and the r}tes exalted.

The charter members of the first d^ree lodge were P. 6. M..
Thomas Small, Dep. G. M. William H. Matthews, 6. W. John
6. Potts, and P. Grands Isaac Brown, James Day and Benjamin
Bnckman. The example of Pennsylvania was not at once fol-
lowed, even in Maryland. It was not until three yean afterwarda
that P. Grands Ridgely, Marley and Mathiot, acting as a com-
mittee, recommended the establishment of a degree lodge in that
State, but without success. Ancient usage was againat it, and
the older members refused it a trial. At length, on the 18th of
May, 1831, the G. Lodge of Maryland agreed to form a degree
lodge, by a vote of 12 yeas to 10 nays ; Ridgely, who offered the
motion, having secured the approbation and vote of G. Sire
Wildey.

THE TRAVELING PASSWORD.

The Traveling Password and its use do not compose a d^ree^
but, as a part of the secret work, must have some mention. It
came in with the system of cards for travel. The quarterly pass-
word was of too short duration for the card, which was usually
for a longer period. Thus an annual word was provided to meet
the exigency of a card for a year. Its first official notice was on
February 22d, 1824, by the G. Lodge of Md. and of the U. 8.
It was then "Resolved, that a T. P. W. be adopted for the pro-
tection of the Order in the United States "; it proceeds : " When
a T. P. W. for the current year was selected." This was necea-
sary, because the password differed in each State ; whereas, in
England every district had the same word. It is not known
when the M. Unity began the use of this test. Its minutes in
1826 recite an elaborate resolution about Traveling Cards ; pro-

THE DEOBEE8 AND SNGAMPMENT BBANCH. 333

aiding that the brother was entitled to benefits from his lodge for
six months, and authorizing other lodges to pay him and collect
from his lodge. But no mention is made of any test of his right
to draw the money. But, at the session of 1827, the omission was
supplied. They tlien adopted the following: "Resolved, That
the traveling password be divided between the relieving oflScor
and the traveler, and that officer begin by syllables." As this
was an explanatory, and not an originating act, it is presumed
that the T. P. W. had been introduced previously, and was omit-
ted from the minutes. From this period a card was good for
twelve months, unless a shorter time was expressed upon its face.

ANTI-MASONRY AND THE OBLIGATION.

The obligation, as at first administered, was, in its nature.
Masonic. But in 1826 a storm burst upon that institution, which
for a time caused a general prejudice against secret societies. In
the village of Batavia, situated in Western New York, lived a
certain William Morgan. He was a mechanic and a Mason. A
rumor was rife that he was about to expose, in print, the secrets
of Free Masonry. This report caused deep feeling, in the midst
of which the man disappeared. Terror fell upon the community ;
some said he had been abducted, and one account placed him in
Asia ; others did not scruple to charge his murder on the Masonic
fraternity. Newspapers took it up — pulpits thundered, and half
the country was electrified with excitement. Politicians eagerly
seized the opportunity, and States became arenas for a heated
conflict. Anti-Masonrj' became the watchword of a powerful
party in the Union. Its candidate for Governor of New York,
in 1828, received 33,000 votes ; the vote rose to 70,000 in 1829, and
to more than 100,000 in 1830. The new party was in all the then
free States. Vennont then took the lead, and Pennsvlvania, so
late as 1835, elected Eitner, an Anti-Mason, Governor. In 1832
it was so powerful as to put forth Presidential candidates. Wil-
liam Wirt, of Maryland, was the nominee for President, and
Amos Ellmaker, of Pennsylvania, for Vice-President. Among
its leaders were to be found such men as William H. Seward, of
New York, and John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. This
fury of faction lasted for nearly ten years, when it at length sub-
sided.

884 AMSBICAV ODD FXLLOWBHIP.

The Masons c^une ont of the conflict with the honors of wtr;
their ability was more than equal to the emei^gency ; confidence
was restored and their enemies utterly routed. But the interval
was a time of peril and a day of threatening calamity. Odd Fel*
lowship suffered the most. The Masons were backed by the whole
world; we had not even tlie sympathy of that brotherhood.
Massachusetts, the first adherent to Maryland, was in the midst
of the contention. To the Order in that State it was a mortal
blow ; the body, already weak, fell before it, and for years that
light that now glows so steadily and brightly was extinguished.
But hostile legislation had done lasting injury. Bro. Paul, of
Massachusetts, presented the grievance to the Grand Lodge of
the United States on August 16th, 1834. His communication
contained a copy of a law aimed at the existence of secret socie*
ties. It was passed 13th March, 1833, by the legislature of Mas-
sachusetts, and made it penal, extra-judicially, ^' to administer or
take an oath, afiirmation or obligation in the nature of an oath.*^
Advice and action were demanded ; if they violated the law, in-
dictment and punishment would follow ; if they obeyed it^ the
Order wad efiectually suppressed. The subject was referred to
Beps. Hopkins and Bidgely; they concluded their report
as follows : ^^ Your committee have examined the ancient work
of the Order — they ascertained tliat the administering of oaths is
of recent origin ; that formerly the candidate pledged his honor
to perform what was enjoined on him; this is, to most men, as
binding as the most solemn fonn of oath. Your committee, there-
fore, recommend the following : Resolved, That so long as the
law of Massachusetts, relating to illegal oaths, &c., remains in
force, the lodges in Massachusetts be authorized to admit mem-
bers, confer degrees, install officers, &c., on the pledge of hcmoTy
and that the oath be dispensed with." This was found so accept-
able that in the revision of 1835 oaths were abolished, and the
present parole of honor was adopted.

We here close this interesting subject by referring the reader
to the last chapter of this history for our theory of the degrees
and their profound significance.

CHAPTER XIV.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN MA8BACHU8BTTS.

Then let us throw all care aside.

Let's merry De and mellow ;
May Friendship* Love and Truth abide

With every true Odd Fellow.

—ODD FELLOW'S SOKO.

There Beems to have been a general emigration of Odd Fel-
lows to this country in the beginning of the century ; to be sure,
their number was small, and, in many cases, was confined to a
single individual. They were men of humble origin, and for
the most part were expert mechanics and worked at a trade.
Their settlements were in the seaport cities, to which they had
been attracted by the hope of bettering their condition. Odd
Fellowship had nothing to do with their emigration, but they
had severally been in some way connected with an independent
lodge in England, and were invested with the then known secret
work by which such lodges had been attempting to illustrate and
enforce the lesson of fraternity. They were strangers in a strange
land, fighting for existence and seeking to form new associations.
Under such circumstances they naturally missed the life they
had left behind them, and when they met as fellow-countrymen,
recounted with regret the good time they had spent in the com-
fortable inns and ale-houses of the mother country. The Order
of Odd Fellowship was of all others the most prized, as having
been the source of both social pleasure and pecuniary benefit; it
was composed of men of their own class, and claimed to be
formed for the purpose of aiding sons of toil, and binding them
closely together for the common advantage. When such men
recognized each other by the rude fonnula of that period as
members of the Order, they at once were led to revive such
l)leasant intercourse, and for that purpose to plant the institution
in American soil. Boston, that great entrepot of commerce, was
one of the points so visited, and the results that followed will
compose the materials of this chapter.

(886)

^36 AMEBICAH ODD FELLOWSHIP.

JAMES B. BABNES.

James B. Barnes came to this country in the same year with
Wildey, 1817. He was bom in Plymouth, England, in Feb-
ruary, 1792, of parents of the middle class, who were in moderate
circumstances. When he was a young Child his father removed
to Portsmouth. But his education was not neglected; such
ordinary schools as were accessible furnished him with a good
education in the rudiments, which was improved by a fondness
for books and study, which was a marked trait in his character.
In this way he became an apt scholar, and in course of time was
a proficient in many branches of knowledge. His first employ-
ment was in the dockyard at Plymouth. The custom of the

^ country required that a boy of his station should be aj)prenticed
at an early age to learn a mechanical trade. Young Barnes
evinced a great fondness for works on mechanics, and he was
accordingly put to the trade of what was then called a " white
fimith." Among his companions he found many who were Odd
Fellows, and as soon as he came of age (in 1813) he was admitted
and made a member in a lodge originally organized under what

- was called "the Bolton Unity." In 1814 he removed to London,
and took membership in an independent organization known as
"the Ptoyal Charlotte Lodge.''

Barnes was a good type of the reading and thinking workin fir-
man, and was full of tlieories for the elevation of liis class. The
institution in its rough outlines seemed to him a ])o\verful ally to
the laboring poor, and he was soon active and zealous in the
duties of his lodge. He became prominent, and by successive
steps rapidly rose to the place of presiding officer. This was a
great compliment to a man from a provincial city, and indicated
the meritorious nature of his services. In fact, his term of N.
G. was looked ujmn as a great success, and on liis retirement
from that (^hair, in 1814, he was presented with a beautiful
jewel, the ba(l<re of his rank as Past Grand. A letter of
thanks was granted at the same time in the shape of a diploma,
in which his brethren recorded in glowing terms their unani-
mous estimate of his worth and services. Tlie jewel was
a silver medal of an oval form, exquisite in Morkmanship,
and ornamented with a])propriate designs. Around the border
is this inscription : " royal independent charlotte lodge,

J ■.<

t rf.

JAMES B. BARNES.

ODD FKLLOWSIIIP IN MA8SAOHTJBETT8. 337

ODD FELLOWS," enclosing two male human figures on opposite
sides, leaning upon an elevated shield, highly decorated, the
M^hole surmounted by a lifted curtain or canopy. On the obverse
side are the words: "P. N. G. Barnes, 25th December, 1815."
Bro. W. P. McKelvey, to whom we are greatly indebted in this
connection, thus describes it : " The pictorial emblems on the
English medal are in oil colors on ivory. The device is a shield
containing many emblems of the Order, with two figures on
either side representing mechanics in the style of dress worn in
1815. On the back of the medal is a small casket containing
€ome of the hair of the deceased."

Before this time he married, and thi-ee daughters were bom
to him in London, where he was endeavoring to gain a permanent
foothold. But his efforts were not rewarded, and he began to
turn his attention to a more suitable place; after much consider-
ation he concluded to emigrate, and seek in this country that
success which he could not find in England. He landed m
Boston in 1817, and found no difiiculty in procuring employment
at his trade. At the end of a year he entered a glass factory,
and soon became expert in making clay pots for smelting glass,
and invented a process for manufacturing bricks for glass furnaces.
Early in 1821 he entered the service of the New England Glass
Ooinpany, loc^ated at East Cambridge, as a master workman, and
held the position until February 1845. In the winter of that
year, lie and a fellow-workman moved to Wheeling, Virginia,
and purchased an old established glass factory in that city. They
carried on the business until January 8, 1849, at which time
Brother Barnes died, leaving a widow and six children. His son,
James F. Barnes, was born in this country in 1818, and is now a
merchant in Wheeling.

The son was initiated into the Order in 1845, on the eve of
the departure of the family from Massachusetts, but did not con-
tinue a member. He has furnished us with photographs of his
father's medals, which, for artistic finish and coloring and appa-
rent fidelity to the originals, are beyond praise. He succeeded
his father in business, but is now engaged in the queensware trade.
The family left by Bro. Barnes is numerous, and are all in good
circumstances. They are scattered over the country, some resid-
ing in New Orleans, some in Massachusetts, and others in West
Virginia. In a letter of April 4th, 1878, Jamee F. Barnes says,
22

338 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

with honest pride: "My father was an able man, a first-rate
mechanic, and above all, an honest man in every sense of the
word." We are indebted to him for the plates with which we
have produced the fine medals of his father, which are kept by
him as sacred mementos of that father's eminent services in the
cause of humanity.

But let us return to the part assumed by Bro. Barnes in the
organization of a form of Odd Fellowship in Boston, which finally
became the starting point of a connection with the Order estab-
lished in this country by Thomas Wildey. Immediately after
his arrival in that city he began to inquire diligently for other
Odd Fellows. His plan was to go on board of passenger ships
from England, and to visit the taverns and other public places ii>
the hope of meeting some of the brethren ; but his eflbrts in these
directions were of no avail. In the autumn of 1818 he was more
successful ; for in passing up State Street he met one Wilson, the
town crier, who, in his usual manner, was announcing the sale of
a cargo of fruit at public auction on the next day. A crowd sur-
rounded the crier, and from some passages of rough wit between
them, Banies began to think he had discovered an Odd Fellow.
He therefore followed Wilson, and was informed by him that his
surmise was correct. Wilson also invited hiin to his ale-house^
No. 23 Cornhill, whore he went on tlie sarno evening and met
several Enii:lish Odd Fellows. These were Jacob Mvers, Thomas
Kennedy and H. D. Frecccre. Of these Elvers was of Jewish
parentage and kept a clothing store on Fleet Street, afterwnrds
Ann Street; he came to the country in 1818. Fregere had eni-
igrated with his father's family to AFontreal, Canada, in 181^),
and was in l^oston seeking employment. Nothing is known of the
antecedonts of Kennedy, except that he came over in the same
ship with Fregere.

It seems that no steps were taken to form a lodge, as
these new acquaintances were well pleased to meet and ]>ass
social evenings together, with no intention beyond that of present
enjoyment. This continued so long as to give rise to the report
that a lodge was in operation under their auspices in the latter
part of 1819. But the tradition, while claiming a lodge existence,
speaks only of informal meetings, without otticers, and that no
minutes were kept until the formal organization, which occurred
on the 2()th of March, 1820. It seems that by-laws were in

t I
I I

I I
I I

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN MASSACHUSETTS. 339

readiness, an indication of previous preparation which could
only have existed for a brief period. It was also asserted that
they had the work of the Manchester Unity, though claiming no
connection with that Order. This may have gained circulation
from the probability that one or more of the members came from
the west of England and knew something of the changes made in
tlie work. The master-spirit. Brother Barnes, was from London,
and was hostile to the provincial innovations which gave birth to
the Unity. Early in 1820 they found another brother in James
B. Eaton, and were in point of numbers ready for the first time
to open a lodge ; for, as before stated, five was the least number
which by " ancient " and invariable " usage " could form an Odd
Fellows' lodge.

It was at Eaton's house on Federal Street that the brothers
met in conformity to a resolution passed at an informal meeting,
held on the 20th day of March, 1820, and then and there opened
a lodge. The process of course was by self-institution. The
first oflicers were, James B. Barnes, Noble Grand ; H. D. Fre-
gere. Vice Grand ; Jacob Myers, Warden, and Thomas Kennedy,
Secrotiiry ; and the name assumed was that of Massachusetts
L()do;e, Xo. 1. Its numbers began at once to increase, and with
them arose the neceirisity for a removal; other removals followed,
until a more permanent location was found in the old Masonic
Hall near the head of Ann Street. It was at the house of Bro.
Ilumber in Ann Street, in 1821, that Daniel Ilersey was initiated ;
this brother was the first member of American birth, and fills a
large space upon the record. Owing to the fact that no record
was kept for the year 1821, w^e find his name for the first time
on March 29, 1822, when he was unanimously elected Noble
Cirjind. It appears that the funds of the lodge on the 2d day of
April, 1S22, amounted to the sum of $103, which in the next
year increased to S441.70.

Massachusetts Lodge, No. 1, was thus on the road to prosper-
ity, when on the 4th day of March, 1823, leave was granted to cer-
tain of its members to form another body, styled Siloam Ix>dge
of Independent Odd Fellows. The lodge was instituted on the
11 th (lay of March, 1823 ; the oflicers having been elected at an
informal meeting held on the 6th day of the same month. Mas-
sachusetts Lodge met on the occasion, and by its Noble Grand
installed Daniel Ilersey, Noble Grand, who immediately assumed

840 AXSBIOAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

the chair and installed his associates as follows : James B. BameB,
Vice Orand; Charles Mountfort, Treasurer; Edmund Badger,
Secretary ; Henry Fowle, Warden ; John C. Bradler, Oaardian.
The whole number composing the new lodge was twelve, and
included the two leading spirits, Barnes and Hersey.

But the most important event in the history of the young
lodges was the receipt of a letter dated February, 1822, from the
O. Lodge of Maiyland and of the United States, with reference
to the opening of a lodge of Odd Fellows in Boston under its
authority. This was probably the first positive information
which the Massachusetts Odd Fellows had received that they
were not alone in the United States, and that tliey had perhaps
been forestalled by brethren in Maryland in planting the Order in
this country.

Before narrating the incidents attending the introduction of
the Order into Massachusetts in a legal manner, by the regularly
chartered authorities, we propose to mention several matters
which seem necessary, in justice to the New England Odd Fel-
' lows. Bro. Barnes, the first leader, was undoubtedly a man of
enterprise, and was worthy of all the honors which were awarded
to him. He was always foremost in activity, and was untiring in
his efforts to extend the benefits of the Order. We have seen that
he and Hersey led the band of twelve which withdrew to form
Siloam Lodge, of which lie was the first Vice Grand. He after-
wards assisted in forming New England Lodge, No. 4, at East
Cambridge, to whieli place he had removed his residence. Hero
he performed faithful labor, and never ceased to be lull of zeal
through all the struggles which terminated in the disastrous over-
throw of his entire jurisdiction in 1832. The Anti-Masons
indeed had seized upon the legislative power and prostrated the
cause for the time, but he never despaired, and lived to see the
persecuted Order triumph over all its eneniies.

At his departure for Wheeling, his brethren manifested their
respect and affection for him by many tokens. They presented
him with a medal in open lodge, with all due ceremony, and
in an informal manner, at Porter's hotel in Cambridge, gave
him the parting hand and many wishes for his prosperity. The
medal was properly inscribed, to indicate the nature of the compli-
ment intended. On one side it read : " I. O. O. F. Presented by
the members of New England Lodge, No. 4, to P. G. Bro. James

M

1

\.^**55liv**^.

ODD FELLOWSHIP TO MASSACHUSETTB. 341

B. Barnes, the founder of Odd Fellowship in Massachusetts, as a
testimony of their high estimation of his services as an Odd Fel-
low, and of his integritj' and usefulness as a man." On the
reverse, " In God we trust. Odd Fellowship established in
Massachusetts, March 26th, 1820. This medal presented to its
founder, March 26th, 1845. Friendship, Love and Truth." We
have been furnished with two cards granted him by New Eng-
land Lodge, No. 4. The first is in due fonu, dated March 1st,
1845 ; on its back appears the following :

Boston, April 1st, 1845.

To ihe Fraternity of Odd Fellows :

We commend to your kind attention our honored and beloved
brother, James B. Barnes, the founder of Odd Fellowship in the
State of Massachusetts. The brethren of the Order may rely
upon him as a man of honor, integrity and usefulness, and as pos-
sessing an enviable reputation in the Order and in the commu-
nity.

Thomas F. Norrts,

M. W. G. Master R. W. G. Lodge of Mass.

Wm. E. Parmenter,

Grand Secretary R. W. G. Lodge of Mass.

This did not sever his connection with the lodge ; at all events
he was a member in 1848, for we have liis visiting card of the same
lodge for one year, dated 14th April, 1 848, signed by John Hamilton
Leighton, N. G., and Jas. AVallace, Secretary. In fact, he never
severed his connection with his lodge. When he died, the Order
in Wheeling furnished an escort for his body on its way to Mas-
sachusetts. He loved that section, and wished to lie in the soil
where he had planted Odd Fellowship. In due time his
remains reached his friends in New England. His Lodge had
notice, and met to prepare to receive the body of the great Odd
Fellow. The members came forth to do him the last service, and
with solemn ceremonies laid him in the earth. And thus the fra-
ternal emigrant, who brought over from England so large a stock
of energy and manly virtue, returned, never again to leave the
scenes of his early trials and triumphs. He never fell ; he never
faltered ; but was faithful to the last. His adopted country had
recognized : his worth and paid him honor; and to-day, in that
land of Athenian culture, in that old mother of States, Mas-

342 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

sachusettp, and in all her fair sisters on the eastern seaboard, he
is held in memory as the Father of New England Odd Fellow-
ship.

The following was enacted at a meeting of Massachusetts
Lodge, No. 1, held on the 22d July, 1822: " Resolved, That the
Secretary be directed to write to the lodge of Odd Fellows in
Providence, congratulating them on opening a new lodge." We
have the authority of P. G. M. James Wood, the great Odd Fel-
low of that State, that prior to 1820 there were three lodges of
the Order in Rhode Island, located at Providence. They were
only, in fact, convivial gatherings, and were in no sense lodges.

But we return to the letter of February, 1822, from the Odd
Fellows of Baltimore. No reply was made to the comnmnication ;
but during the year brother James AVilson, of Massachusetts
Lodge, sailed for Baltimore in a i)acket ship, and took witli him
letters of recommendation to such Odd Fellows as he might find
in that city. He was cordially received by the brethren, and on
his return to Boston, carried with him full information of the
liistory and position of AVashington Lodge. AVe have narrated
elsewhere the storv of the visit of this brother to Baltimore, his
reception by Wildey and his followers, and the application tliat
followed by the Boston brethren. The rei)ort of Wilson was
eininentlv sati>r;ictorv. Tlic facts i)re>cntcd wore sucli as to
magnify the importance of tlie movement in Baltimore. No
member in l>o?ton, before that time, knew anvthinii: of a chamre-
able ])a>swor(l, of lod^e warrants, lectures or deirrees, and this
was the first information received on this subject. Even tlie
intelligent AVilson did not seem to nndtM'stand the action of
AVashiniz:ton Lodge in its delegation of Grand Lodge powers to
its Past (Trands, although on the ground and the matter had
been fully (»x]>lained to him. Tlis associates in l>^dtimore were
members of AVashington Lodge, and, under the infiucnce of old
ide.'is, he looked to that subordinate alone as the chief authoritv.

The a])plication from the Boston brethren speaks for itself;
they sav : ^' AVe are without lecturts and dcirrees, and we wish
you to state the maimer of a])plication and method of receiving
them here.'' The letter will be found in the Journal, page 53.
It seems that AVilson bore a letter to his informal lodge, to which
a cordial replv was returned, recoixnizinLr AVashinirton Lodire as
the Grand Lodge of the United States, and asking for a charter.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN MASSACHUSETTS. 343

The petition was dated the 28th day of March, 1823, and the
charter was granted on the 13th of April ensuing ; and being
signed, sealed and colored, was placed in the hands of Grand
Master Wildey^ as the messenger to the brethren in Massachu-
setts. Wildey left Baltimore on the 31st day of May, 1823, but
did not reach Boston until the 8th day of June following; the
delay being caused by stoppages at Philadelphia and New York,
to confer with the members of the Order in tliese cities. The
charter had been sent on in advance, accompanied by a fraternal
letter from "Wasliington Lodge. On its receipt, Massachusetts
Lodge met on the 15th day of May, and took the following
action: "Voted, that the copy of a charter received from the
'Washington Lodge, Baltimore, be read. A letter was also
read from Washington Lodge. On motion, a committee was
appointed with full powers to answer the letter ; the M. N. Grand,
Secretary and Bro. Gamage were appointed the committee."
It is very evident, from this extract from the minutes, that no
idea prevailed of any power superior to Washington Lodge, and
this may be explained by the fact that, after all, the Past Grands
of that lodge were the rulers of the Order.

The arrival of G. M. Wildey was an event of more than ordi-
nary importance. Noble Grand Hersey, of Siloam Lodge, met
him, and after many courtesies, escorted him to the hall in Ann
Street, where Massachusetts and Siloam Lodges held their meet-
ings. Massachusetts Lodge was in session, and William Bishop,
the N. G., occupied the chair. As soon as the lodge was opened
a committee, consisting of Brothers Eaton and Johns, were ap-
pointed to introduce the visitor ; they immediately retired and
ushered in the ambassador from Maryland, who was warmly
received and most earnestly welcomed by the N. G. and brethren.
G. M. Wildey desired the N. G. to call a special meeting, to be
convened on Monday evening following, when he would make a
lormal presentation of the charter. The special meeting was
ordered, and Siloam Lodge was invited to be present. On the
evcnmg of Monday, the 9th of June, 1823, Massachusetts Lodge
opened in due form ; G. M. Wildey took the chair and admin-
istt^red tluj obligation to the assembled members, and handed over
tiie charter to them, in the name and by the authority of the
( i rand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States. The origi-
nal i)aper is lost, but the following is a true copy :

Mi AMEBIOAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

CHARTER OF MASSACHUSETTS LODGE, No. 1.

OBDEB OF INDEPENDENT ODD FELLOWS.

To all whom it may concern, these presents come greeting :
Know ye that the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United
States doth hereby grant this warrant or dispensation, on the
application of a number of brothers of the Order of Independent
Ood Fellows residing in Boston, in the State of Massachusetts,
to establish a lodge to be hailed by the title of Massachusetts'
Lodge, No. 1, to be held in Boston, for the encouragement and
support of brothers of the said Order when on travel or other-
wise. And the said Massachusetts Lodge, No. 1, being duly
formed, is hereby authorized and empowered to initiate into the
mysteries of the said Order, any person or persons duly proposed
and approved according to the laws of Odd Fellowship ; and to
administer to true brotnera all the privileges and benefits arising
therefrom ; and to enact by-laws for the government of their
lodge: Provided, always, that the said Massachusetts Lodge,
No. 1, in Boston, do act according to the Order, and in conjunc-
tion with and obedience to the Grand Lodge, adhereing to and
supporting the Articles, Charges and Degrees, delivered with
this Dispensation ; and that the said Massachusetts Lodge, No.
1, shall not be removed from the place where it is now held,
without the consent of the Grand Lodge. In default thereof this
Warrant or Dispensation may be svspended., or taken away^ at
the decision of the Grand Lodge. And further: the Grand
Lodge (in consideration of the due performance of the above) do
bind themselves to repair all damages or destruction of the Dis-
pensation, Charges and Degrees, whether by fire or other acci-
dent ; provided sufficient proof be given that there is no illegal
concealment or wilful destruction of the same. And the Grand
Lodge will support the Massachusetts Lodge, No. 1, in the exer-
cise of their duty and in the privileges and honors of the Order.

In witness whereof, we have displayed the colors of our Order,,
subscribed our names, and affixed the seal of the Grand Lodge of
Maryland and of the United States, this twenty-second day of
May, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and twenty-three.

Thomas Wildey, M. W. Grand Master.

John Welch, K. W. D. G. Master.
, -, Thomas Mitchell, R. AV. G. Warden.

Lseal.j j^j^^ P Ej^twisle, K. W. G. Secretary.

John Boyd, W. G. Guardian.
William Larkam, W. G. Conductor.

Past Grande.

Duncan McCormick, Thomas StoTcniuiRN,

James Seed, William Williams,

John Nelson, William Anstice,

William Tono.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN MASSACHUSETTS. 34&

This paper having been read, G. M. Wildey declared the
lodge to be legally constituted under the name of Massachusetts-
Lodge, No. 1. He also stated that he was clothed with authority
to open a Grand Lodge for the State of Massachusetts; and he
desired the P. Grands of the two lodges to assemble on Wednes-
day evening, June 11, 1823, to enable him to perform that duty.
Whereupon, it was " Resolved, that the Past Grands be notified
to attend the forming of a Grand Lodge, and that the members
of Siloam Lodge be cordially invited to attend." It was also-
" Kesolvcd, that notice of the Dispensation to Massachusetts^
Lodge be put in the public prints." At a special meeting of the-
lodge, held on June 13th, provision was made, by the aid of
Siloam Lodge, to pay eighty-six dollars on account of the expenses
of the G. Master. The P. Grands having assembled as had been
requested, Grand Master Wildey read the charter and organized
them into a Grand Lodge.

The addresses of the founder, at the opening of these lodges,,
must have been quite emotional. He was now in the bosom of
a family of brethren, after a long and protracted journey from
his home. He was presiding at the baptism of the fii-st-born to
his Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States ; the soil
was historical, and the centre of refinement and intelligence ; the
people second to none in any country, and the city the acknow-
ledged head of the New England States. No doubt he dwelt com-
placently upon these topics, and felt greater pride in this accession
than when, in after years, he saw the whole coimtry rising to
receive his institution. In this case, as in all others of early
organization, the condition of things was, in many regards, con-
fused and irregular. Massachusetts Lodge was not only the first
lodge in Boston, but was the only lodge considered in forming
the tie with the Order in Baltimore. Siloam Lodge was the cre-
ation of Massachusetts Lodge, and although consisting of its best
members, seemed scarcely to have a separate existence from its.
parent. Having been instituted on the 11th day of March, 1823,.
but three months previously, no time had been permitted for a
pro])er organization of its lodge functions. Its P. Grands had
passed the chairs in ^lassachusetts I^ge, and although invited
as Siloam Tx)dge memlHjrs to unite to form a G. Lodge, did not
ac^quiro any right to do so by reason of their new relations. Nor
WM Biloam Lodge officially nicluded in the new arrangement

346 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

^ntil the 2d day of Deccmbor, 1823, six iiiontlis afterwards, when
upon petition, a legal charter was granted by the G. Lodge of
Massachusetts to Siloani Lodge, No. 2. In the meantime the
two lodges acted in a manner to indicate tliat tliey believed
themselves to occupy an equal position towards the G. Lodge and
towards each other. Nor did Massachusetts Lod42:e take a new
charter from its G. Lodge, but continued to act under its original
authority from the G. Lodge of Md. and of the U. S. No peti-
tion of live P. Grands had asked for a Grand Charter, and there-
fore no charter members appear in that instrument. These omis-
sions, which were elsewhere strictly insisted upon, in the cases of
New York and Pennsylvania, indicate the anxious haste of the
Baltimore brethren to win those of Boston to the newly consti-
tuted Order in the former citv.

Before setting forth the early history of the Grand Lodge of
Massachusetts, we shall briefly narrate the story of the two origi-
nal lodges of that jurisdiction.

MASSACHUSETTS LODGE, NO. 1.

Having shown how the tie was legally formed between the
Wildey organization and Massachusetts Lodge, we now proceed
to relate the other most important events in its history. Joseph
Batson was, in the earlv part of tlio vear ls2l\ the favorite of the
lodge ; for services of merely nominal value he had two medals otii-
cially conferred upon him. I)nt these tavors turned his head, and
his subsequent conduct was so very troublesome and ridiculous as
to render him iustlv odious tn his former adniirei's. It is said that
he divulged the secrets to tlu^ uninitiated, ]>er>iste(l in wearing
regalia to wliich he was not entitled, and havimr obtained posses-
sion of the ritual of the then second and third de^^rees, in use in
the lodire, ret'u>ed to deliver them up, and in this way ])revented
the degrees from being conferred. On October l>>th, 18^2, a com-
mittee* to investigatti these nuitters was appointed ; this and other
likeconnnittees contiiuuMl to act, with no ap])arent result, until the
2Sth of A])ril, 1S2'1, when P)atson was prohibited from wearing
certain rejj:alia, and on Mav 28d ensuinii* he was unanimouslv
ex})elled. This action was ])ublished in the news))a]>ers, and no-
tice was also sent to Siloani Lodge and to AVashington Lodge, Bal-
timore. l>atson, it seems, f(»un(l his Avav to lijiltimore, and was
M'ell trejiti^d bv the brethren there; tliis iiaxc such offence to
Massacliusi'tts Lodge that il issued a circuhir, rejecting in severe

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN MA88A0HUBBTT8. 347

terms upon the Baltimore brethren for harboring a dii^grac^ed
Odd Fellow. The correspondence to which this gave rise will be
set forth when we treat of the G. Lodge of Massachusetts.

The first record of degrees having been conferred in Massa-
chusetts Lodge, was on the 4th of October, 1822, wlien notice
was given that there would be a special meeting of the officers
for the purpose of receiving the first and second degrees. On the
IHh these degrees were also conferred upon nine members
of the lodge. The so-called degrees came from New York, and
those were the only instances in which they were conferred. On
March 28th, 1823, as before stated, application was made to Bal-
timore for the lectures and degrees ; they were duly forwarded,
but did not arrive until October, 1823, when the lawful degrees
of the Manchester Unity were adopted in Massachusetts. In this
month Si loam Lodge was instituted, and was invited by the par-
ent lodge to become a tenant at the hall in Ann Street, and on
May 2d, 1823, went in under a sub-lease for one year. The
younirer lodge, on the 24tli of June, applied for a charter from
the G. Lodge, which was not granted until December following.
In tlie meantime, on the 20tli of August, Siloam Lodge conferred
the iiist of the so-called degrees upon ten of its membei-s. This
roused the angi^* of JIassachusetts T^dge, which, on Monday, 7th,
by its vote, protested against the dtyroos being given out by Sil-
oam Lodge before it had obtained a charter from the G. Lodge.
This was sent by letter to that Lodge, and was returruMl with
a rougli message, which gave still greater offbnce, and the amity
before existing between the lodges was temporarily destroyed.
But the lodges met again in peace early in 1824. Yet the tinice
was badly kept on both sides, and especially so on the i)art of the
senior lodge. The next disagreement waa concerning the lease
which each held on the hall in Ann Street, which was not joint,
as was at first intended. Massachusetts Lodge, in fact, had a
lease from year to year; Siloam Lodge held asulvlease from Mas-
i^achusetts Lodge. In obtaining a renewal of the sub-lease, Siloam
Lodge appealed to the 6. Lodge before the matter was adjusted.
But as soon as that was settled, Massachusetts Lodge had a con-
troversy with Mr. Stetson, its landlord, and on the evening of the
Sth of November, 1824, removed precipitately from the i)remises.
Tliis was a sad blow to Siloam Lodge, which had an interest in
the property removed, and whose members had no mind to sub-

348 AVSBICAH ODD FELLOWSHIP.

mit to such arbitrary proceedingB. Its ofBcers protested without
avail against the measure, and finally seized upon two brass
lamps and a table, which were in transit, and kept them for the-
use of their lodge.

Massachusetts Lodge next met on the 12th of November^
1824, at the house of Bro. William Johns, No. 33 Union Street.
Here they were met by the ofBcers of the junior lodge, but no-
terms of accommodation were settled. On November 19th the
lodge met at Joy's Building, when the members refused to confer
with the officers of Siloam Lodge, who were again in attendance*
At length Siloam Lodge brought the matter before the G. Lodge^
which summoned both lodges before it, and after much difficulty
the matter was adjusted. Massachusetts Lodge was now (Feb-
ruary, 1825) badly demoralized and utterly bankrupt. After
leaving the hall on Ann Street the lodge was in constant motion ;
as we have seen, it met November 12th at the house of "William
Johns, No. 33 Union Street, on December 3d at the Tontine
Hotel, on December 8th and 10th again at 33 Union Street, on
December 17th and 24th at Tontine Hall, on December Slst and
January 7th, 1825, at Bro. William A. Eees, Ann Street, on
February 20th at the Tontine Coffije House, on Febniary 28th
again on Ann Street, and after that again at the Hall in Ann
Street.

Of course, with the lodge " on travel," it had no increase, and
was growing weaker every day. But it was not unmindful of
duty, and tlie members several times subscribed money to assist
indigent brethren, when there was not a dollar in the treasury.
Having no work to do, the meetings were taken up with bicker-
ings and debates, that had no result but to make the prospect
still more gloomy. We have stated that Joseph Batson was ex-
pelled in May, 1823, and having wandered to Baltimore, became
the cause of trouble between Massachusetts Lodge and Washington
Lodge of that city. Batson returned to Boston, and found ready as-
sociates among the members of his former lodge. Chief among
these was Secretary Stacey, who, on being found in the company of
Batson, was deposed from oflSce. Bro. Myers, another one of
them, had a quarrel with the lodge about a bill, and having be-
haved indecorously, was expelled. Still another, Bro. Boden, for
acting in a disorderly manner at the expulsion of Myers, was
himself expelled. In the last case, upon suitable submission oa

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN MASSACHUSETTS. 349

the part of the brother, he was reinstated. Soon afterwards he
died, and the contrite brethren assisted his widow and children^
and were full of sympathy and grief. But the situation grew
gradually worse. On the 16th of May, 1825, the finance com-
mittee reported that there was a balance due the Secretary of
seven dollars and thirty-three cents, and that there was in the
treasury the sum of six dollars and thirty-eight cents.

On November 7, a committee was appointed to wait on the
Orand Lodge and remonstrate against the conduct of Noble
•Grand Carnscl, in proposing to give up the charter without the
approval of the members, and also to find that officer and request
him to hold lodge meetings. He was found on the 14th of No-
vember, but refused to attend, for the reason that he preferred the
theatre to going to the lodge. He was then deposed, and Bro.
James Yates was duly installed as Noble Grand on November
28, 1825. In the meantime Carnsel had the charter, and a com-
mittee was appointed to get it out of his possession. The charter
M^as obtained, but lodge meetings were only held about once in a
month. In this way w^as passed the year 1826; in 1827 and
1828 there was a spasmodic appearance of vigor which was de-
ceptive. The price of initiation was increased from two to five
dollars, and the by-laws were amended to allow initiations in the
lodge, of brothers intending to hold their membership in other
lodges. Under this law many were initiated, and the two lodges
hold joint regular meetings on Sunday evenings to confer the
degrees. At a meeting of Massachusetts Lodge, held on Monday
evening, July 9, 1827, Grand Master Hersey read a circular from
the G. Lodge of the United States, detailing the events of
Wildey's visit to England, his return, and the condition of the
Order in both countries. But the struggle for existence was
nearly at an end. At the election for officers, in October, 1827,
the whole number of votes cast was six, and there being no bus-
iness on hand, the lodge adjourned " for refreshment." On June
9th, 1828, seven votes were cast on the application of P. G.
Joseph Lopez, " to become a full member," and it was then voted
" that we will hold the charter of the lodge, and not give it up
as long as five members stand by to hold it." The record of the
last meeting reads as follows : " Sunday, August 10th, 1828. At
a special meeting of the lodge, held at Bro. Thompson's, for the
purpose of attending the funeral of brother Edward Magher,

350 AlCBRICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

voted that brother Thompson be a committee to Bee him de-
cently interred, and the lodge do pay for the same ; and that he*
alBo cause six feet of wood to be sent to his widow. At 10 o^clock
closed in due form. Atiest: Ebbr Sicrrn, Secretary."

And thus ended the recorded existence of Massachusetts-
Lodge, No. 1. Five members could not be assembled for busi-
ness ; there were no meetings, and all the machinery for conduct-
ing a lodge was wanting. No formal surrender of the charter was-
made until 1832 ; but vitality had departed, and in due time tha
name was officially dismissed from the list of lodges in Massa*
chusetts.

We have received from Bro. Samuel B. Erogman, P. Q. M.,.
the following : " Massachusetts Lodge was reinstated June 22d,.
1841, and has continued its good work to the present day.
Nnmber of members admitted March 26th, 1820, to August
10th, 1828, 92; June 22d, 1841, to January 1st, 1878, 1039;
total, 1131. Withdrew to form other lodges, 321 ; members in
good standing January 1st, 1878, 208; Past Grands since organ-
ization, 109; Past Grands remaining January 1st, 1878, 38;
members elected Grand Master, 3, of whom Daniel Hersey died.
The others, Joseph L. Drew and Samuel B. Krogman, remain
members of the lodge. Receipts from March 26th, 1820, to
August 10th, 1828, 8524.93; June 22fl, 1841, to January 1st,
1878, $64,065.48 ; total, $64,590.41. Paid for relief from March
26th, 1820, to August lOtli, 1828, $56.00; June 22d, 1841, to
January Ist, 1S78, $32,874.98; total, $32,930.98. Amount of
funds and property January 1st, 1878, $11,563.26."

SILOAM LODGE, NO. 2.

We have before stated that the leading spirits in the first
movement became the original members of Siloain Lodge, No. 2.
It followed that its meetirigs were more regular and its member-
ship more active and efficient than those of the parent lodge.
Its original founders were Daniel Ilersey, James B. Barnes^
Charles Mountfort, Edmund Badger, Samuel L. Knapp, John
Minott, James Frost, Abel Wheelock, Henry Fowle, John 0.
Bradley, William C. Jenkins and John Campbell. The first
meeting of Siloam Lodge occurred, as before stated, on the 11th
of March, 1823, when the officers were duly installed. It was.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN MAS8ACHTT8ETT8. 35 1

agreed that the lodge should adopt the "by-laws, rules and regu-
lations " of Massachusetts Lodge. The first initiation took place
at the next weekly meeting.

Many members were obtained in those early days, whose
names in later years were quite familiar to Bostonians, as among
the most efficient laborers in the cause of Odd Fellowship. Pro-
minent among these was Doctor William Ingalls, who was initi-
ated in Siloam Lodge, April 15th, 1823, and during a somewhat
protracted life, remained a lirm friend of the Order. From his
social position he exerted a powerful influence in support of the
institution, and was one of the petitioners in February, 1S42, to
have Siloam Lodge reinstated. When the petition was granted
he took an active part in setting the lodge to work, becoming its
representative to the Grand Lodge. In one particular it took
front rank, and stood abreast with Columbia Lodge, Xo. 3, of
Baltimore. On January 13th, 1824, it was voted "that we will
dispense with having any liquor brought into the antechamber
in future." This may account for the fact that its accessions
were numerous, and were drawn from the more substantial class
of citizens. AVe have detailed the fact of its institution on the
11th of ^larch, 1823, that it began its meetings at the Hall in
Ann Street on May 2d, and that its charter was granted by the
G. Lodge of Massachusetts on the 2d of December, 1823. Its
hospitality was illustrated by a collation provided at the expense
of the lodge, at an installation on the 13th of July, 1824, when
it was voted " that Massachusetts Lodge be invited to attend on
that evening." It was a great matter in those days " of small
things " to appropriate twelve dollars for this entertainment. In
the absence of financial system the treasury was soon embar-
rassed, so that on March 7th, 1825, the standing committee
reported an indebtedness of two hundred and forty dollars. At
this time there were seventy members who were thought able to
contribute, and they were each assessed the sum of one dollar.
On December 27th, 1825, brothers Southack, Barnes, Conner and
Dorr were appointed a committee to petition the legislature for
an act of incorporation, but nothing came of it. On January
5th, 182<>, the by-laws were dispensed with, so as to allow the
initiation of Rev. Thomas F. Non-is and all other clergymen free
of expense. Bro. Xorris was afterwards regularly initiated in
Massachusetts Lodge for Siloam Lodge.

353 iTfy"^^» ODD FKLunrsHip.

On Monday, Janiiarjr 9, 1826, the lodge had a public instal-
lation of its offiocn. The record says : " The lodge opened in dae
form in the presence of a very laige and respectable company.
Prayer by the Bct. Mr. Deim. An elegant address was then
-delivered by Bro. Yates in eloquent and masterly style, for which
he deserves great credit. The Grand Master of the State then
proceeded to install the ofBeers for the next three months, and
•deserves tlianks for the style in which he delivered his charge.
The whole concluding with a prayer by Sev. Mr. Dean, and ex-
-ercises by the amateurs of the Columbian Club." This was cer-
tainly a good programme, and the whole incident exhibits the
superior morcie which prevailed in this lodge. On the 7th of
February it was voted, ^' that the 6th of April be dispeneed with
as the day of our anniversary, and that the 22d of February be
observed in its stead." Why a lodge bom in March and char-
tered in December should have its anniversary in Februaiy, has
not been explained.

So far there had been harmony among these brethren, but
dissensions began to arise which in their effects were utterly
disastrous. At the meeting held on the 7th of July there was an
election, at which Lyam Gilbert was chosen Noble Grand. The
evening was one memorable for the lodge. It was voted, " that
Bro. IlobiiiHon bo fined five dollars for making use of profane
and iiideeent language, disturbing the peaoe and liarmony of the
lodge, dissuading Mr. McNair from being initiated in the Siloam
Lodge, and violently opposing, by word and action, said person
from beeoniing an Odd P^ellow, and disobeying the orders of tlie
Most Noble (irand." The G. Master was not present, and the
Warden proceeded to install the officers, who took their seats.
Grand Master Ilersey was deeply offended and took measures
accordingly. Ho attended the lodge meeting of July 25, 1826,
and at the opening took the N. G.'s chair, and appointed two
members a committee to examine Bro. Gilbert as to his qualifi-
cations for the place. Bro. Gilbert refused to submit to an ex-
amination, and the whole evening was spent in a quarrelsome
debate between the members and the Grand Master. Before
closing, the exasperated members voted, ^inanimonshjy " to declare
this lodge independent of the (irand Lodge of Massachusetts:
tliat we will acknowledge the members of the same only as equal
to our own Past Grands ; and tiiat a committee be appointed to

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN MASSAOHUSBTTS. 353

draft a meinorial and resolutions explanatory of the same." A
committee consisting of Bros. T. H. Bennet, Wm. C. Bazin,
John Eaton, Bro. Campbell and J. L. Sargent was then appointed
to draft laws for the government of the lodge.

But this did not last long ; on the 29th of August the G.
Master and his officers again made their appearance and were
very welcome. He made an able and eloquent speech, in whicth
he declared that all the proceedings hereinbefore recited were
illegal. This was sanctioned by the lodge by a vote of eleven in
the affirmative to three in the negative. The G. Master then
took the chair, and the lodge was opened in due form by his R. S.
Bro. Badger. Several ineffectual attempts were made to elect a
Noble Grand, and after a long debate, the G. M. was requested
to occupy the chair during the remainder of the term. The
lodge then proceeded to " Harmony," and was entertained with
a ditty from Brothers Barnes, Wheclock and Slade, and the
evening was passed very harmoniously. The meetings were
held in this informal way until in April, 1829, when a sale was
made of the regalia and fixtures. On September 28th Bro. N.
Brigham was elected N. G. for the second time; seven members
were present. On the evening of October 20th, 1S29, the hall
was lighted up, but no quorum was present ; there was some
random conversation, when the lights were extinguished, and
Siloam Lodge, No. 2, was defunct. As in the case of its parent
lodge, its charter was not surrendered until 1832, when the sur-
viving members looked on in hope of a resurrection which has
since been signally fulfilled.

The lamented P. Grand Sire Ellison, from whose pages as
historiographer of Massachusetts we have gleaned these inci-
dents of early Odd Fellowship, breaks forth as follows : " Go
forth then, O Siloam, with thy historic and poetic name ! Let thy
living waters attract the fainting and weary soul to thy blessed
fountain, as beneath the burning sun of Syria the poor and
friendless sought shelter beside thy crystal spring. As the Naz-
arene said to the sightless wanderer, < Go wash in the pool of
Siloam'; as the youthful David tuned his harp by thy healing
waters, so may thy virtues raise? up the down-trodden, open the
eyes of the blind that they may see earth's loveliness, and utter
j)rai8es to Him beneath whose outstretched arm all philanthropic
efforts will ever find a refuge and a support." This euphemistic
23

864 AHXRIOAH ODD FKLLOMTBHIP.

oatburst, bo veiy different from the usually terse and practical
style of the Fast Orand Sire, indicates in a qnaint but most
striking manner his enthusiastic feelings on the subject of this
favorite lodge. We here insert a copy of what we believe ta
have been the charter granted to this lodge, it being the first
issued by the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts.

CHARTER OF SILOAM LODGE No. 2.

OBDSB OF INDSPENDSNT ODD FBLLOWS.

The Orand Lodge of MasaachusetU,

To all whom it may concern : Know ye that the Grand Lodge*
of Massachusetts of the Order of Independent Odd Fellows, re-
posing especial trust and confidence in a number of brethren of
the Order of Independent Odd Fellows residing in Boston^
Suffolk county, in the State of Massachusetts, dodi hereby grant
this Warrant to establish a lodge in Boston, to be hailed by the
title of Siloam Lodge, No. 2, for the encouragement and support
of brothers of said Order when on travel or otlierwise. And the
said Lodge No. 2, being duly formed and constituted, is herebv
authorized and empowered to initiate into and confer the several
d^rees according to the constitution and general laws as estab-
lii£ed by the Grand Lodge, upon such person or persons duly
proposed and lawfully qualified to receive the same, according to
the laws of Odd Fellowship, and to adminifter to true hromers
all the privileges and benefits arising from the Order. And the
said Lodge No. 2 is hereby authorized to enact by-laws for the
government of said lodge. Provided, always, that said by-laws
be in conformity to the constitution and general laws of the
Grand Lodge. And the said Lodge No. 2 doth solemnly
promise to act according to the laws of the Order, and in obedi-
ence to the commands and enactments of the Grand Lodge. In
default whereof, this Warrant may be suspended or taken away
at the pleasure of the Grand Lodge. In witness whereof we
have hereunto displayed the colors of the Order and subscribed
our names, and affixed the seal of the Grand Lodge of Massachu-
setts of the Order of Independent Odd Fellows, this second day
of December, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-three.

Daniel Hersby, Grand Master.
P -, Henry Solomon, Deputy G. Master.

LSEALJ William Bishop, G. Sec'ty

James B. Barnes, G. Wai-den.

On the 11th of December, 1826, Good Samaritan Lodge, No.
3, was instituted at Taunton by the Grand Officers. It waa

JAMES WOOD.

V

J

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN MASSACHUSETTS. 855

composed of meckanics and other workingmen, who were suo-
cessful in building up a substantial lodge. Among the most
prominent of those who were initiated, or joined by card, were
James Wood, Thomas Barr, and George Ashworth, names that
became historical in Khode Island and Massachusetts. We
would gladly give a large notice to them, and especially to Bro.
Wood, but we are limited by the very scant materials we have
been able to obtain.

JAMES WOOD.

James Wood was bom in the town of Disney, England, in the
year 1802, and on reaching his majority, was initiated into a lodge
working under the Manchester Unity. His early life was one of
toil, but he had a taste for reading and study, and became well
acquainted with the English poets. In his mature years he wrote
a number of verses, some of which gave evidence of decided talent
in that way. When he entered the lodge, he took such an active
interest that he was chosen to fill all the places of responsibility,
including that of Noble Grand. But, like many othei-s of his
class, he was not satisfied with his business prospects in the old
country, and turned his attention to America, as a field of better
promise. Landing in Boston, in May, 1827, he soon found em-
ployment at Taunton, where he met several of his countrymen,
who gave him a cordial greeting. On inquiring for Odd Fellows,
he found Good Samaritan Lodge, No. 3, in full operation, and
having applied for admission, was duly received as a member.
Here he was full of energy, and, having passed all the chairs, was
admitted a member of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. By
his advice a number of the members of Good Samaritan Lodge,
residing at Cranston, near Providence, Rhode Island, were in-
duced to apply for the institution of a lodge in that State. The
following letter will show the part he took in this important
movement :

Taunton, April 25th, 1829.
To the M. W. Grand Master^ Officers and Brethren of the Grand
Lodge of Massachtisetts.

Dear Brethren: — I am deputed by the Good Samaritan
Lodge, Taunton, to write to you for instructions under the fol-
lowing circumstances : The brethren belonging to our lodge, resid-
ing at Cranston, near Providence, to the number of ten or fifteen,
have come to the resolution of fonning themselves into a lodge.

856 AM EBIOAV ODD FSLLOWBHIP.

and holding their meetinss in Providence, provided they can ob-
tain a charter. And to that end, with our advice and consent,
they have withdrawn their names from our books, and intend to
commence meeting immediately in some convenient place, to prc^
pare themselves for future events. We have promised to render
them all the assistance in our power, and to obtain for them a
lodge-book, (for practicing lodge business) if possible, from the
Orand Lod^ of Massachusetts. We wish to know whether you
can ^ant them one (a book), and what steps they will have to
take m order to obtain their charter. Whether you can grant
them one as the first lodge of the I. O. F. in the State of Kbode
Island, or whether it must be obtained from Baltimore. In short,
we wish for all necessary information \ipon the subject, as you, of
course, know the nature of these things better than we do. A

r©dy answer will greatly obliee yours fraternally, in bonds of
L. and T. In behalf of Good Samaritan Lodge.

James Wood, P. G.

Grand Master Isaac T. Dupee wrote a reply advising an ap-
plication to the G. Tx)dge of the United States. In October,
1826, P. G. Benjamin Downing of New York wrote to Balti-
more, requesting a warrant for a lodge in Providence, but nothing
came of it. But at this time Bro. Wood prepared the necessary
petition, and a charter was granted by the G. Lodge of the
United States in the month of June, 1829. The charter mem-
bers were Henry Hobson, Waller McFarlane, John Doran,
Francis Chadburn, James Bury and John Bowcock, to form
Friendly Union Lodge, No. 1, to be located at Providence,
Rhode Island. On the 20th of that month the lodge was insti-
tuted by Grand Sire Wildey, assisted by Hep. Small, of Pennsyl-
vania. The G. Sire in his report says : " After leaving Massa-
chusetts, your committee proceeded to Providence, Rhode Island.
Tliey hero opened Friendly Union Lodge, No. 1, whose charter
had been previously granted. Their officers were installed and
duly instructed." On this occasion Bro. Wood delivered an able
and eloquent address, which was favorably noticed by the news-
papers. Subsequently, his brethren, in consideration of his
vahia])le labors in planting the Order in that State, gave him
the proud title of " Father of Rhode Island Odd Fellowship."

In 1834 Bro. Wood removed to Rhode Island, and was gladly
received into Friendly Union Lodge. Upon the institution of
the Grand Lodge of Rhode Island he was elected its first Grand
Master ; he had also the honor of being chosen the first Grand

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THOMAS BARR.

1

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN ^MABSACHUSETTS. 357

Patriarch of that jurisdiction. He also represented his State in
the G. Lodge of the United States in 1846, 1851, 1852, 18G4, and
1865. He continued in close communion with Friendly Union
Lodge until his death, which occurred on the 17th of January,
1867. Grand Sire Wildey in one of his reports says : " On my
return from Massachusetts I called at the village of Cranston,
Rhode Island, and had a pleasant interview with Past Grand
Master Wood, one of the most devoted and pereevering Odd
Fellows in the eastern part of our country." His sudden death
was a great blow to Odd Fellowship, and an irreparable loss to
Rhode Island. He was a man of such sterling qualities as to
ensure his usefulness in all his undertakings. His merits were
all of that practical sort which enabled him to serve in any
capacity with credit and success. His principles were deeply
founded in those primary truths which underlie all true charity
and fraternity, and his life was a beautiful illustration of his
principles. In the circle where he was best known he is yet
remembered for his virtues, and held up as a model to the rising
brethren of Rhode Island. We have not the space to speak as
they deserve of Thomas Barr and George Ashworth, who filled a
large place in the operations of Good Samaritan Lodge.

THOMAS BARB.

Thomas Barr was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on the 17th of
August, 1792. The date of his emigration is not given, but we
find him at Taunton in 1828. On March 8th of that year lie
was initiated in Good Samaritan Lodge. He now found himself
in congenial company. To a certain class of men, lodge life is
exceedingly pleasant. It was so to him. He at once became
what is called " a worker." In and out of season he was on hand,
serving his brethren. In due course he was pressed into the
chairs, and soon completed the routine of official duty. He was
admitted a member of the Grand Lodge in October 1831. lie
never faltered or fell away, but clung to the Order until the gen-
eral wreck. The year 1838 found him at Lowell. Here ho
found the remnants of Merrimac Lodge, No. 7, which had lost
its charter in 1836. He assembled these few in several meetings,
and finally induced them to send for Wildey to put the lodge
again in operation. The lodge was reopened on the 11th of

858 AMKRIOAN Onn FKLr/>W8IfIP.

October, 1 889. Wildey did not reach the State until June^ 1841.
On the 3d of Angnst, 1 841, he reinstitnted the Orand Lodge of
MassachnBettB. Of those found faithful and alive to the situation
was Tliomas Barr. He had the rare distinction of being made
the first Deputy Grand Master at this revival, with Hersey as
O. Master, Guild as G. Secretary, and Norris as 6. Treasurer.
He was again elected to the same ofSce in 1842, and did not
retire until the next year, when Chapin and Hilliard came in,
the former as G. Master and the latter as G. Secretary. The
work was now in readiness to pass to other and newer men.
It was far different when he came with Ashworth to Boston for
the G. Lodge D^ree in 1831. Then there was no hall, no body
of membership, and no organization, and a few members were
drummed together at a private house. But now all was changed,
and Odd Fellowship was safe and prosperous.

He joined Monomake Encampment, No. 4, in 1843, and has,
since that time, assisted in obtaining charters for Lowell Encamp-
ment, No. 17, and Lawrence Encampment, No. 31. He passed
the chairs in his Encampment, and became a member of the
Grand Encampment, on its institution in 1844, and was elected
G. Senior Warden. *^ He was a man of marked individuality
and great energy of character, a genuine Odd Fellow, who never
spared time, money or muscle to advance the interest of the Order.
He has hardly ever failed of being present at each session of the
Grand Lodge." So says that sterling Odd Fellow, P. G. Rep.
Porter, of Massachusetts. He is still alive at the advanced age
of eighty-six, and resides at Lawrence, in that State. To the last
he has preserved his integrity. In the language of Past Grand
Sire Ellison, " Massachusetts Odd Fellows will mourn his loss
with a deep sorrow, when he shall be called upon to exchange
the jeweled regalia of an Odd Fellow for the robes and crown of
the innnortal life."

Bro. George Ashworth was bom in Lancashire, England, in
1803, learned the trade of calico printing, and in the year 1823
was initiated in Prosperity Lodge, No. 44, of the Manchester
Unity. He came over in 1826, and found employment at Taun-
ton, Massachusetts. It was here he met Bro. Barr, and the two
Odd Fellows fonned one of those intimacies peculiar to our Order,
which only death can interrupt. He joined Good Samaritan
Lodge by deposit of card, and in 1829 was elected Noble Grand.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN MA68ACHU8ETT8. 359

He entered the Grand Lodge, October 8th, 1831. Removing to
Lowell, he became a member of Merrimac Lodge, and was asso-
ciated with Bro. Barr in all the details of the Order in that city.
He was, when last heard from, living with a married daughter
in Lowell, and, like his zealous coadjutor, was seldom absent
from meetings of the subordinates and of the Grand Lodge of the
State.

Good Samaritan Lodge, No. 3, continued to increase and
prosper for several years. Past Noble Grand Wood, of the date
of March 26th, 1S29, wrote to the Grand Lodge as follows : " The
concerns of our own (Good Samaritan) Lodge are in a very flour-
ishing condition ; our prospects grow brighter every day, and we
hope to hear of the general increase of the Order. Our lodge
consists of just seventy members, all worthy and respectable men ;
thirty-two of whom have been initiated since last March, and
there is a prospect of the same ratio of increase next year. We
are sorry to say we have not yet procured a seal ; if we can get
one we will send you an impression before you send to Baltimore.
AVishing you all health and happiness, and especially unanimity
and brotherly love, we strongly recommend you to exert your-
selves for tlie welfare and advancement of the best interests of
our Order. Trusting to your zeal and fidelity, we remain yours
fraternally in bonds of F., L. and T. In behalf of Good Samari-
tan Lodge, James Wood, P. N. G. Approved : Gkorgb Ash-
worth, N. G."

A large portion of the members of Good Samaritan Lodge
were operatives in the Taunton Factory, and when the business
panic of 1832 came on, the factory was forced to partially su&-
pend operations, which, of course, caused many hands to be dis-
charged and to seek employment elsewhere. By this means the
numerical strength of the lodge was reduced ; whilst the action of
the legislature imposing penalties for administering extra-judicial
oaths prevented the making of new members. In his report of
1833, G. Sire Wildey says: " On the 14th of August I arrived at
Taunton ; I visited the brothers of Good Samaritan Lodge, No. 3.
Owing to the neglect of the Grand Lodge, it had fallen into an
unprosperous condition. Nearly two years had elapsed since any
communication had been received from it, and many of the mem-
bers having left that section of the State, the lodge has been
reduced to eight members only ; but those eight worthy, zealous,

880 AMEBIOUI ODD FELLOWSHIP.

penevering Odd Fellows have detennined not to suffer the Order
to become extinct in the town of Taunton. To enable them the
better to carry into effect their resolution of cherishing the Order
among themselves and brothers of the town, they are anxious to
be taken under the immediate jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of
the United States. After promising to visit them on my return,
I again departed for Boston." This was the last effort to keep
the organization together, and shortly afterwards the lodge wa&
disbanded and closed up its business sine die.

Next in order was New England Lodge, No. 4, whose career,,
though short, was full of interest Its first preliminary meeting^
was held at the house of Past Grand Joseph Lopez ; at the second,,
held on May 17th, 1827, the name of the lodge was selected.
Bra Lopez presided at the meeting. Bro. S. Southwick waa
chosen Secretary, and continued to hold that office until the last
meeting prior to the surrender of the charter, which was held on
the ISth of February, 1829. Among the charter members were
those already mentioned, and Thomas F. Norris, who was well
known in the Order.

The Rev. Thomas F. Norris was initiated in Massachusetts
Lodge for Siloam Lod^, as before stated, on the 2d of January^
1826. He was install^ as Noble Grand of New England Lodge,
July 11th, 1828. Bro. Norris was editor of the Olive Branchy
a weekly newspaper published in Boston. It was conducted
with ability, and had a large circulation. The editor was a gen-
tleman of many excellent qualities, and was an enthusiastic Odd
Fellow. The influence of his paper was always given to the
Order, and he never failed to give it his valuable assistance. He
entered the 6. L. on the 14th of July, 1829. At the resuscita-
tion of the G. L. of Massachusetts he was made Conductor, in
1843 Deputy Grand Master, and at the August session of 1844
succeeded the eminent Rev. E. H. Cliapin as Grand Master.

Simeon Southwick was made an Odd Fellow in Massachu-
setts Lodge, No. 1, in October, 1820; he served as Secretary of
that lodge, and became Noble Grand, April 1st, 1826. In 1828^
he became Grand Secretary of the Grand Lo(l<j:e. Bro. South-
wick was a native of this country, having been bom in Danvers^
Massachusetts, in 1795. He came of an excellent family, and at
fourteen years of age was apprenticed to the pottery business, at
which he worked until 1811), when he removed to East Cam-

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN MASSACHUSETTS. 361

bridge, where he set up the business. He did not succeed, and
in 1821 was engaged by the New England Glass Company, and
w^ith a short interval, remained in that employment until his
death, in February, 1833. He left a widow and five children,
four of them daughters. These hitter w^ere all married, and lat-
terly became Daughters of Rebekah. The eldest daughter had
four girls, all of whom joined the " Daugliters." Another had
two sons and one daughter, all members ; another a son, who be-
came a member, and the last, a daughter, who became a " Rebe-
kah." We challenge the world to produce such a family record
in all the annals of Odd Fellowship.

Joseph Lopez was initiated in Massachusetts Lodge in March,
1825, and was made N. G. on the Ist day of July, 1827. In
1828 he withdrew, and was one of the petitioners for Adam
Lodge, No. 6, and on its institution, on the 31st of December,
1828, was elected Warden; he had passed the chairs, and was
admitted into the G. Lodge, January 3d, 1828, and on the 5th of
June wa9> elected G. Treasurer. Although one of the petitioners
for New England Lodge, No. 5, he never became a full member,
by reason of the fact that he failed to get the necessary vote for
that i)arpose. He was born in Cadiz, Spain, and in early life fol-
lowed the sea. He sailed from Boston for several years, and was
one of the many acquaintances made by Bro. Barnes, who in-
duced him to join Massachusetts Lodge. In 1828 he abandoned
the sea and settled down in East Cambridge, where he was em-
ployed by the New England Glass Company, where he remained
about twenty-five years. He was of unsocial habits, and so very
reticent that members of New England Lodge, who worked by
his side for more than twenty years, could not penetrate his mys-
tery or become his intimates. But he loved Odd Fellowship, and
was always ready to assist a lodge or brother in distress. He
removed to Lawrence in 1855, and died there in December,
1 859. But to return to the narrative.

In August, 1828, the finance committee reported that the
funds of New England Lodge had not assumed a distinct form^
consequently the duties of the Treasurer had been very light;
the cash receipts were $32.74 and the expenditures $39.75,
leaving a balance due by the lodge of $7.01. After this the
meetings were not well attended ; the membership grew less,,
and no monoj^r came into the treasury, until the crisis came, on

\

\

^8 AUKUOAN ODD FSLL0W8HIP.

Priday evening, February 13th, 1829, when its last meeting was
lield. No business of importanee had been performed in the
interval, and no preparations were made for shutting tlie doors
of the lodge ; an adjournment occurred, and no meeting was
afterwards convened.

Washington Lodge, No. 5, was instituted at Iloxbury in
June, 1828. The original members were poor, and a note of
$30 was taken for the charter fee ; but they were zealous and
devoted to the Order. In September, 1830, Orand Sire Wildey
says : ^^ Your committee visited the lodge at Koxbury, and were
received with unusual honor ; and they are happy to report that
the lodge is in a very prosperous condition, and its members
worthy the honorable appellation of Odd Fellows. Tliey were
disposed to do everything in their power to promote the interests
of the Order." But these appearances were fallacious, and
leaving no record by which to trace its history, it passed away in
1832.

Adam Lodge, No. 6, was chartered in November, 1828, and
«o far as we can learn was prosperous for the first two years.
But in the latter part of 1830 it b^an to decline, and was evi-
dently tending to dissolution. On April 7th of that year the
Tent was in arrear, and paid by a subscription among the mem-
bers. Of the sum of $22.92 collected, Bro. Andrews gave ten
dollars; Bro. Eobinson five dollars and fifty cents; Bro. Arthur
five dollars and forty-two cents, and Bro. Albert Guild two
dollars. On June 2d, 1830, the lodge elected John Cleaveland,
Noble Grand ; Albert Guild, Vice Grand ; E. Whitaker, Secre-
tary ; J. L. White, Treasurer, and Aaron Andrews, Warden.
On the 30th of June a Mr. Israel Gates applied for membership,
but the committee having reported unfavorably, he was allowed
to withdraw his petition. This was dignified and honorable on
the part of the lodge, at a time when it was about to dissolve for
want of numbers. About this time it was voted, " that at the
expiration of the third quarter, the furniture be stored in some
convenient place until the lodge shall be ready to make use of
it." This was the situation when a special meeting was held
November 23d, 1830, at which certain visiting brethren agreed
to become members and help the lodge to resume work. On
the 1st of December, 1S30, Bi*o. Cleaveland was installed as
Noble Grand and Albert Guild as Vice Grand. On January

\

\

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN MASSACHUSETTS. 363

Sth, 1831, I>ro. Arthur was expelled by a unanimous vote. At
the meeting of February 3d, 1831, Albert Guild was elected
Noble Grand ; E. H. Whitaker, Vice Grand ; Bro. Hayward,
Secretary ; Bro. Cleaveland, Treasurer, and Bro. Wilde, Warden,
and they were all duly installed. The lodge lingered on until
its last meeting, held March 21st, 1832, when ineffectual efforts
were made to get up a revival, and having conferred the first
•degree on Bro. Isaac Baldwin, finally closed.

Mcrrimac Lodge, No. 7, was the last chartered during the
first decade; wc have nothing to say of this lodge more than
has been incidentally mentioned. Its closing scenes will be de-
tailed in the history of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts.

The Patriarchal Degrees did imdoubtedly reach Massachu-
€ett8, but there is no record of their having been organized into
an Encampment. True, a petition was sent to the G. Lodge for
a charter for an Encampment, but on the 14th of July, 1829, it
was voted that the petition lie over until a final settlement is
made with this Grand Lodge. On the 16th of July the petition
was taken up and granted. But a single trace of an Encamp-
ment has been discovered ; among a file of papers received from
the Grand Secretary's otHce in Baltimore we find the following:

'' Bro. , there will be an Encampment of Patriarchs

on Tlinrsday evening at 8 o'clock at the Hall on Ann Street.

By order of the Grand Patriarch.

J. D. Yatks, Scribe.

" Wednesday 16th, 1829."

We have followed the lamented Ellison in his notes of the
story of early Odd Fellowship in Massachusetts — a narrative
dry and barren, but gathered together by him with the most
painstaking care, and by research into obscure nooks and corners
hard to find and yet harder to explore. We only wonder how
lie could have brought so many minute circumstances to light
which had been neglected and forgotten for half a century.

Nearly all subordinate lodges of the first decade still exist.
Massachusetts Lodge, No. 1, has 208 members; its revenue for
last six months was 1^1270.74; relief for same period $1039.25.

Siloam Ix)dge, No. 2, ranks next to the highest in Massachu-
setts in point of numbers. We have been able to obtain, through
the kindness of P. G. Kepresontative Wju. E. Ford, an extended

364 AMHEICAN l»r>I> FKLLOWSniP.

Btatement of its enndition. This lodge was closed for 12 yeai«
and 7 months, but opened afraiii on the 16tb day of May, 1842.
The officers were Solon Jenkins, N. (i.; Win, Ingalls, V. fi.;
Jo^liiia Davis, Seefy ; and Nahnm Brigham, Treasurer. Ilro.
llrigham is now a liale man, and the last relic of the old meiii-
here, aa he entered the lodge in 1S27; lie lias passed the chairs
BGveral times, and alter a meraberahip of 53 years, still continues
to attend the meetings. Siloam Lodge has, Bince May, 1842,
received 1570 members, and has now the large number of 556 ;
853eick brothers have been paid $34,321 ; widows to the number
of 70 have been paid $16,000; paid for fnneral expunsiw, *Hni5,
and donations, ii-SOS!', making a total for benefit and relief of
$04,375. One member is still sick and has already received
$2100. It has furnished the following G. Masters: Kev. K. M.
P. WellB, Jno. R. Multin. E. H. Tucker, Wm. E. Ford, Thos. C.
Porter and Fred. C. Davis, and can furnish many more compe-
tent to nil any position in the Order.

Good Samaritan Lodge, No. 3, and Adam Lodge, No. 6, are
defunct, and their numbers now represent modern lodges. Now
England Lodge, No. 4, of East Cambridge, is the owner of a fine
building, which is partially rented and contains an excellent hall.
It numbers 265 members, and its P. G. Masters are Rev. Thomas
F. Norrisand Hon. Wm. E. Parmentcr. Tiiis lodge had the first
public installation in the State. Washington Lodge, No. 5, Bos-
ton, IB in a prosperous condition. Merrimac Lodge, No. 7, of
Lowell, now numbers 336 inenibers. This has always been &
Btannch and hai-d working lodge, and has Thos. Barr and George
Ashworth on its roll. It has united with other ]odgee in the owner-
ship of a beautiful building, which is a good investment and au
ornament to that city.

We gladly recognize our obligations to P. G. BepB. Porter
and Ford, of Mass., for their valuable services, especially in get-'
tiug up the illustrations for this and the succeeding chapter.

CHAPTER XV.

THE GRAND LODGE OF MASSACHUSETTS.

We have detailed the irregular and unfortunate career of the
subordinate lodges in Massachusetts during the first decade.
Massachusetts Lodge, No. 1, was the mother lodge, being self-in-
stituted on the 20th day of March, 1820. This organization stood
alone for about three years before bearing fruit, but on the 11th
of March, 1823, gave birth to Siloam Lodge. It was about this
time that the Baltimore movement made its first eflfort for an
extension of legal Odd Fellowship. We have given, in the chap-
ter on the G. Lodge of Md. and of the U. S., a copy of the letter
of Philemon Stacy, Sec. of Massachusetts Lodge, to Washington
Lodge. The date was March 28th, 1823, and the contents, while
covering the whole ground sought for, were far short of indicating
a true idea of the workings of the American order by the breth-
ren of Massachusetts. The application was made to Washington
Lodge instead of to the Ci. T^odge of Md. and of the U. S. The
petition was by a lodge, and not by five brothers, and the request
was not for a subordinate, but for a G. Lodge. But the object
was easily understood, and the G. body did not hesitate to over-
look every irregularity, and at once joyfully responded to Massa-
chusetts Lodg(». We have seen the result in the institution of
Massachusetts Lodge, No. 1, under a charter from the Supreme
Body, on the Dth of June, 1823. As before stated, G. M. Wil-
dey was also authorized to open a G. Lodge for the State. Tliis
was in accordance with the following, adopted by the Baltimore
authority on the 13th day of April, 1823 :

" livsolci'd^ That a charter be granted to Massachusetts Lodge,
No. 1.

" lit'sohrdy That a dispensation for a Grand Lodge to grant
charters to other lodges in the State of Massachusetts, be given
free of expense to the P. Grands of those lodges, and to be located
at Boston."

We have already related that Wildey was unanimously de-
]»nted to convey this charter to the brethren and open tlu^ new
lodges. Ue arrived at Boston on the 8th of June, and hav-

(865)

THE GRAND LODGE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 36T

In September, 1833, this charter was recalled ; but when the
G. Lodge of Massachusetts was reinstated in December, 1841, it
could not be found in the archives, and a new charter was granted
in lieu thereof. The original paper was afterwards discovered
in the manner detailed by P. G. Rep. Porter to the G. Lodge of
Mass., at its February session, 1873. He says: "It is probably
well known to many of the representatives, that at the time of
the re-establishment of the G. Lodge of Massachusetts, the origi-
nal charter signed by P. G. S. Wildey could not be found, and
we were furnished with another charter. Last year, (1872), P.
G. S. J. A. Kennedy, in his researches among the archives in
search of historical material, found the original charter, of which
he kindly informed our G. Sec, and ywn* representatives were
reciuested by the Board of G. Officers to procure the document,
if possible. At an early stage of the session, upon the circum-
stances being stated to the G. Lodge of the U. S., the R. W. G,
Sec. was directed to deliver to your representatives the desired
paper ; and we are happy to report that it is now in the office of
the G. Lodge of Massachusetts."

The original charter being accepted, the following officers
were duly elected and installed: Daniel TIersey of Siloam
Lodge, G. M.; Henry Solomon of Massachusetts Lodge, D. G.
M.; James B. Barnes of Siloam Lodge, G. W.; William Bishop
of Massachusetts Lodge, G. Sec; John Snowden, G. G.; James
B. Eaton, G. Con. Proclamation was then made by G. M.
Wildey of the formal opening of the Grand Lodge, and after a
session spent in mutual congratulations, the new body adjourned.
Thus the Order was legally organized in the State, with every
means for conducting its business and spreading its principles.
At a special meeting held on Monday evening, June 16, 1823,
there was a full attendance to take leave of G. M. Wildey. The
G. M. made a very appropriate address, setting fortli his satisfac-
tion with the fraternal treatment he had received, and urging
them to the faithful performance of the duties they had assumed.
Whereupon tlie G. Lodge unanimously passed a vote of thanks,
and ordered it to be engrossed on parchment and presented to
Wildey. G. M. Hersey replied, thanking the distinguished visi-
tor for his services; and thus ended the first mission of the
founder to the Odd Fellows of New England. This visit gave
an impetus to the Order far beyond what appears on this record.

/:,'

266 . AURRICAK ODD FKLLOWBHIP.

Tliifl was oaased by Wildey's social qualitiesi his burning zeal, the
interesting account of the movements of the Order in England,
■and his prophetic visions of its future greatness in this country.
During his brief stay he endeared himself to the brethren, and
left many pleasant memories behind him.

•

DAlllEL HBR8BY.

G. M. Daniel Hersey was bom in Hi.ngham, Massachusetts,
on December 14, 1786. He was but six years old when his
father died, which deprived him, a few years later, of the educa-
tion wliich a country school miglit then have imparted. Young
Hersey was called to work on a farm, and obtained tlie rudiments
in the winter time, after the day^s toil was over, in an evening
school. But he was fond of books, and the most of his leisure
was occupied in reading and study. At the age of fourteen
years he was sent to leum the trade of a bookbinder, but
the sudden change from outdoor employment injured his
healtli and he was obliged to seek some other employment.
After several visits to Boston he entered a wholesale West India
goods store, where he remained several years. Business getting
dull the firm had to curtail expenses, and in so doing dispensed
with his services. Tlie young man im mediately (toueeived the
idea of selling West India goods at auction. Having made tlie
suggestion to his employers without elleet, he resolved to try the
experiment on his own account. He obtained pecuniary assist-
ance from several business friends and made a beginniu«r. Being
the iii-st to sell such goods at auction, tlie novelty of the atteiiii)t
attracted a large attendance. He persevered with indomitable
energy until he established a paying business, which he con-
tinued successfully down to the time of his last illness.

It was at the instance of Bro. James B. Eaton, the second N.
G. of Massachusetts Lodge, that Bro. Hersey was initiated in
1821. In April, 1822, he was elected N". G. of that lodge, and
was re-elected to that office on the 5tli of July, 1822. No naim^
stands higher on the roll of early Odd Fellowship than that of
the firet G. M. of the G. Lodge of Massachusetts. He gave to
tlie Order in its infancy his time, his money, and his influence,
and was always in the front among those who understood and
cherished the priiici])les <»t' tlu» institution. It was by his courage

DANIEL HERSEY.

Pa

^ THE GRAND LODGE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 36l*

V\ 'NN--^' *

and faithfulness that the little band of the early lodges were encour-
aged, and by his persuasive and magnetic words they were filled
with zeal in the cause. To him, above others, has been awarded
tlie honor of divesting lodge meetings of the couyiviiil feature,
and imparting to the proceedings an elevated tone of moral ex-
cellence. He continued to manifest the most ardent attachment
to the brotherhood to the close of a protracted life; and lived to
see the Ordt»r emerge from poverty and obscurity to wealth and
tame. Diirliii^ his career he was the recipient of several substan-
tial tokens of the esteem in which he was held by his brethren.
He died in Boston, on the 2Bth of May, 185S, at the ripe age of
seventy-one years and five months. His remains were followed
to the grave in Mount Auburn by almost the entire brotherhood
of the State and a lar^ice concourse of mourniu": friends.

We must not fail to record that Bro. Hersey, at the revival of
the Order in 1841, was made G. Master and afterwards Mas elected
a Rep. to the G. L. U. S. He served during the session of 1843,
and was an active member of the body. He had also the honor
of being nominated for D. G. Sire at that session, and was com-
plimented with a respectable vote for the position.

But little is known of the personal history of the Grand
OlHcers during the first decade; what we have been able to
](Mrn of James B. Barnes has been already detailed. P. G.
William Bishop was an Englishman and followed the business
of a gunsmith. He was a man of observation and industry, and
was prompt in the discharge of duty. In June, 1827, ho was
elected G. M., but resigned at the next meeting. P. G. James
B. Eaton was a valuable member and gave much assistance to
the early lodges. He was one of the originators of the Order in
tiie State, and his residence on Federal Street was the place
where Massachusetts Lodge held its first meeting. He was its
second N. G., and continued to fill many official positions for
several years.

The first regular session of the G. Lodge of Mass. was held
on the 20tli of July, 1323, when the G. M. announced the death
of P. G. James Encill; and the lodge adjourned to attend the
funeral. The record says: "The lodges having accompanied
him to the place of interment, the funeral obsequies, according to
the rules of the Order, were performed by the G. M. of the
State." On the 29th of August, 1823, a special session was called
24

370 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

to consider a communication from the G. Lodge of Md. and of
the United States. The subject of the letter was Joseph Batson,
who has been referred to as an expelled member of Mass. Lodge^
No. 1. It seems that Batson had found his way to Baltimore,
and was loud in complaints of the brethren in Massachusetts.
His stories seem to have made some impression, as John P. Ent-
wisle, the G. Sec. of the G. Lodge of Md. and of the U. S., wrote
to tlie G. Lodge of Mass. and suggested that Batson might not
be deserving of such severity, and recommending that his case
should receive further consideration. The G. Lodge of Mass.
returned a harsh reply, upon the receipt of which, Batson was
precluded from participating in the privileges of an Odd Fellow
whilst in Baltimore. G. Sec. EntwLsle then replied to the letter
from Mass., with the official sanction of G. M. Wildey. This let-
ter is full of gentleness, and bears every mark of a disposition to
make any concession for the sake of peace. G. M. Wildey also,
on the 25th of July, 1823, added his efforts to those of Entvvisle
to heal the breach. But these advances were not met in the
same spirit ; to the contrary, the ignoble quarrel with this worth-
less man was visited upon tlie Baltimore brethren by studied neg-
lect to make reports, and a stubborn refusal to answer any letter
which caine from the supremo authority.

The iiieetiiigs of the (r. Lodge were irregular, and the sessions^
when held, were almost entirely oetnipied with the consideration
of dis[)utes between the Bubordinate members and between the
subordinate lodges. Thus charges were preferred by Bro. Jaeol)
Myers against G. A. Gain age, V. X. G. of Mass. Lodge, for de-
taining the book of lectures and degrees. Instead of dealing
with the matter as a local (juc^stion, the G. Lodge notilied the G.
Lodge at l>altiniore of the facts. Acting (i. Sec. Fennell replied
in a letter, dated Baltimore, March 25, 18:^4, as follows: *•' AVith
respect to the aftair of Bro. Gaiiiage, the G. Committee, without
hesitation, declare it to be an occurrence the most inconsistent
and entirely contrary to tlu; laws and constitution of Odd Fel-
lowship. Should Bro. G. j>ersist in refusing to give up tlic^
degree book hereafter, he will hear from us expressly to that effect.
Concernin<T: the ballotim:: for the hi<»:h chair, the candidates for
the same are by no means entitled to a vote, and in the same
manner with regard to the N. G. and Secretary. Instances have
occurred in our subordinate lodges where the presiding N. G. has

THE 6BAND LODGE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 371

had the casting vote, and the N. G. after liis quarter expires is
obliged to remain twelve months before ho can be re-elected,
unless no other brother is qualified for the place. Ci. M. Wildey
requests you to boar in mind his conversation with you about the
propriety of having a chest with three locks, in oixler to have the
degree books deposited therein, together with other documents,
belonging to each subordinate lodge." As might have been
supposed, the suggestion of the strong box was an irresistible
temptation to the primitive Odd Fellows to whom it was made.
The box was at once constructed, and the old chest with its
three diflerent locks still remains in the possession of the G. Lodge
of Majis. On Sej>tember 5, 1824, the sudden death of G. Sec.
Entwislo, at Baltimore, on the 1st of July, was announced; and
in respect for his memory the G. Lodge immediately adjourned.
In October, 1824, Bros. Watts and Lopez preferred charges
against Siloam Lodge, and on December 9th, Siloam Lodge made
charges against Mass. Lodge, of stripping the hall on Ann
Street of its furniture and regalia, in violation of a contract sub-
sisting between the two lodges. The G. Lodge was in a compro-
mising spirit, and, after many eflforts, referred all these matters
to a committee for adjustment. After much tribulation a satis-
factory settlement was made, and the following letter closed the
controversy :

Boston, Feb'y 17, 1825.

G. M. Ilersey^ Sir : — I am directed by the Siloam Lodge to
inform you tliat the letter of apology received from the Mass.
Lod^e, as respects their former misconduct, has been unanimously
considered and accepted by a vote of the lodge, and now remains
for you to act upon. Your obedient and humble servant,
Approved — A. Hall, N. G. J. S. Slade, Sec.

On the 9th of June, 1825, the announcement was made of a
second visit from G. M. Wildey, and on the 15th. we find that
officer present with the G. Lodge of Mass. Before leaving he
presented the P. G.'s with a brief code of laws which had been
devised by the Grand Committee.

GENERAL LAWS.

** 1st. No brother is entitled to the Password of any particular
chair but the one he has bona fide filled. 2d. A brother who is
a member of the G. Lodge has a right to express his opinion in

372 AHBBIOAK ODD FELLOWSHIP.

any subordinate lodge, but has no right to vote except he be a
member of the lodge. 3d. All subordinate lodges are to pay ten
per cent, of all moneys received into each lodge, for the support
of the G. Lodge for the use and ffood of the Order, and each N.
G., before becoming a member of the lodge, must bring his per-
centage, ^vith his books, for the inspection of the G. Lodffe,
and one dollar for his initiation fee. 4th. Each and everv N.
G., on leaving the chair, after having duly and legally nlled
the same, shall take his station on the right of the K. S. of the
N. G. elect, so that he may be ready to give any information
to the N. G. of anything he may wish to know ; and the N. G.
who has just vacated the chair is entitled to the privilege of
one hour after the lodge is opened, without being subject to a

This code was submitted in writing, and subscribed, " By
order of the G. M. of the United States," and signed " Thomas
Wildey." Wliere G. M. "Wildey obtained the authority to pre-
sent this paper, so endorsed, it is impossible to say. It was
not in his power, or that of the G. L. U. S., to dictate the
adoption of these resolutions, under any law then or since in
existence. His action could only be advisory, and must have
been so understood. Yet they were not fonnally adopted, but
taken as imperative regulations and of binding force. At
all events they were submitted to as the only rules binding
upon the brotherhood, in connection with the existing un-
written ancient usages. The third section was strictly adhered
to, and was the means by which a treasury came into existence.
It is very apparent that the G. Lodge was in no condition to
press the claims of the Order in Mass. or elsewhere in New
England. Although in operation since June 11th, 1823, no con-
stitution, general laws or by-laws seem to have been adopted in
the interim. The organization remained stationary, and no effort
had been made to perfect it or to adapt it to the growing num-
bers of members and lodges. No appearance of aggressive action
anywhere exliibits itself, and the arrangement, loose in all its
parts, never rises to the dignity of even attempted system. Wil-
dey's "general laws" were indeed a very godsend, and gave to
the G. Lodge a position and influence which it had not before
possessed.

At a meeting held on the ir)th of August, 1825, a petition
was submitted from fourteen members of Siloam Lodge, No. 2,

THE GRAND LODGE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 373

dated July 18, asking leave to fonn a lodge under the name of
the American Lodge of (Jdd Fellows ; but as there was some dif-
ficulty in satisfying the G. Lodge of the proper qualifications of
the applicants, the p^^ion was withdrawn. It was signed by
Isaac T. Dupee, Ellis^ Green, Wm. C. Jenkins, E. W. Baxter,
T. R. Hurlburt, J. S. Slade, Levi Whitney, Stephen Titcomb,
Isaiah Stoddard, Samuel B. Meacham, Daniel Prowse, Edmund
Longley, William Stearns and E. B. Nichols.

But a more effective effort was made on the 2d of November,

1826, when, on the i)etition of Richard White and others, a char-
ter was granted to form a lodge at Taunton. On the 11th of De-
cember the G. Lodge met at that place and proceeded to the
*' Meeting House "; a sermon was preached by G. Chaplain Rev.
J. D. Yates, and the charter was presented to the brethren of the
Good Samaritan Lodge, No. 3. Tlie following oflicei's were
elected and installed: Richard White, N. G.; Robert Jackson, V.
(1.; Jos. G. Charnley, Sec. The warrant was in the usual form,
with eight coloi-s displayed after the seal of the G. Lodge;
the sixth and eighth colors now appear to be tlie same (maza-
rine blue), tliough possil)ly the latter is purple, but tlicy are
both so faded tluit tlicy cannot be com])arcd. The seal is
stamped and pasted on, and the device is not sufficiently legible
to be deciphered. Tho Covenant and Remembrance degrees were
conferred upon Bros. White, Jackson, Charnley and Gannon, of
Taunton.

On the 31st day of May, 1827, the G. M. issued a dispensa-
tion to oi)en a lodge in Cambridge, to Theodore Keating, Thomas
F. Norris, Simeon South wick, Asa Davis, James B. Barnes, George
Johnston, E. II. Wheelock, Enoch Robinson, Thomas Thompson,
William Hobson, Joseph Lopez and Richard Dascomb. These
brethren worked under this authority until Friday, July 2l8t,

1827, when they convened at Kendall's hotel, at 6 o'clock l\ M.,
for the reception of the G. Lodge, on an official visit for the pup-
pose of investing them with a charter and installing their officers.
A i)roces8ion was formed at 6J o'clock, under Bro. Jenkins, chief
marshal, assisted by Bros. Rice, Andrews and Reynolds, and
proceeded to the Methodist Chapel in the following order:
Band of music, members of other lodges and their officers, mem-
bers and officers of the G. Lodge and their banner, the New
England Lodge with two banners (the most ancient one of which

374 AMERICAN ODD FKLLOWSHIP.

18 now hanging up in its lodge-room). On arriving at the chapel
an appropriate anthem was sung l)y a choir, prayer made by
Thomas F. Norris, Chaplain of the G. Lodge, closing with a
hymn ; after which Edmund Badger, G. Sec, read the (charter,
and the G. M. installed the officers of the New England Lodge,
No. 4, in ample form. The whole ceremony terminated hy the
singing of a hymn, an oration by G. M. Hersey, and a prayer and
benediction by the G. Chaplain. The procession returned to the
hotel for slight refreshment, and after another mareli partook of
a formal collation. After the cloth was removed, a niunber of
toasts w^ere drank, interspersed with songs, until half-past eleven
o'clock, when, without further ceremony, each one retired in good
order. The following is a list of the officers installed on the occa-
sion: E. H. Wheelock, N. G.; Theodore Keating, V. G.; James
B. Barnes, W.; Simeon Southwick, Sec; and Tliomas Leighton,
Treas. This was the first public installation in the State, and
when we consider the growing opposition to secret societies, then
so openly expressed, was a bold vindication of the Order before
the public It was also the first pul)lic procession of the Order
in Massachusetts, and as such excited a great deal of comment
from the townspeople. The newspapers were very complimen-
tary of the respectable numl)crs and appearance of the gathering.
Under such auspices, applications for meml)crship came in from
some of the best inhabitants of tlie town.

On tlie 5th of June, ISiiS, a dispensation was granted to JL M.
Staniels, John Ncwhall, Aaron Andrews, Edward Leeds, William
A. Wild, John Cleveland an<l John Keed, to open a lodge at
Roxbury. The G. Lodge hold a s|)ecial session at that place on
the evening of June 2Sth, 1S2S, when a charter was delivered to
these brothers for Washington Lodge, No. 5. The subordinate
lodge was then opened and the officers were installed and put to
work l\y the G. M. This was followed by a dispensation, granted
November 10th, 1S2S, to P. G.'s Josiah Robinson, John Thom-
son and Joseph Lopez, and brothers Samuel Harris ILayward
Charles Fuller and others, to open a lodge in Boston, to be styled
Adam Lodge, No. 6. The charter was duly presented on Wed-
nesday evening, December ol, 1S2^. The lodge convened at the
hall on Ann Street, where G. M. Dupee and his officers were re-
ceived by the members rising on their entrance. The G. M. took
the chair, and was furnished with a list of the officers elected,

THE GRAND LODGE OF MA88ACHU8ETTS. 375

whereupon he ordered them to retire to the anteroom, with the
Cr. Marshal, for examination. Being found qualified, they were
brought in and duly installed, as follows : P. G. James 1). Yates
as N. G. ; Charles Fuller, V. G. ; Louis Pelouze, Sec. ; Josiah
Robinson, Treas. ; and Joseph Lopez, Warden.

In the same manner a dispensation was granted, on the 18th
of July, 1829, to P. G.'s William Paul, John Bates, William
Ilowcroft, and certain other brothers, to open a lodge in Lowell.
After a number of preliminaries, growing out of the poverty of
the petitioners, who, in the first place, wished to be furnished
with regalia and have all the expenses paid by the G. Lodge,
the following notice was inserted in a newspaper:

Tx)WELL, September, 1829.
Odd Fellowship, — A lodge of the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows will be opened on the 19th inst., (Sept.) at the Merrimac
Hotel, at 5 o'clock P. M., when a suitable address will be de-
livered by the G. M. of Mass., and the officers elect will be in-
stalled, and the lodge set out in due form, agreeably to ancient
usage and the principles of the institutiion. By order of the
Committee of Arrangements.

On'the day appointed, the G. Officers, at the Merrimac Hotel,
formally instituted Merrimac Lodge, No. 7. An election being
held, the following officers were duly chosen and installed : Wil-
liam Paul, N. G.; John Bates, V. G.; and William Howcroft,
Sec. This Lodge had the misfortune to lose its books and
papers, and we cannot, therefore, furnish the details of its history.
The facts here related were obtained from other sources. It sus-
pended work in 1832, and was reinstated by Wildey, July 19th,
1838. The G. S., in his report in 1833, says: "On the 17th of
September I arrived at Lowell, and had the pleasure of meeting
with many of the old members of Merrimac Lodge, as well as
some brothers from other lodges. Their lodge was defunct, but
they stated that they would be much pleased to be again re-
opened, could they only get such information as was needed from
the G. L. U. S. to preserve their existence and connection with
other lodges. Their complaint in regard to their State G. Lodge
was similar to that of the brothers of Taunton. I cannot here
omit noticing the feelings of affection and respect evinced by
the brothers of this lodge towards our beloved Order. They had
used every effort to preserve themselves as a lodge, but, finding

376 AMERIOAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

their existence no longer possible, tliey determined, as their last
sacrific^o to Odd Fellowship, in one funeral pile to destroys
every vestige of the Order which was not convenient for them ta
preserve. Finding them, though thus disbanded, still zealons^
for the welfare and advancement of the Order, I used niv efforts^
and, assisted by some of the brothers, obtained a meeting of
twenty members, to whom I promised the protection of the G.
L. U. S., and over whom I installed officers. I left the lodge in
effective operation, and from the unremitted perseverance of the
officers and members, I think we may anticipate prosperity to-
the lodge."

This lodge, under the impulse given by Wildey, went on
working for about three years, when it again suspended its oper-
ations. In the meantime the charter of the G. Lodge of Mtiss.
had been recalled. No doubt the final blow which subverted
the Order in the State, came from the legislature, which, on the
13th of March, 1833, enacted a penal statute against the taking-
of extra-judicial oaths. This was the act of the anti-Masonic
party, which, originating in 1826-7, had now become the ruling
element in many of the States. The leading details of this party
madness have been set forth in the chapter on the Degrees and
Encampment branch. Public sentiment was turned against S(»cret
orders, and what dissension had left, was now scattered and dis-
heartened and ready to perisli. Under tliis cloud the sun of Mass.
Odd Fellowship seemed to have set forever. But Lowell was yet
alive, and, as the story is told by Wildey, w^as making a des])er-
ate stni^j^icle for self-preservation. Under these circunistanct^^
N. G. William Paul wrote two letters to the G. L. U. S. of the
dates of May 14 and July 13, 1S:>4, stating the legal dileniuia
and asking the advice of that body. This was furnish(Hl, and
the following was promptly sent in reply: *' Resolved, that so
lonir as the law of Mass. relatin«i; to illei2:al oaths remains in
force, the lodges in Mass. be authorized to admit members, center
degrees, and install oIKeers, vtc, on the pledge of honor, and that
the oath be dispensed with.'" The lettei^s of Bro. Paul had an
enclosure of ?^2().00, representing the percentage of $237.4 (» for
the (piarter ending April 14, 1S34, the real amount due being
$23.74. Put in spite of zeal and energy on the part of Paul and
others, the lodge was discontinued, and did not reorganize until
October 11, 1S39. From that hour it has been a vigorous

THE GRAND LODGE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 37T

lodge, and yet holds its name and rank in Massacluisetts Odd
Fellowship.

Thus seven subordinate lodges were in successful oi)eration
during the first decade. All had a period of prosperity, and
some were full of promise, but the evil days came wlien they
went down in a common wreck. We now turn to tlie career of
the G. Lodge itself, which, by reason of many causes, to be set
forth, was not only totally inefficient, but on trial proved to be
the weakest point in the whole system. It is true the taxes and
percentage were not paid by the lodges, and a spirit of insub-
ordination was rife among the brethren ; but these will be found
to be for the most part the fault of the G. Lodge itself. In 1824
com])laint was made to the G. L. U. S., to which G. S. Wildey^
replied to G. Sec. Bishop as follows :

Baltimore, October 17, 1824.

Dear Sir and Brother : — I have sent to G. M. Hereey, by
the " Two Sons of Portland," a ])ackage of documents, among^
which you will find some remarks for your two subordinate
lodges, (Mass. and Siloam). Let nothing be wanting from the
G. Lodge of your State to the subordinate lodges. But they
nmst understand that they nnist not make laws to suit their own
pur])oses, l)ut nmst obey the orders of their G. Lodge. They
nmst also understand that they must pay their tenth part, else
how can the expenses of the G. Lodge be paid? Each P. G. is
required to pay the subordinate lodge to which he belongs, and
in consequence the G. Lodge must receive the tenth part. Your
G. Lodge ought to have had money enough to pay for everything
necessary for conferring the degrees and tor the emblems of the
Order. In short, it ought to have money in funds that it might
assist a lodge to open in an adjoining town as you increase nu*
mcrically. But the spirit of the Order seems to l)e lost with you»
I hope and trust that some persevering character will be found
who will endeavor to make the Order flourish in your State, and
not let it dwindle away, as it has the appearance of doing. You
must do away with partisan feelings and stick firmly to Odd
Fellowship alone.

If the brothers would only study the degrees and act accord*
ingly, there would be fewer disputes, and the lodge would not be
turned into a debating society. I visited your State with the
hope of finding everything going on in a comfortable manner, and
my disappointment was very great. My expenses and my trouble
I think nothing of; I only wish to see the Order flourish on
this side of the Atlantic. It is all I crave before I do])art this-
life. The next tiling is my visiting £ngland, which I intend do-

>

378 AMKiiicAs linn fki.uiwship,

ing if ijossible. Notliing would give ine greater jik-aeuro than to
Iirar of voiir State going on aiiiiwtbly, aim increasing in iiionibei:^
sliip una brotherly love. Yuii linve « grctil future before yon. if
you will only harmonize your conflit^ting elements. I have noth-
ing more lo will at present. Give my beet respects to G, M.
Uerseyand alt Llic members belonging to your Stale, of tlie Jnde-

Kndent Order of Odd Fellowship, and accept the same yoni-sc-If.
om your hambb servsint and brother.

Thomas Wildev, G. M. of Ihu U. S,

In .lune, 1825, Wildoy again visited Mass. The great leader
seemed for a time to have imparted a new vitality. The contliet-
iug elements were harmonized by thepreseneeof this self-denying
zealot ill tiie cause. But on his departure the discordant elements
broke out with still greater violence, and disorder reigned euprfine.
The G. L. had only a spasmodic existence, with intervals in which
it seemed utterly defunct. It would institute lodges, indeed; but
buyond that, seemed to have no settled plan or object. On Feb-
ruary 1st, 1S2T, a letter was received from Baltimore, to which s
reply was returned by G. Sec. Badger. On June 7th, IS27, an
election of officers was held, with the following result : WiHiara
Bishop, Q. M. ; Josiah Kobineon, D. G. M. ; Isaac T. DHi>ce, G.
Sec; Edmund Badger, G, Warden : and B. Simon, Q.Treaa. On
the .5th of July William Bi:^hop resi-nwl us G. M., and Daniel
Hersey was elected to fill the vacancy, anil on the 12th he
was installed by the Warden and Sec. The G. Lodge did not
meet again until December 6th, when Bro. Yates occupied the
chair. The next meeting was on the 3d of January, 1828, when
Bro. Dupee was installed G. Sec. The D. G. M, elect was not
installed, as he had not settled up his accounts as G. Treasurer.
This election was so imsatisfactory that the members refused to
attend in numbers sufficient to form a quorum.

This deplorable state of affairs was set forth in a letter from
G. Sec. Dupee to G. S. Wildey, of the date of April 28th, 1S2S.
He says :

Your letter of March 7th came safciy to our M. W. G.
Master. At a meeting of the G. I^ge on Wednesday,
April 9th, it was read. Yon express sorrow at the misunder-
standing among the members of our G. Ixxige. The cause, in
part, I will briefly state. At our yearly meeting Bro. Hersey,
the then G. M., declined being a candidate, Bro. Bishop was
elected G. M. ; Bro. liobinson, D. G. M. ; and myself, G. Sec

THE GRAND LODGE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 379

For some unknown reasons Bro. Bishop, at tlic next meeting, de-
clined to be installed, and resigned. Bro. Herscy was then elected,
and the next week was installed. The D. G. M. was not installed,
no settlement having been made with him as Treasurer. The
year tor which they were elected is drawing to a close. Several of
our very small number stay away, some holding the opinion that
one of the ofKcers w^as not legally chosen ; others are vexed to
think he is not installed, and this is in part the cause of our trou-
ble. The package, by the " Two Sons of Portland," was never
received. We liave, in Boston, two lodges, by name Massachu-
setts and Siloam ; the Mass. is rather reduced, and is anxious to
give up its charter. The Siloam has about 120 members, but sel-
dom g(^ts more than from twelve to twenty together. There are
one hundred and fifty, or more. Odd Fellows in Boston who belong
to no lodge, many of them among our most rc»spected citizens.
They took their discharge at different times, in consecjuence of
the continued quarreling among the members of the subordinate
lodges. The new lodge at Taunton is doing very well, and likewise
the New England Lodge at East Cambridge. A dispensation
has been granted for a lodge in Roxbury, by name AVashington
Lodge, No. 5; its oflicei*s will be installed in about a month. A
petition has been presented for one in Charlestown, by th(} name
of Adam. Your letter bearing date March Sth has just been
received, likewise the one with the package by the " AVilliam Wal-
lace/' Since we have commenced receiving the percentage,
which is about two years, our recemts have been small, as there
have not l)een many initiations. The amount now in our Trea-
surer's hands may be twenty dollars. We have notes against the
Taunton and Cambridge lodges, which will ])robably be paid as
soon as they feel able. You mention nothing in vour last
about visiting us ; we hope you have not given up the idea, your
presence here might be of immense use to us.

Yours, &c., in .

V. S. — From the above communication you will perceive that
we are at a loss to know upon what principle our i)resent G.
Lodge now acts. We wish to have your opinion respecting the
legality of the i)resent officei's, and es])ecially the G. M. At
l)resent all is confusion. The proceedings of the G. Lodge during
the four yeai's of Brother Hersey's office were not regularly kept,
and l)ut a few of them during the hist year. The papei*s and
letters l)elonging to the Order are in the hands of every one,
scattered throughout the jurisdicttion. It would be well to send
dire(!t to the G. Lodge liere an<l require a copy of \tfi annual
reporl^ or any other proceedings you may think ])roper; in fact,
thev have none. It is hiijh time sometlnns^ should l>e done, for
the G. Lodge cannot stand n])on its present footing. You must
be tiecisive in what you do, and require jirompt answei-s to your
letters. You know with what silent (contempt they have always
treated your connnunications.

To tliia very plain statement ai' the caee the G. S. replied as
fellows:

Ualtimoek, Juae IStli, 1S2S.
To P. G. Jmiah RMrmm :

Dear 8ir ani> Brother.— I received the letter which yoti
sent through the hands of Mr. J- L. Darn, I airi sorry to be
obliged to make eo iiiany complaints, but what else can I doiT
TInlees I ean be on the Bpot, it is plain to be Been that there ia no
one wlio will act. I have done more for yonr State tlian lor
eitlier of the others, and it would give nie pleasure to do as much
more. Yoii will please let my coinmnnieationa to your G. Sec.
bo read in open G, Lodge. If they do not open the eyes ol'yonr
refractory members, I do not know what will. It is intpo&isibli>
for me to visit your State at present. My >isits to your Stiiti- nn<l
the other State* were made at iny own expense. My viwt ii-
Ei^land was nt my own expense ; all of which I slionld not mind
if Iwaa a wealthy man. &it that is nothing to the time I havi-
aacrifieed for the good of the <i!anee. I have been for nearly ten
years a complete slave, and ] feel that it is time for me to rest.
The brother that sneceeds me will give up before the first year
expires if he does the work I have done. I desire to see the-
States all right and jirospering before I retire from office, I hojje
Tou will endeavor to spur the minds of those who ought to come
^forward ; if they will only take a little trouble, one year will
settle all your difficulties, and you cannot help but tlonrish. I
will do iill in my ])owcr to assist you. Please accept my earnest
wishes.

Thomas Wildev, G. Sire.

The situation was indeed worse than lias been yet depicted.
Quite a number had before this time concluded to withdraw and
set up an independent G. Lodge. This was evidenced by a
solemn paper duly signed by the parties; but tbey were soon dis-
couraged, and having signed an etfually solemu renunciation of
the project, they dropped back again into their seats without
question or censuix!. Nothing could mora decisively prove the
utter helplessness and hopelessness of the G. Lodge than the per-
mission granted to irominit such daring acts of stupidity and re-
bellion. On June 28tli, the package by the " Two Sons of
Portland " came to hand, of which notice was given to Uie G. S.,
and he replied as follows :

Baltimore, July 2d, 182S.
To the O. M., D. O. M'., Officers and Brothers of the Stale of
MassacMtsetts.

Besf&oteo Bbetrbbh. — I received your last lettei-, _ dated
June Slfit, which gave me great Batisfaction, I hope by this time

THB GRAND LODOB OF MASSACHUSETTS. 381

my letters have given every satisfaction to the subordinate
lodges. Don't lay them aside, but keep them in the archives,
and let tliem be read more than once, so that the members may
have tlieir contents firmly planted in their minds. It was with
feelings painfully acute that I was under the necessity of stating
the nature of the conduct of those who were looked up to for in-
formation. They cannot be so destitute of feeling as to forget
the sacred nature of the obligations they are bound to obey. I
■entertain the hope that they will hereafter apply themselves to
the business of our institution, adhere to its principles, and obey
its laws, and thereby regain the confidence of the brethren and
the esteem of all good Odd Fellows. It affords me great joy that
you have chosen your officers, and I hope ere this they are in-
stalled. I trust they will do their duty. Those only who study
the principles and act their part in the true sense of the wori
can feel the same friendly emotion?. As to the Mass. Lodge, it
must meet only In the place at which the charter was granted,
imless permission is given by the G. Lodge; the charter must
not be taken from place to place. If the membership falls so low
in numbers that they are obliged to resign the charter, they had
better do so and join the Siloam. I am of the opinion of Bro.
Kobinson that a visit to Boston again would be worth the
expense; if the delinquents should hear that an officer was
coming on thoy may pay up their arrearages, especially the
members of Mass. Lodsje. Send me word when you write again
about the Encampment. In conclusion, permit me to assure you
of my sincere respect and brotherly attachment for your members,
and my best wishes for your present and future welfare. Believe
me, respected brothers, yours,

Thomas Wildey, G. Sire.

But these efforts were of no avail, so that on the 7th of May,
1829, arrangements were made by the G. Lodge to purchase the
eflfects of Siloam Lodge, and also to receive all books, papers, and
keys belonging to Mass. Lodge. The committee to settle with New
England Lodge had not been able to find the lodge in session, and
were informed that no settlement would be made while the present
Srand Master held the chair. But the G. Sire was not idle, and
by a letter of the 9th of May urged the G. Lodge to pay some
attention to what was passing in the G. L. U. S. Ho also gives
directions for the expected application for a lodge in Ehodo
Island, and requests at least seven names to be sent to him for
insertion in a charter for an Encampment for Mass.

In June, 1829, the G. Lodge elected and installed the follow-
ing officers : Josiah Bobinson, G. M. ; Edmund Badger, D. O.

382

AUERICAN ODD FELLOWatllP.

^

M. ; John Thomeon, G. "W. ; J. D. Yates, G. Sec. ; and Dan-ol
Hereey, Treas. In July a greatevent occurred, in the arrival of
the Movable Committee, composed of G. S, Wildey and P. G.
M. Small of Pennsylvania. On the 8th of July the distin-
guished visitors were received, with the honors, in the body of
the G. Lodge. Under their direction meetings were sucfx-ssively
held on loth, 11th, and 14th July, and everything was harmoni-
ous. The membera mutually agreed to live in peace; the feud
witii the G. Master was apparently settled, and provision was
made for paying what was due to the Supreme Body. The re-
port of the Movable Committee was not made until September,
1830 ; it says : "Your Committee then visited Maes., and on their
arrival, found the State in great confusion and disor^ani;;atioD.
There wsia no G. M., and no meetings of the G. Lodge, and ap-
parently no person to give information. In this aspect of affairs
your Committee waited on P. G. Robinson, whom we ascertained
had been elected G. M. some months previously. The Grand
Lodge was fonvwiL-d the next day, when your Committee in-
formed tlicni of tlie object of tiieir mission, and spoke at lai^e
upon their condition ; having discovered it to be of a nature that
requirod the most undent consideration. Every regulation of the
Order had been neglected and nothing enforced. There was no
money in the treasury, nor in those of the subordinate lodges in
the vicinity of Boston. A large sum remained due for rent, and
almost every member appeared as Treasurer, or as having acted
as such. Your Committee waited on as many as they could find,
and discovered that some had given and paid away more money
than they liad received, Othera were of the opinion that they
had money in their hands, but did not know how much, as no ac-
counts had been kept and the books could not be procored.
Confusion existed in every department j and, in sending to Taun-
ton for the percentage, the expenses of the person sent to collect
it amounted to more than was due. No person was acting as
head, nor was any willing to unite in enfor<Aing the regulations
of the Order. In this state of things your Committee determined
to place every member on an equality in station, and leave them
to select such as would attend to the duties required. A resolu-
tion was adopted, requiring those who had money in their posses-
sion to pay it over to the G. Lodge, and that in future the per-
centage should be required to be remitted witli the necessary

THE QRANIX LODGE OF MASSACHUSETTS. SSS

report. It was requested that the G. M. and members should
zealously co-operate in advancing the interests of the Order. They
promised your Committee to retain all moneys that should be
received by the G. Lodge, to send to the G. S. to liquidate the
debt due by them to the G. L. U. S. A bond for the amount of
the debt was taken by your Committee, who received every assur-
ance that it would be speedily paid. They pledged themselves
to sustain the interests, and to secure the approbation of the Order
at home and abroad. Your Committee opened an Encampment,
which was received with the highest satisfaction. They would
give it as their opinion that no State presents a more ample field
for the cultivation of Odd Fellowship than Mass., and by proper
exertions an abundant harvest might be gathered in. The evils
existing are to be attributed entirely to neglect, no State having-
more excellent members or better men."

The G. Lodge was very liberal on the occasion of this visit,,
having paid the expenses of the Committee, and at a special ses-
sion, held August 13th, 1829, voted the thanks of the member-
ship to the pacificators. This eftbrt of reconciliation seems to
have exhausted the vitality of the brethren to such an extent
that no record appears of another meeting until November, 1830,
when Bro. Dupee was elected G. Sec. in an informal way, and
he and Bro. Andrews were deputized to look up the effects of the
G. Lodge. These were reported to be contained in a trunk in the
possession of Bro. James Yates, and the trunk being brought, it
was opened, and no lodge property found. Subsequently charges
were brought against Yates for this spoliation, and he was ex-
pelled. In the midst of this decadence P. G. Albert Guild en-
tered the body, on the 12th of May, 1831.

ALBERT GUILD.

Albert Guild was bom in Sharon, Connecticut, on the 30th
of August, 1798. When an infant, his parents removed to Ohio,
and took up a permanent residence in Trumbull county. The
State was then but a Territory, not being admitted until 1802.
At twenty-one years of age he had obtained the rudiments of an
education, and improved upon it by studious habits and a love
for books. The spirit of adventure was abroad, and young
Guild was full of the energy which was characteristic of the

S84 AMERICAN ODD FBLLOWSHIP.

pioneers of the West. Having conceived the idea of visiting
Massachusetts, he set out on foot to make the journey, with a
^ bundle of clothing on his back and twenty-five cents in his
pocket. His journey through a wild and rough country was
marked by many adventures and was sometimes full of peril.
He eked out his expenses by farm-work, and by prescribing for
€imple diseases, as he had acquired a superficial knowledge of

-~ the healing art. Thus, in course of time he reached IBoston,
having increased his cash capital from twenty-five cents to one
dollar by the way. Here he studied medujine, and managed to
live until he obtained a practice sufficient to pay his current ex-
penses. During six years so spent he was quite successful, but
was obliged to retire from business by the failure of his health.
He then became a dental doctor, and followed that occupation
for five-aiul-forty years. Several of his patients were members
of Adam Lodge, No. 6, and easily persuaded him to become an
Odd Fellow. Among those whom he knew in the Order was P.
O. M. Hersey.

He entered Adam Lods:e somewhere between June and De-

— cember, 1S29 ; his name first appears on the minutes on the 2d
of December of that year. Bro. Guild on the 23d of December
W;;s elected Sec. of the lodge, and was installed on the 6th of
January, 1830. On the 2d of June he was elected V. G., and
was chosen N. G. on the 3d of February, 1831. But us no one
could bo found to act as Sec. he resigned his office, and took that
place on the 6th of April. He faithfully discharged this duty
until the lodge ceased to exist, on the 21st of ]\Iareh, ls32. As
before stated, he became a member of the G. Lodire on the 12th
of May, 1831. In September he was named Sec. pm i- m.^ and
on the 19th of October was elected G. Sec. He held this place
until the charter of the G. Lodge was resigned, in September,
1833. On the happening of that sad event, th' proj^erty and
effects of all kinds of the Order were gathered as sacred relics,
and transtern* 1 to his residence, 58 Hanover Street. H'.'re as-
sembled tlie last of the old guard, and a division bv lot was
made of the frai]!:ment3 among Brothers Albert Guild, Aaron
Andrews, and Ebon Smith, to be held in trust until the Order
should again require them. Under these auspices this faithful
brother did not despair, but above all others believed in the res-
urrection of the cause. In the nine years of darkness that set-

THE GRAND LODGE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 385

tied down upon the Order, he alone kept up a correspondence
with the G. L. U. S. and the great leader, waiting patiently for
the hour when Mass. should kindle afresh the fires of fraternity
and scatter the light over all New England.

In April, 184:1, Bro. Guild would wait no longer, but called
in P. G. Aaron Andrews to confer with him for the restoration
of the Order. A petition was drawn up for the reinstatement of
Mass. Lodge, No. 1, signed by these two brothers, who, after
much difficulty, obtained the signatures of Bros. Barnes, Hersey
and Smith. A room was engaged at the Shawmut House, on
Hanover Street, where the five met on the 11th of June, 1841.
While in session, they were astonished to learn of the arrival of
P. G. Sire Wildey in the city. The great leader was again
on the soil of Mass. with the firm design of replanting the
institution among the survivors of the pioneers in that State.
The five might well be excited, and delighted also, at such a coin-
cidence ; and we do not wonder, when Wildey entered the room,
at the exclamation of Guild, " There is the finger of Providence in
this, and we shall succeed." Massachusetts Lodge was in this way
revived on the 22d of June, 1841, which was followed by the re-
establishment of the G. Lodge by G. S. John A. Kennedy, on
December 23d in the same year.

Bro. Guild was not unrewarded; he was made G. Sec, and
became, by election, the first Bep. from his jurisdiction who ever
sat in the G. L. U. S. G. S. Kennedy does not forget this brother
in his report of the late events in Mass. He says: "The course
of the G. Lodge is deserving of special notice, for the commend-
able spirit in which they have reinstated Daniel Hersey in the
office of G. M., and Albert Guild in that of G. Sec. The long
and valuable services of these brethren in the cause, fitted them
peculiarly for those important stations in a jurisdiction destined
to bo second to none." G. Rep. Guild was the sole member
from his State in 1842, and had Hersey for his colleague the next
year. In the latter year he was a member of the Connnittee on
the State of the Order, and ranked w^ell in his influence upon leg-
islation. On retiring he was appointed District D. G. S. for
Mass., Rhode Island and New Hampshire. After he accepted
this dignity he did not continue to act as G. Sec. As D. 1). G.
S., Bro. Guild spared neither time nor money in the cause in New
England. To him particularly is duo the new birth of 1S41, and
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H MasH. has not been ungrateful for his eervieea. Thoee wbo ^ew

H hiin at this time and afterwartk, will bear testimony to bis energy

H uml pei-buverance, his easy and kindly manner, Ills dignity and

■ purity of character, which inipreeaed all observers with his sin-
H cerity as a man and his usefulness aa a hrother Odd Fellow.

^ But we turn from this digression to the history of the original

Q. Lodge of ilass., where we left it in 1831. At this time Bro.
Heraey, being Treasurer, made himself individually responsible
for the rent of the hall, and had legal process served on him for
its collection. Under these circumstances he took possession of
all the property belonging to the G. Lodge until he was secured
against the debt he had incurred. Tliis continued nntil March
8th, 1832, when Ilersey was superseded as Treas. by Eben Smith.
After this there was but one meeting, on the 5th of April follow-
ing, at which nothing was done. And so the sad scene of gra-
dual extinction was enacted, and when the charter was taken
away, in September, lh33, it was only the formal act indicative
of a long-past cessation of lodge existence. The effort made by-
Wildey in reinstating Adam Lodge, No. t3, and Merrimac Lodge,
No. 7, in this year, under the immediate jurisdiction of the G, L.
U. S., was a mere ripple on the surface, as they passed away again
J in a few short months. Odd Fellowship, as an Order, waa extinet,
and no power could then more than galvanise it into a semblance
of vitality.

V. >. The failure of Odd Fellowship in Mass. was a foregone con-

'^ dnsion. The theory of its working was totally inconsistent with

enccees. It never was, during its first period, more than a looee

_ collection of individuals, and lodges with no common bond of

union. The membership was heterogeneous, but among them

y/^ were many of nature's noblemen. But these were confronted and

beset by some of the most troublesome and miscliief-making men

in the State. This was the fact everywhere at that time, and

,^ 3f ass. was not alone in the possession of unworthy Odd Fellows.

In Maryland they were held in check, and whenever they became

tronblesome were at once exclnded. Wildey, located in Mass.,

■would have built up the Order on a basis too firm to have been

shaken. His magnetism would have united the better elements,

.. and bis popularity made it easy to discard the marplots, who

ought to have been expelled in the first instance. Maryland was

saved by the personal rule of Wildey, under the guidance of the

THE GRAND LODGE OF MAS8AOHC8ETTB. 387

most intelligent of the membership. By consent of all he tecanie
the common arbiter. Without him no step was taken. He was
also wellnigh ubiquitous. Every lodge was visited by him con-
stantly, and every member looked to him for instniction. Dis-
sension was frowned down as the blackest treason, and but little
mercy was shown to those who were forgetful of solemn vows.
Under such influences, opposition was crushed out, and such as
would not be harmonious were forced ignominiously to retire.
Again, Baltimore was the centre of tlie growing system of organ-
ization. Every movement was in furtherance of the plan which
had Maryland for its ulterior object. Here was the great
charter of American Odd Fellowship, as well as the great Odd
Fellow from England. It followed that law and order were the
subjects of the profoundest concern, and the assembled wisdom
of the best men gave importance and dignity to the laws en-
acted. Maryland, so favored, could not fail. But Massachu-
setts had no such advantages. No one man rose so high as to
inaster the situation and control the experiment. The coun-
try had but one such man — Thomas Wildey. Nor did Massa-
chusetts, like Pennsylvania, organize into system, and by inflexible
adherence to written law, lay deep foundations for their struc-
ture.

We read nowhere of the adoption of a G. Lodge constitution,
of general laws, or of efforts to improve the code of ancient
usage. There was no fealty to the G. L. U. S. by the G. Lodge,
and none by the subordinate lodges to their G. Lodge. The
whole effort was that of individuals, and the G. Lodge was treated
more as an expedient than the supreme power in the State. It
was the old English plan on American soil, and met the fate of
that plan wherever tried, in disintegration and confusion. The
true men knew not what to do, and instead of combining for self-
protection, for the most part retired. Such as remained were
harassed, and at length worn out and defeated by the arrogance
of c*onceited upstarts. They also at length retired, bearing the
tattered ensigns of the Order, and holding fast the confidence of
good and valiant men.

At least one hundred and fifty of such, in Boston alone, were
silently biding their time; and when the better day dawned,
came forth to place the Old Bay State in the van of American
Odd Fellowship. At the revival, the Order was reduced to sys-

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388

AMKEIUAN ODli FKLLOWBiUl'.

tern, and tliat Byetein was well-known and practised. Pereoiml
govern 111 en t and individual eHbrt were supplanted by a potent
organization. The G. Lodge of the U. S. bad become a power in
the laud, and the working of the institution was coniincd within
the limits of wise and useful legislation, MaEsaehnsetts entered
again upon her work, as a partner in a constilntional arrangement
which at once appealed to her heart and head. She needed no
training, but at once took her place as the liead of the New Eng-
land family. How she did this, is written on the pages of her
career, which has been proud and prosperous. Emerging from
the obscure contentions of her early efforts, she has since moved
on in unbroken harnionj', and nowhere, in Odd Fellowship, is
there a purer record or a brighter future for the princijiles of
Featernixy.

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vimEN AV,. eOSTCN. 1BT1

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CHAPTER XVI.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YORK.

The history of Odd Fellowship in New York, during the first
decade, is not easy of narration. What is known is, for the
most part, taken from the writings of Past Grand Sire John A.
Kennedy. This eminent brother appears in this book in the
chapter on the Grand Lodge of Maryland. But he is only inci-
dentally introduced in that chapter, as he belongs to a later period
than that embraced in this work. Led by him, we begin the
story of Odd Fellowship in New York, with the independent
efforts made at an early day to plant the institution in that State
by the process of self-institution. Odd Fellows' lodges had their
origin in England, and their idea was no doubt borrowed from
the ancient "guild." The congregation of workmen in cities
during the middle ages, to escape military service, and to find
safety from feudal tyranny, led to associations of tradesmen and
mechanics for mutual advantage and protection. These in time
obtained permanent charters, securing their rights and granting
them peculiar immunities. Each mechanical trade had its sepa-
rate charter, and these, organized into one, formed powerful
bodies. The city or town hall of London, as the seat of these as-
sociations in that great capital, is to this day called " Guild Hall."
These guilds have each its system of dues and benefits and laws,
for the succor of brother workmen on travel or in distress. It
seems very probable that in a later day the tradition of these
guilds yet lingered among workmen, and that Odd Fellowship
sprung from a rude imitation of such institutions.

But another element organized the movement. The -early
lodges were organized by the landlords of beer-houses, and mainly
in their interest. The Hierophant or high priest was known as
mine Host, who, in return for the revenue furnished, made his
disciples happy with refreshments. These consisted of beer and
tobacco. The revenue was made up by a small sum collected on
the Warden's axe at the opening, or by the Secretary, before the

(389)

390 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

member was seated in the lodge. Visitors also paid their share,

and a newly initiated member had to pay a score for all who

were present. These extras enabled the host to furnish the

, meeting room and to supply light and fuel. The business was

^ mostly conducted under the proposition of "harmony." This
consisted of a recess from lodge work, in which singing and reci-
tations were in order, and the mug and pipe gave zest to the con-
vivial hour. The benefits of the Order were limited to giving
temporary aid to a brother on tramp. At every meeting the
formal question was asked, " Is there any tramp in waiting ?''
If a traveler was present, he was admitted and relieved. There
was no treasury, but each brother placed his small tribute on the
Warden's axe, and made the stranger welcome.

This was what came to this country with the emigrant Odd
Fellows. Prior to the year 1800, some of these meetings had as-
sumed the name of " Independent." What meaning this had we
do not know, but suppose it very proper to call any or all of them
" independent," for they were isolated and had no organic rela-
tions with each other. Tlie first known Odd Fellows in this

^ country consisted of Solomon Chambers and his sons, John C.
and William E. Chambers, who landed in New York in the year
1805 or 1806. They came from Southwark, London, England,
and were builders of row-boats, in whicli the sons were successful.
The father returned to London in 1808, and died soon afterwards.
Solomon and his son John were members of the Loyal Westmin-
ster Independent Lodge of Odd Fellows, held at the tavern on the
Broad Sanctuary, near the Abbey, known as the Westminster
Arms, kept by a certain Hobert Cuthbertson. Both the father and
son passed the chairs in this lodge, tlie former being Noble Grand
in 1801 when his son William was initiated. John was a fine vo-
calist, and was presented by the brothers with a silver medal, which
descended to his son Thomas, now residing in New York city. The
first lodge in this country was instituted on the 23d of December,
180f), by Solomon and his two sons, John Meyer, Thomas
William Heelas, William Twaites, Benjamin Warry, William
Westphall, and Thomas Hodgkinson, the last named being
the Host. The lodge was named " Shakspeare," after the
tavern No. 17 Fair (now 135 Fulton) Street, of which the host
was the proprietor. The chief oflieers were Solomon Chambers,
N. G.; John C. Chambers, V. G.; John Meyer, Secretary ;

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ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YOBK. 391

Thomas Win. Heelas, W. The office of Conductor was not men-
tioned. This self-instituted lodge, after many changes, was dis-
continued after the meeting of September 20th, 1813, at the
dwelling-house of William Moore, No. 59 Vesey Street The
property of the lodge was taken possession of by P. G. William
Moore, w^ho retained it until the lodge was re-opened on the 23d
of December, 1818, by Past Grand William Moore, and Brothers
Thomas Hilson, Hopkins Robinson, and James Pritchard of the
old membership, and Robert C. Maywood and George Singleton.
Each of these was connected either as actor or vocalist with
the Park Theatre, except William Moore.

About the second week in January, 1819, George P. Morris
and Adam C Flanagan were initiated. Both of these were
young journeyman printers and under age, but the usage in force
allowed members to be received at eighteen years of age, and
sometimes earlier. Morris soon passed the chairs and became a
mernber of the Committee of Past Grands, which was but a feeble
body. But he was ambitiously inclined, and induced the lodge to
take a larger title. The young printers brought in a pamphlet with
the imposing title-puge of, "Constitution and By-Laws of the
Shakspeare Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows. Instituted December
23d, 1806 ; Revived, December 23d, 1818. New York : Printed
by G. Singleton. 1819." The name and the new laws were
adopted, but no improvement was perceptible by reason of the
<;hange. Shakspeare Lodge continued in operation until 1821,
when its meetings finally ceased. Before its extinction, Morris
and his friends withdrew, and opened a lodge on the 27th of
January, 1821, at the house of Edmund Mahaney, No. 89 (now
No. ISf)) Nassau Street. The new society was called Franklin
Lodge, No. 2, of Independent Odd Fellows, and Bro. Morris
became the first Noble Grand. This lodge worked very well for
about two years, and started two others, one by the name of
AVasliington Lodge, No. 3, at No. 37 Bowery, in November, 1821 ;
and the other, in Brooklyn, on the 3d of January, 1822, at No.
49 Main Street, styled Columbia Lodge, No. 4. The former of
these closed up in six months, the latter continued to exist, and,
in time, obtained the authority for a legal organization.

Early in 1822 there were two irregular lodges in existence,
Franklin I^dge, No. 2, and Columbia Lodge, No. 4. Columbia
Lodge had the advantage of a number of members from the

892 AKBBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

West of England, who had been instracted in the work, which
was then being improved by the Manchester Unity. These were
not long in seeking a legal affiliation with the mother Order. At
their instance a suitable application was sent to liverpooli where
it was presented to the Duke of Sussex Lodge, Ko. 2, of " Inde-
pendent Odd Fellows," and, on November 14th, 1822, a dispen-
sation was duly granted. The instrument was received by the
lodge in January, 1823, with the number in blank, which they
jSlled with the unit 1, instead of the number 4 by which they
were previously known. Before the paper had reached the
brethren, they had removed the lodge from Brooklyn to the house
of Bro. James Lovett, sign of " Eclipse and Sir Henry," No. 279
Grand Street, New York. It was here that the lodge accepted,
and began to work under the charter received from Liverpool.
This done, they at once claimed supremacy as the only l^al
lodge in the State. A contest at once arose between the two
lodges, which was both acrimonious and persistent. This was in
the early part of June, 1823, when Benjamin Downing was N.
G. of Franklin Lodge, and Russell Watts N. G. of Columbia
Lodge. It was in the midst of this angry controversy that
Grand Master Wildey, on his route to organize the Grand Lodge
of Massachusetts, made his appearance among the brethren.

CnARTER OF COLUMBIA LODGE.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS.

This Dispensation and these presents, granted from the
Loyal Beneficent Duke of Sussex Lodge, of Independent Odd
Fellows, No. 2, of the Liverpool District, held at the house of
brother James Whittaker, Regent Tavern, Scotland Place, in
the town of Liverpool, in the County Palatine of Lancaster*
in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to live
brothers of the said Independent Order of Odd Fellows, to enable
them to open and establish a lod^e, under the title of the
Columbia Lodge, No. — , to be held at the house of brother
James Claridge, No. 49 Main Street, Brooklyn, Long Island, New
York, United States. This Dispensation and these presents are
not to be altered or amended without the consent of the otiicers
and brothers of the Loyal Philanthropic Liverpool District Grand
Lodge, No. 1, of Independent Odd Fellows, as well as of the
officers and brothers of the above mentioned Loyal Beneficent
Duke of Sussex Lodge, No. 2, of the Liverpool District. It ia
hereby enjoined that the brothers of the Columbia Lodge meet

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ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YORK. 39 3^

at such times, and upon such conditions, as are expressed in the
by-laws of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows ; and that they
do, upon oath, see that this Dispensation and these presents be
not altered or destroyed ; that they do not initiate a pei'son into
this our Order, for a less sum tlian the laws (presented to them
with this Dispensation, by the said Beneficent Duke of Sussex
Lodge) express, so that the lodge and Order may be kept truly
respectable ; that they do not open any other lodge of this Order
without the consent of the aforesaid Grand Lodge; and that
they do appoint officers in the said lodge to execute these pres-
ents. In consideration of the sum of two pounds and two
shillings, to be remitted to the said Beneficent Duke of Sussex
Lodge, for this Dispensation. It is agreed, that the officers and
brothers of the Columbia Lodge shall not deviate from the prin-
ciples of the Grand Lodge; and that, should any dispute arise,
so as to cause a matter in question, in said Columbia Lodge,
which they cannot conveniently settle, they shall refer the same
to a Committee of Past Grands to settle and do justice to the
parties concerned in the said matter in question ; and that the offi-
cers and brothers of the said Columbia Lodge shall comply with
this Dispensation and these presents, and observe and conform
themselves strictly to the laws of the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows, according to the purport, principle, true intent and
meaning thereof It is also agreed, that the brothers of the said
Columbia Lodge, by and with the consent of the Liverpool Dis-
trict Grand Lodge, (hereby given) shall elect, aj)point and
authorize, (from time to time), fit and proper pereons as officers^
to put in execution and enforce a due observance, (as aforesaid),
of the laws and regulations of the Independent Order ; and,
should they, (the brothers of the said Columbia Lodge), hereafter
wish to remove the Lodge, they shall show sufficient cause for
Buch removal. Lastly, it is agreed, that if at any time hereafter
it should happen that the said Columbia I^dge should be de-
stroyed by fire or otherwise, the said Beneficent Duke of Sussex
Lodge, or any other lodge of the Independent Order, shall relievo
their distress in case of necessity. Granted the fourt(ienth day
of November, one thousand eight hundred and t\v(Mity-two, by
the parties concerned in these presents, who h:ive hereunto sul)-
Bcribed their names and affixed the seal of the Liverpool District,,
as witness:

N. G., John Dodgson ; V. G., Robc^rt Bulmer ; Sec, John
Ackers; G. M., James Clarke; C. Sec, George Bradgale; and
thirteen P. G. M.'s and P. G.'s.

Wildey, as before narrated, found Franklin and Columbia
Ix)dges engaged in a vigorous contest for the supn^macy. The
situation reminded him forcibly of the condition of the Order in
Maryland during the first two years of its existence. Ue arranged

^94: AXSBIOAV ODD TELLOWBHIP.

to meet the members of the two lodges on the following day (June
4th), at the house of Bro. Grover, No. 147 Grand Street, where
Franklin Lodge held its meetings. At the time indicated, repre-
aentatives of both lodges were present, but there was no regular
lodge meeting, by reason of the mutual jealousy of the partioa.
Finally it was agreed that Wildey should preside over them as an
informal meeting of Odd Fellows. He took the chair, and made a
similar statement to that made by him in Pliiladelphia. Although
he enforced his suggestions by suitable arguments, they were
of no avaiL The members of both lodges refused to treat with
the chairman until he should express an opinion of the validity
of the dispensation granted to Columbia Lodge. As a question
of policy it was well calculated to test the capacity of a man of
more experience than the Gh-and Master; if he decided against it
he, in effect, brought his own charter in peril, which had been
granted in the same way ; if he decided for it, he might raise up
a rival with as valid a claim as his own. But he did not r^rard
the consequences, and at once saw where the merit of the ques-
tion lay. After calm consideration he pronounced the document
^* a l^al and authorized charter." Tlie members of Franklin
Lodge left the room for consultation, and it was arranged to meet
again in th<i same place that evening ; but when the time came,
only one member of Franklin Lodge, Benjamin Downing, the N.
G., ajipeared. He announced, in behalf of his members, that
they Avould neither consent to a reconciliation nor enter into any
arrangement of compromise ; they were determined never to re-
cognize as valid the charter of Columbia Lodge. The N. G.,
however, remained at the meeting. It was then decided to ap-
ply to the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States
for a dispensation for a Grand Lodge of the State of New York.
The Grand Master thereupon received the application, and an-
nounced that the warrant would bear date from that day (June
4th, 1 S23V He then instructed the qualified members who were
present, in the degrees of the Order. This was bo satisfactory
as evidence of the advanced proficiency of the Order in Maryland,
that thev were easilv induced to go further in the same direction.
Columbia Lodge, therefore, agreed to surrender its dispensation to
the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States, and to
receive a free charter in lieu thereof, bearing even date with the
<3rand Lodge warrant. The Grand Master omitted to give in-

BENJAMIN DOWNING.

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ODD FEI.LOWSHIP IX KSW TOKC S^

stmctions with rq^ird to the formal appliemtion to be made to
Baltimore, and in the excitement the matter was referred to the
Noble Grand of the Lodge. We shall narrate the further pro^
ceedings by these brothers when we shall hare given particular
attention to the N. 6. of Franklin Lodge.

BKEUAMEf DOWSING.

As before stated, this brother was the only member of Frank*
lin Lodge who remained after Wildej had given his decisii^n in
favor of Colnmbia Lodge. He was bom at Stamford, Connect!-
ent, March 10th, 1784. At the age of 14 he was put as an ap-
prentice to a man named Tillou, in New York^ and remained
with him three years, when, in consequence of ill usage^ he letV»
and found his way to Newport, Rhode Island. From that and
several other places he made voyages to foreign ports. Durinir
the embargo in 1807 he was in England, and there made the
acquaintance of Odd Fellows. It was at Harwich, in tlie south-
east part of England, that he was initiated in tlie Duke of
York Lodge, on the 10th of January, ISOS. His nx'^ption as
a member indicates the loose manner in which the affairs of the
Order were at that time conducted. He was simply a denisen
of the country, and had no fixed residence ; but this was no ob«
stacle. He aftenvards wandered over the country, supporting him-
self by chair-making, which was his trade. His storv, as relateil
by himself, was eventful. Sometimes he was wreteluHUy dt^^^ti-
tute,. and had no place in which to lay his head. His greatest
peril was from the press-gangs ; once he was captured, but found
means of escape. To avoid them he was compi>llcHl to hideaway
and seek shelter in the most secret places. In all his tn>ubU\>
he had the countenance and aid of the brotherhood. Sonietiiut^
when hungry and foot-worn, he entered a provincial city a liomt^
less tramp. On such occasions he rarely failed to find a loilge of
Odd Fellows, and in his woful plight sought their assistance. His
testimony is conclusive as to the fraternal conduct of the brt^thren.
They placed him in the most comfortable chair and made him
welcome. The foaming mug was always presented, and his Kvly
refreshed with the invigorating beer. He was then usually ns
quested to retire for an interval, and when recalled, was presented
with a fraternal donation, which had been collected on the War-

896 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

den's axe. At times they went further ; a committee found him
supper and lodging, and in the morning paid his fare on the stage
to his next stopping place. At length he found the means of leav-
ing that country. He shipped on board a vessel bound for St.
John's, New Foundland, and in due time reached that port. Here
he was again in danger of impressment, but was protected by the
owner of the vessel, who was an Odd Fellow. He did more, for
wishing to visit Boston, and finding the embargo raised, he char-
tered a vessel, and, taking Downing on board, in due time arrived
at that city. Here, presenting him with some money and a suit
of clothes, they parted, and Downing found his way to New York,
after an absence of eight years. Surely this narrative, even if
somewhat overstating the facts, is strong in its evidence that the
early Odd Fellows were loyal and true to each other in a remark-
able degree. We doubt not that a history of the early lodges
would be found full of such incidents, and that the Order was-
then, as now, a blessing to the poor and afflicted, as well as a
bond of unity.

Downing's return was in the year 1809. In the same year
he married and settled in Rhode Island. Here he engaged in
the coasting trade, and was often in New York city. He had
not been able, after many inquiries, to find Odd Fellows in his-
rambles, although he had often heard them spoken of as existin^r
in the country. AVhat he did hear was not by any means to their
advantage. But at length he met with more success. He was
sitting in a bar-room in New York, when he heard some person use
the phrase, *' Noble Grand." He was at once attentive, and soon
learned of the existence of the Order in that city. He applied, and
was admitted to membership, and took a leading part in his lod<''e.
AVhen AVildey arrived at New York Downing was Noble Grand
of Franklin Lodge, and was the only member who submitted
to the decision which proclaimed his lodge irregular. He did
not join in the application to Baltimore for a charter, but was
present at the opening of the G. Lodge of New York as one of its
members. Ilis memoir, published in the Ameriecui Odd jFeHoiOy
7th vol. 127, does not state the facts correctly. He asserts that it
was Franklin Lodge and its members that organized the AVildev
movement, when the contrary appears, see Journal 57. The fact
is that Franklin Lodge at first held aloof, but finally surrendered
its organization and was merged in Columbia Lodge. On the 5th

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YORK. 397

of November, 1825, he joined Columbia Lodge, and when in the
city was a regular attendant upon its meetings. Here he remained
until 1830, when he was often absent, and gave but little atten-
tion to the Order until 1840. In 1872 he was a member of Co-
lumbia Lodge, and resided at Yonkers, New York. We believe
that he afterwards went to the Western country, and may yet be
living. He is once mentioned in the proceedings of the G. L.
U. S., Journal 83, as requesting a warrant for Providence, R. L,
and the Secretary was authorized to instruct him how to proceed
to obtain it. This seems to explain a statement in his memoir,
that G. S. Wildey, when at Boston, gave him an irregular warrant
to institute the Order in that State. At all events he was of the
old stock of sterling, yet wandering mechanics, who never un-
derstood the new movement.

His story is instructive, telling us of the old methods and of
the singular men who used them. Of these he was a good type.
True and firm to his colors, he never resigned the Order, but held
fast his confidence, and became an honored veteran in the cause.
In his life he was tried by every form of poverty and distress, and
always found help in Odd Fellowship. No taint ever attached
to his character, and we may well name him as one of the ancients
of whom none need be ashamed.

But we return to the action of the New York brethren, which
followed their interview with G. S. Wildey. A correspondence
was at once opened with the Baltimore brethren, which resulted
in a formal application for a Grand Lodge charter. The Grand
Committee met on the 15th of June, 1823, and resolved unani-
mously, " That a charter be granted as prayed, and that the Grand
Lodge be located in the city of New York." This instrument
was immediately prepared and transmitted to New York, to await
the n^tum of Wildey from Massachusetts. In due time he made
his appearance, and on the evening of June 24th, 1823, met the
Past Grands at the house of Bro. James Lovett, at No. 279 Grand
Street. Those present were John B. Bobinson, James Simister,
James Claridge, John Grant, and Eussell Watts. The Grand
Master then read the following:

CIIAPwTER OF THE GRAND LODGE OF NEW YORK.

ORDER OF INDBPENDENT ODD FELLOWS.

To all whom it may concern : The Grand Lod^e of Maryland
and of the United States, by authority of a Grand Charter, granted

998 AMEBICAV ODD FELLOWSHIP.

hj the Dnke of York Lodge, held in the borough of Preston^
(Soxmij Palatine of Lancaster, England, doth hereby erant thi»
Grand Charter to five Past Grands of the Order of Independent
Odd Fellows, residing in the State of New York, to form a Grand
Lod^e for the said State, for the encouragement and support of
brothers of the said Order when on travel or otherwise. And
the said Grand Lodge, being duly formed, is hereby authorized
and empowered to grant "Warrants or Dispensations to true and
faithful brothers, to open lodges accordmg to the laws of Odd
Fellowship, and to administer to the Past Grands all the privi*
leges and oenefits appertaining to the Grand Lodge, and to enact
by-laws for the government of their lodge. Provided, always^
that the said Grand Lodge do act according to the order, and in
conjunction with and ooedience to the Grand Lodge of the
United States, adhering to and supporting the constitution
thereof. In default thereof this charter may be suspended or
taken away, at the decision of the Grand Lodge of the United
States. And further, the Grand Lodge (in consideration of the
due performance of the above) do bind themselves to repair all
damages or destruction of the Charter, whether by fire or other
accident; provided proof be given that there is no ill^al con*
cealment or wilful destruction of the same. In witness whereof,,
we have displayed the colors of our Order, and subscribed our
names and affixed the seal of the Grand Lodge of Maryland and
of the United States, this fourth day of June, A. D. one thona*
and eight hundred and twenty-three.

Thomas Wildky, G. M.

John Welch, D. G. M.
P -| Thomas Mitchell, G. W.

^ -' John Pawson Entwisle, G. S.

John Boyd, G. G.

William Larkam, G. C.

Past Grands:

Duncan McCormick, Thos. Scotchburn,

James Seed, William Williams,

John Nelson, William Anstice,

William Tong.

After the reading of the charter, G. M. Wildey proceeded to
obligate the Past Grands in due and ancient form. The follow-
ing officers were then elected and installed : John B. Kobinson,
Grand Master; James Simister, Dep. Grand Master; John Grant,
Grand Warden ; and James Claridge, Grand Secretary. Russell
Watts was appointed and installed as Grand Guardian. The
charter was then delivered into the possession of the Grand Lodge.
A committee was immediately appointed to report a constitution

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YORK.

3<^9

and by-laws, but no such documents have been found. It is pre-
sumed that they were never reported. The immediate effect of
this action was the dissolution of Franklin Lodge. The Grand
Lodge, therefore, commenced operations with but one subordi-
nate, to which there was no addition for the space of two yeara
and a half. In December, 1825, a charter was granted to Friend-
ship Lodge, No. 2, located at the small manufacturing village of
Pleasant Valley, in Duchess County. This lodge, however, never
amounted to such importance as to be at any time represented at
a session of the Grand Lodge. The membership was limited to
operatives in a cotton mill, to which class the lodge seemed to be
closely restricted. The charges for institution and the lecture
books for this lodge were not paid for in the first instance, a lib-
eral credit being granted. But within eighteen months after the
opening, the leading members solemnly protested against this
debt, and in the name of ancient usage, questioned the right of
the Grand Lodge to the exercise of its just authority. The lodge
not only failed to contribute to the support of the Grand Lodge,
but by a singular inconsistency appealed from the payment of
taxes to the Grand Sire. This appeal was an able paper, which
must have been prepared by some one superior to those whom it
represented. The answer to this paper was a strong defence of
legitimate authority, but it failed to impress the membership with
a sense of the false position they had taken.

LETTER FROM MEMBERS OF FRIENDSHIP LODGE, NO. 2, TO GRAND

SIRE WILDEY.

Pleasant Valley, Duchess County, N. York, June 29th, 1827.
Sir : — We, the undersigned, in our private capacity, address
you, fully confident, from your high standing ana private
worth, that an answer will be extended. We are members of the
same Order as yourself, have the same fellow-feelings for our
brethren, and are strenuous supporters of the Independent Order
of Odd Fellows, are members ot the Friendship Lodge, at Pleas-
ant Valley, in the State of New York. Our lodge has been organ-
ized about 18 months, has been truly successful, and is still doing
well. Our present communication is for the purpose, if possible,
of aiding and assisting in the re-establishment of our Orcfer in its
original purity, and in accordance with its name, viz : the Inde-
pendent Order of Odd Fellows. We have been very lately sub-
jected to an impost wliich we think does not in any way corres-
pond with the title " Independent," wo mean the subjecting of

400 AMSBIOAK ODD FELLOWSHIP.

our lodge and others to an annual tax of ten per cent, on our
receipts to the Grand Lodge for the support of the same. Year
late visit to England has conyinced you, no doubt, that no such
impost is there exacted. Why, tlieretbre, is it here ? Are we, as
American Odd Fellows, less independent than our brethren in
Britain ? Why then should our Grand Lodge assume the ri^bt
to collect this tax } seeing that it is altogether inconsistent with
the very spirit of the Order, which, if conducted on true first
principles, is likely to stand second, nay first, in the estimsr
tioD ot the citizens of these States. But for us to be independent,
we should be really so, without the idea of being tributaiy to any
lodge whatever. That the co-operation of every member is ne-
•cessary to support the laws of the Grand Lodge, we grant ; pro-
vided the Grand Lodge be formed of delegates from the lodges of
Ihe State in which they may be located. But for a Grand
Lodge, in its strength, without the assent of the lodges within its

i'nrisdiction, to assume to dictate law, collect tenths, and do other
usiness, without even the presence or concurrence of the repre-
sentatives of our lodges, is, m our opinion, derogatory to the true
interests of the Order ; and unless our Order, in its wisdom, makea
4such alterations and amendments for the satisfaction of the fra-
ternity (or a majority), we are fearful it cannot attain the full
measure of its worth. We do not express these views with the
design of creating divisions, strifes, &c., among us ; but we believe
that a crisis is not far distant, when the steadfastness of every
member will be required to prevent division and discord in the
Order. Another subject we wish to bring to your attention, viz :
the right of subordinate lodges, by the consent of the Grand
Lodge of the State or district (as the ease may be), to grant char-
ters and open lodges, they, the subordinates, receiving the emol-
uments.

We perceive, by our charter, that we are not allowed to open
lodges, and that the Grand Lodge assumes the right, exclusively,
of opening lodges and retaining the foes. If we are correctly
informed by a visiting Euro])ean brother, (charters, such as are
held by the Grand Lodges in the United States, are given to
every lodge in Europe, and therefore cannot give the powers ex-
clusively claimed by the Grand Lodge of the United States, or
of the different States. We therefore presume that the construc-
tion which retains the sole power in the ditlerent Grand Lodges,
is unconstitutional and inconsistent with the spirit of our institu-
tion. A reference to your charter from the Duke of York
Lodge at Preston will, we presume, convince you that what wo
here state is (!orrect.

On the subject of communications between the Grand Lodi^-e
of the United States and those of the diflerent States, sometliin"'
is wanting. We have only one notice from our Grand Lodge
for more than six months, (except the one relating to the tenth),

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YORK. 401

and are entirely ignorant of the proeresB of the Order. Some-
times we hear of a lodge, here and there, but even that is acci-
dental. A. system of interchange between our lodges, for the
information and prosperity of all, is of importance. As before
stated, we are determined supporters of the laws, and wish for
the co-operation of every independent Odd Fellow. Thus,
having stated some of our opinions, having in view the wel-
fare of the fraternity, and hoping for the promotion of the in-
terests of the Order generally, and of every member in particu-
lar, we subscribe ourselves respectfully yours,

Benjamin Owen, Jeremiah Clearw^ater,

James Head, John Atkin,

JA^LE3 Kay.

As before related, this letter was promptly answered. It was
signed by William Williams, Grand Secretary, and was instruc-
tive upon all the points in which these crude Odd Fellows were
defective. It closed by turning them over to the Grand Lodge
of New York, and disclaiming any power to interfere on the
part of the Grand Lodge of the United States. At the same
time a letter was written to the Grand Master of New York,
calling attention to Friendship Lodge and the complaints of its
members. The letter reproves the Grand Master for not having
forwarded information to the subordinates, so that no occasion
should be given to trouble the supreme authority on the part
of the lodges. It closes with a request that special information
be sent at once to tlie Pleasant Valley brethren. The tone of
the letter appears by the following : " there is no other State
that we have such trouble with as yours."

On the 24th of April, 1826, a charter was granted to Hope
Lodge, No. 3, to be located at the city of Albany. A notice
of what is known of this lodge will hereafter appear. The next
charter was to Strangers' Refuge Lodge, No. 4, located in New
York city, early in LS27. The original members were five or six,
who had all been initiated in England, These Englishmen very
soon became dissatisfied and rebellious. They had been organ-
ized without the payment of any of the expenses, and yet they
promptly refused to pay the revenue of ten per cent, to the Grand
I^^dge. The Grand Lodge then demanded the amount due for
the charter, and degree and lecture books, but this was repudiated,
and the Lodge dissolved the connection and set u]) on its own
account. The Grand Master expostulated, and offered terms of
26

40S AHEBIOAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

compromise, which were all rejected. Last of all, the lodge and
its members were threatened with the coercive power of the law.
At this juncture Grand Sire Wildey wrote them, imploring their
return to reason, and pointing out the dangerous tendency of
such conduct ; but it did not avail. They wrote him an insolent
reply, and claimed the honor of expulsion. The Grand Lodge
of New York gave them due notice to conform to their obliga-
tions, and, meeting no response, inflicted upon the lodge the
extreme penalty. This action was accepted as a boon of inde-
pendence. The lodge assumed Grand Lodge powers, and pro-
ceeded to issue a, so-called, dispensation to several persons in
Paterson, New Jersey. The act was not only unlawful, but
dishonest, as they furnished lectures and d^rees, with the pre-
tence that, thus armed, the members of the spurious lodge could
obtain admission into any lodge of Odd Fellows. The Movable
Committee, however, claimed and received the charter fee, and
proceeded legally to organize Benevolent Lodge, No. 2, of New
Jersey.

These two mutinies sorely tried the patience of Grand Sire
Wildey, and well they might. The Englishmen who formed them
were no doubt imbued with the traditionary lore of the Order.
They saw in the lodges mere appendages to a public-house, and
in each of them a separate and independent organization. A
lodge was a supreme power in itself, and was a Grand Lodge to
such as were by it chartered, and only partially subordinate to the
originator of its own existence. The central idea of the Ancient
Order was independence, and hence it was composed of frag-
ments, with no cohesive power to keep them together. The infant
Manchester Unity was an innovation on independent action, and
a protest against separate and generally jarring interests. Hence
a union of several independent lodges, under one government,
was properly styled the Unity. Wildey knew this, but did not
put it in as strong a light as he might have done. The Order
in England had not yet been absorbed in the Manchester move-
ment, which was yet to be fully understood by its movers them-
selves. The organization there was far behind its theory, and
"ancient usage" had more authority than recent legislation.
He therefore tried to excuse the system in this country by its
analogy to the Manchester arrangement, and we cannot, there-
fore, wonder that he failed to convict the recalcitrant of their
absurd position.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YORK. 403

The disloyalty of these lodges to the American system,
indicates very plainly the infirmity of the early efforts in this
country. The first members were English Odd Fellows, saturated
with the idea of lodge independence. The word independent
was a snare and delusion to these simple minds. As the dis-
tinctive epithet by which they were recognized, they held the
idea it conveyed in deepest reverence. The self-assertion of the
old traditions upheld this sentiment. No doubt the name was
taken on some occasion when lodge freedom was invaded, or
when efforts were being made to consolidate, as in the case of
the London Unity. They therefore felt that, in parting with
supreme power they were losing their independence, and aiding
in the destruction of Odd Fellowship. This was the spirit which
at first prevailed in Maryland ; which sowed dissension in Massa-
chusetts, and finally overturned the Grand Lodges of both the
latter States. The whole of their policy was confined to indi-
vidual influence, and that without any well-known rules of
action. In one thing they were true men, and in that were in-
dividually united. They were lovers of good fellowship, and
were kind to each other in misfortune. Although the lodges-
were scenes of brawling and heated discussions, fed by strong;
drink, yet in all the disorder there was a heedful ear to the
cry of a brother in distress. The life of the principles wa&
indeed present, but in a body so defective that there was no
healthful exhibition of its workings. With them it was im-
pulse without principle, good intentions without method, fra-
ternity without a common bond, a body without a head, and a
loose collection of men without the cohesive power of law and
order. Wildey deeply sympathised with their sentiments, their
habits and their policy ; he had been one of them, and always a
chief; but better counsels led him to higher aims, and new asso-
ciates employed his powers in the nobler task of fraternal organ-
ization.

In September 1827 a charter was granted to Past Grand Rus-
sell Watts and Brothers John Snyder, John Osbom, Isaac L
Welsh, and Peter H. Snyder, to open a lodge in Albany. The
organization was completed on the 7th of November, 1827, by
the opening of Philanthropic Lodge, No. 5. There is no authen-
tic knowledge of the financial condition of the lodges at this time.
The half-yearly receipts of Ck>lumbia Lodge are reported a^

404 AMERICAN ODD VBLLOWBHIP*

$59.60, and no other return appears to IiaTe been made. On tha
16th of December, 1827, final action was taken for tlie expulaion
of Strangers' Befnge Lodge, No. 4, which was extended to all
who were its members on the 22d of Angnst ultimo. This was
duly confirmed by the Grand Lodge of the United States in May,

1828. Li the meantime a singolar scene was being enacted in
New York. Strangers' Ilefuge Lodge was dissolved, but on the
20th of January, 1828, paid for its dispensation and d^ree books,
and seemed to be quite in favor with the Ghimd Lodge. This
state of things continued until the Movable Committee, in June,

1829, adjusted all differences and reinstated the lodge.

The hot blood and quick temper of this lodge descended to
the successors of the original mutineers. When nearly every
lodge had dispensed with ^^ Harmony," this lodge would not agree
to its abolition. The Grand Officers visited the session and
urged conformity to the new rule, and were rewarded for their
persistency with personal violence. This was in defence of
^ ancient usage," but the Grand Lodge punished the outrage by
a sentence of expulsion at the August session of 1835. The beat
of its members tlien opened a new lodge, but on the 4th of No-
vember, 1846, the lodge was again revived, and was prosper*
ous for twenty years. But misrule and confusion came again,
resulting in an unlawful division of tlie lodge property aniong
the evil disposed. Accordingly the lodge was again expelled on
the 15th of August, 1806. The members who had not partici-
pated in this act of spoliation again revived the lodge, and it has
since been a true and loyal member of the Order. The Grand
Lodge, on the lOtli of May, 1828, resolved that the subordinate
lodges be allowed to fix tlie fee to be charged for initiation. This
seems to be the first mention in the early records of the price for
initiation. When prices are named they always refer to the
degrees. Tlie price in Washington Lodge, Maryland, 1823, was
one dollar ; when Past Grand Sire Kennedy was initiated on the
18th of Febniar}', 1831, the price in Maryland was five dollars.

In July 1828, Past Grands were allowed to vote for Grand OflR-
cers by proxy. This was the last recorded meeting of the Grand
Lodge of New York whicli is extant, until the subsequent revi-
val of the Order. It began its career with but one subordinate,
which had increased to five. Its membership was not of that
Bort which ensures success. To the contrary, it wjis composed of

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YORK. 405

elements which made failure certain. Its Past Grands were fit
representatives of the English and Scotch operatives who brought
Odd Fellowship across the Atlantic. These were singers, toast-
ers, reciters, drinkers and smokers, who elected officers and con-
ducted fraternal meetings. The chief of such a company was
usually a favorite brother who was a tavern-keeper, and by virtue
of such distinction, the host. This body of men were, without a
total reformation, an absolute hindrance to the work of Wildey.
They were his personal admirers and followers, and he was their
natural leader. Yet Wildey, without losing his convivial magr
netism, was wedded to a new system, of which these simple souls
knew little, and which they could scarcely tolerate. Nothing
but Wildey's name and influence brought them under these new
conditions, and in his absence they spurned them as fettei*s upon
the Order.

The connection of New York Odd Fellowship with the supreme
head was in the meantime merely nominal. In 1825 the Grand
Lodge objected to Baltimore as the permanent seat of the Grand
Lodge of the United States, but did nothing further. During
the rule of Wildey, which terminated in 1833, it had no elected
representative, but was present by proxies. Thomas Scotchburn
was its proxy in 1825, and Richard Marley for the years 1826-7-
8-9 and 1830-1 and 2. In 1833 John Pearce, of Pennsylvania,
was the proxy. The first representative elect was Charles
Mo watt, who took his seat October 6th, 1834, and sei-ved also in
1835. In 1836 Frederick Leise was the representative. In 1837
no one appeared, and in 1838 John A. Kennedy made his ap])ear-
ance and put the State foremost in the legislation of the Order.
No reports were made until in 1828, when the table shows num-
l)er of lodges four, expulsions thirteen, and the other items blank.
In 1829 the number of lodges reported was six, and expulsions
one. In 1830 the Movable Committee reported having opened
an Encampment in New York, and the table contains seven
lodges. In 1831 the number of lodges was four, in 1832 and
1833 six each ; in 1834 we find the first detailed rei)ort : number
of lodges 9, initiations 136, suspensions 25, expulsions 4, con-
tributing members 348, and revenue $1622.78.

The lowest i)oint of decadence was reached in 1833. At that
time eleven lodges had Ixjcn oi>ened, of which but six remained.
The Grand Lodge had before this time become a sort of nullity.

40Q AMXBICAX ODD FELLOWBHIP.

In 1828 and 1829 a controyeny arose abont its location, and so
feeble was the voice of the membership, that the Gtrand Master
hy his own act removed the seat of the Grand Lodge from New
York to Albany. This was without the sanction of the Grand
Lodge of the United States, and in defiance of the brethren of
New York city. Charles Mowatt was by this body elected
Grand Representative in 1834-5, and Frederick Leise by the
New York brethren in 1836-7. Daring this time the Grand Sire
recognized the Albany organization as the Grand Lodge of the
State. On October 10th, 1835, he reports: ^^ On my arrival in
New York I was hurried off to Albany, accompanied by G. M.
Leise and other members of the Grand Lodge about to assemble
in that city. On my arrival there was a meeting of the Encamp-
ment, and I assisted in installing their officers, furnishing them
with necessary information, and receiving an assurance that no
exertion would be wanting on their part to ensure success. The
Gband Lodge assembled next day, being better attended and re-
ceiving more full reports than at any previous seosion. I made
the requisite inquiries, and found them conforming, in every par-
ticular, to the usages of the Order. Harmony and prosperity
exist among the members, presenting a flattering prospect, and a
guarantee of a greater increase than heretofore. I assisted in in-
stalling the officers of the Grand Lodge, and was much pleased
with my reception. On my return to New York city I visited
the Encampment, and was received by the brethren in the most
cordial manner, and found tlie Order flourishing in that city."

This condition of things seems to require furtlier explanation.
Tlie first Grand Master was John B. Robinson, who had the
honor of originating Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1. He was suc-
ceeded by Tliomas E. Smith, Alexander Tulloch, and Russell
Watts. Ennion Hussey, until this time, (July 1828), was the
Grand Secretary. Watts on June 23d, 1823, was installed the
first Grand Guard ian. He was a tailor by trade, but became a type-
caster, as the more reniimerativo eniploynient. He afterwards
found his way to Albany, and is supposed to liave aided in the
institution of Hope Lodge, No. 3, in April 1826. It is related
by Past Grand Sire Kennedy that Watts, being sent by an em-
ployer to New York, in 1828, to buy copper, returned without the
funds entrusted to him; but the money was not thrown away,
for he had given a grand entertainment, and had been elected

ODD FBLLOWSUIP IN NEW YORK. 407

Grand Master. He brought back with him the regalia and books
of the Grand Lodge, and immediate preparations were made for
transferring that body permanently to Albany. This was not
difficult, as the members in the city of New York were utterly
•demoralized, and those of Albany a picked body of excellent men.
We mention John V. N. Yates, John O. Cole, Joseph Barton,
William L. Osbom, Daniel P. Marshall, Charles Dillon, Jacob
Henry, Richard Starr, Alexander Cameron, William Lelachure,
Malcolm McPherson, and P. H. Snyder. These gentlemen were
incomparably superior to the membership in New York, and
formed a Grand Lodge to which that before held was notably in-
ferior. What wonder then that Wildey should hail the change as
an augury of good, and that a mind which mainly sought for
results should have been little careful of the means ?

But in 1836 there was a great change. The Order began to
look up again in New York city and to claim a voice in the
Grand Lodge. Its Past Grands pointed to the constitution which
seated it in that city, and claimed three-fourths of the members,
«tc. A protest was presented to the G. L. U. S. against the elec-
tion of P. G. M. Leise as a representative in the Grand Lodge of
the United States. This protest was presented and referred to a
select committee with the credentials of Bro. Leise. This com-
mittee was composed of James L. Ridgely, James Gettys, Henry
Wolford, Chas. A. Zeitz and Thos. Wildey. The report declared
the special meeting at Albany unlawful, and that Bro. Leise
was not entitled to his seat. It was then, on motion of Rep.
Pearce, " Resolved : that a committee be appointed by this
Grand Lodge, to examine into the situation of affairs in the
State of New York, and to make an effort to adjust the dif-
ficulties existing in its Grand Lodge, and that said committee
proceed, if necessary, forthwith in discharge of the duties as-
signed them." And the following members were elected,
D. G. Sire Pearce, P. G. Sire Gettys, and P. G. Sire Wildey.
These brothers, on the 17th of May, 1837, reported that
they had failed to reconcile the difficulty, and were dis-
charged, and another committee was appointed, " to inquire into
the expediency of forfeiting the charter of the Grand Lodge of
New York." On the same day the committee reported the facts
herein recited, and that they had been treated with neglect and
<;ontempt by the Albany brethren, who had expelled P. G. M.

408 AMERIOAR ODD FELLOWSHIP.

Leiee, and Bospended tho snbordinate lodges in New York city,
without waiting for the action of the Grand Lodge of the United
States. They reported two resolutions^ which were adopted.
First, That the Kew York Grand Lodge Charter was forfeited,,
and authorizing the Grand Secretary to demand its charter and
effects ; and, secondly, appointing a committee to meet at Pough-
keepsie, and summon Bro. Van Yetchten of Albany and Bro,
Leise of Kew York, and such of the Past Grands as could be
assembled, to re-organize the Grand Lodge of the State. The
committee consisted of P. G. Sire Wildey, and Keps. Gettys^
Pearce, Lucas, Sanderson and Bidgely.

This committee was met by the parties interested, but had no-
success. They say: ^^The members from the city of Albany
persist in demands which, (in the opinion of the committee), are
not made in the spirit of Odd Fellowship, and are such as the
brothers of the city of New York cannot assent to ; that the
members residing in the city of Albany still refuse obedience to
the decisions of the Grand Lodge of the United States, and still
claim to act as a Grand Lodge, and as such have recently elected
Gtrand OfScers." The committee reported a resolution, which
was adopted, providing for calling the Past Grands of the State
t<^ther and forming a new Grand Lodge. The result appears
in the minutes of the session of October 1st, 1838 — Journal 263*
The committee of the Grand Lodge of the United States, I. O.
O. F., appointed by resolutions of October 3d, 1837, convened
for the purpose of their appointment in Newburgh at 10 o'clock
A. M., November 21st, 1837, pursuant to notice from the Chair-
man. Present, Andrew E. Warner, proxy Representative of the
District of Columbia, and P. G. Sire Thomas Wildey, in place
of the Representative of Virginia. Bro. J. A. Kennedy was
appointed to act as Secretary. The committee immediately pro-
ceeded to business by annoimcing their readiness to receive
applications from the lodges ; when the following lodges made for-
mal application for a Grand Charter, namely, Columbia Lodge,
No.l; New York Lodge, No. 10; Gettys Lodge, No. 11; Germania
Lodge, No. 13; Teutonia Lodge, No. 14; and Perseverance Lodge,
No. 17. There being no other application, the committee ordered
that a charter be granted to them. Previous to the election of
Grand Officers, the following credentials were presented : From
Columbia Lodge, No. 1, for twenty-four Past Grands ; from New

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YORK. 400

York, No. 10, for fourteen ; from Gettys, No. 11, for thirteen ;
from Germania, No. 13, for eight ; and from Perseverance, No.
17, for eight ; making in all seventy-five Past Grands.

On the call of the roll the following answered to their names :
From Lodge No. 1, C. McGowan, J. Booth, Jr., Wm. H. Colyer^
Wm. A. Taylor, Joseph D. Stewart, Wm. Y. Clark, Joseph Pat-
terson, M. Kelly, Sam. McDonald, E. Seaborne, W. Charlick and
James Cole. From Lodge No. 10, W. Small, C. W. Riddell, J.
R. Young, J. Bale, E. Wainwright, S. D. Alexander, C. P. Van
Nordcn, C. Ashmead, P. 11. Green, T. Frost and Wm. Thompson.
From Lodge No. 11, J. Alcock, J. A. Kennedy, F. II. Macy, J.
Marrener, S. J. Pooley, J. C. Pooley, M. Nutting and J. B. Van-
dusen. From Lodge No. 13, Jos. Bayer, J. ^L Eisenmann, G.
Chatillon, F. Hartig, C. Kinkele and H. Bosheit. From Lodge
No. 14, C. Nordmeyer and F. Muhlmeister. From Lodge No.
17, Wm. H. Youngs, J. Naylor, P. Glover, Wm. Carew and J.
Wilkinson. Forty-four Past Grands being present a ballot was
had, resulting as follows : For Grand Master, James Alcock of
No. 11 ; for Dep. Grand Master, Willet Charlick of No. 1 ; for
Grand Secretary, Charles McGowan ; and for Grand Treasurer,
George Chatillon of No. 13.

The question of location being submitted, the vote stood forty*
three for the city of New York and one for the town of Pough-
keepsie. Whereupon the blank in the charter was filled with the
words, " City of New York." The committee then adjourned
the meeting, for tlie pnrpose of opening the new body in
legal form. The adjourned session was held at Masonic Hall, in
New York, on the 23d of November, 1837. Past Grands Ken-
nedy and Ashmead presented the officers for installation, and
those elected at Newburgh were inducted into their resjxjctive
chairs. After this ceremony. Past Grand Sire Wildey delivered
to Grand Master Alcock the charter dated the 21st of November,
1837, and a constitution and by-laws for the Grand Lodge, which
were ac(?epted. The Grand Master then appointed his officers,
who were also installed, namely: Wilson Small of No. 10,
Grand Warden ; Samuel McDonald, Grand Marshal ; Marcus
Hurd, Grand Chaplain ; E. Wainwright, Grand Conductor, and
Wm. H. Youngs, Grand Guardian. Past Grands Green of No.
10, Wilkinson of No. 17, and Nordmeyer of No. 14, were ap-
pointed the committee of election and returns ; P. Grands Stewart^

410 AMSBIOAir ODD PSLLOWBHIP.

Yonngs, and Eisenmann, committee on financoi and P. Gkanda
John A. Kennedy, Theodore FroBt| and William A. Tyler, oon^
mittee of correspondence. On motion, the committee of corres-
pondence was directed to notify the subordinate lodges of the
oiganization of the Grand Lodges and to instruct them to submit
to the proper authority.

And thus again, and we hope forever, was Odd Fellowship
^rrnly established in that State whose boundaries reach from
Canada to the Atlantic The Order had gone down in disorder be-
<sau8e it had no great leader or system of digested law. As in Mas-
sachusetts, subordination and authority were wanting. The head
was sick, and the heart in consequence was faint. A Grand
Lodge without constitution or by-laws, standing committees, or
rules of order, was simply a mockery of the name. There was
no wisdom in council or concert of action. It was a collection
of a few Past Grands who had no hold upon the membership.
True, there was sometimes a spirited show of boldness and single
acts of legitimate authority, but these were only the exceptions.
The scanty minutes indicate no attempt to crystallize into a
working body or to enlarge the scope of the effort. There were
good intentions without prudence and zeal, but idle controversy
took the place of action. The result was inevitable, confusion,
and for the time, ruin. But while the leaders and the Grand
Lodge were falling together, the subordinates were gaining
strength and influence. Good and true men came to the front.
Better and wiser counsels prevailed.

It was not the Grand I^dge of the United States which saved
the Order, nor was it Wildey. The Grand Sire had retired.
His visits to New York were beneficial indeed, but not eflfectual.
In fact he was helpless in such a crisis. But the hour had come,
and with it the men. Chief among these wjis John A. Kennedy,
a man soon to be honored from the St. Lawrence to the ocean,
B name which became historical in the Order, wherever Odd
Fellowship was known and practiced. His education for the
work was singularly complete. Fresh from association with
Wildey and Ridgely, the old and the new guard of Maryland Odd
Fellowship ; a Past Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Maryland,
and a leader in that body, he was fitted, above all others, to lay
deep foundations for the great revival. It is to his hand that we
must trace the systematic beginning of the resuscitated Grand

I

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW TORE. 411

Lodge. Hence a constitution and by-laws and regular commit-
tees. Those who knew his executive power and administrative
skill will recognize at once the mind of a master. Wildey reached
New York when the subordinates were without a head, and the
Grand Lodge was in the throes of dissolution. Wildey was in
despair unless the Albany junto could control the discordant ele-
ments. This was his only remedy. Tradition tells the story,
which was quite dramatic. When the Grand Sire visited Albany
in 1820, he was, as before related, delighted with what he saw.
When he was returning to Baltimore, he met the Past Grands of
New York City at the Bull's Head, in the Bowery. They were
utterly disorganized, and had nothing to propose. He was
equally helpless and had no remedy. But the great leader could
not hear of failure with meekness or patience. We see him now
as his burly form quivers with indignation ; he confronts them
with upbraiding looks, and in his blunt and crushing manner
exclaims, " I have tried you for six years, and find that you are
not fit to work a Grand Lodge."

The new birth came from another direction. It came from
the body of the Past Grands of the subordinate lodges that yet
held the Order together. Kennedy had cast in his lot with them
and inspired the movement. The Grand Lodge of the United
States and its committee had been deceived in their expectations
from Albany. In this dilemma the New York city lodges, with
closed ranks, came to the rescue. The committee was captured
and gladly helped the effort. Ambition and personal rivalry
were laid upon the altar of fraternity. Law was at length su-
preme. The Order, at one stroke, ceased to be local, for the tie
with the head of the Order was intelligently knotted with the three-
fold cords of a common interest, a common government and a com-
mon mission, and the Empire State was saved to them and us,
and to humanity.

JOHN A. KENNEDY.

The subject of this memoir was born in Baltimore, on the
9th day of August, 1803. His parents were of Irish descent, and
their condition was humble; they were therefore not able to give
their son the advantages of an education. At a proper age he
was apprenticed to a trade, and in due time became an excellent
house and sign painter. G. Secretary Ridgely made his ao-

418 AMSBIOAN ODD TSLLOWBHIP.

qnaintance at an early day. He was joBt entering professional
life as a lawyer, and having need of a sign, called npon Kennedy.
.He found the young mechanic much disposed to converBation,
and full of information ; it followed that the sign was neglected.
Much as the young attorney desired to see his name displayed^
he was diverted from that subjecl* by the interesting discussions
that followed. « Kennedy was a Jackson man and Ridgely a
Henry Clay Whig, and each was delighted to find in the other
an eager and enthusiastic disputant. From politics they passed
to other matters, and Ridgely, who had just entered the Order,
naturally introduced the subject of Odd Fellowship. The youn^^
painter was prejudiced against the Order and did not spare hia
censure, while his customer was full of laudation. The sign was
at length completed, but the young men still continued to meet
for conversation. Ridgely not only urged the principles of the
new society, but produced such publications in its favor as he
could find. The painter was dogmatic in the highest degree^
a trait which afterwards became a ruling element in his char*
aoter. His self-reliance and the bold assertion of his views
gave him great force of expression. All this was intensified bj
his knowledge of facts which were not creditable to the new
Order. The intemperance and boisterous mirth which character-
ized the meetings were particularly the objects of his sarcasm.
In the meantime the enterprise was assuming better shape. The
reform element was beginning to rule, and the objectionable
features were gradually passing away. Above all, an Odd Fel-
lows Hall was projected, whose completion would divorce the
Order from the public-house. When the programme for the
dedication was announced, Kennedy was greatly struck with the
proceedings contemplated. He called upon Ridgely and ex-
pressed his surprise, and made many inquiries. He seemed par-
ticularly pleased at finding so many of the best citizens entering
the Order in advance of the day fixed for the final ceremonies.
A sudden impulse seized him, and at Ridgely's instance he
allowed himself to be proposed as a member. He was accord-
ingly initiated by Gratitude Lodge, No. 5, on the 23d of Feb-
ruary, 1831.

That he was an active member may be judged from the
fact that he filled five ofiices during the next fifteen months, and
entered the G. Lodge of Lid. on the 19th of May, 1832. Here

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YOSK. 413

he became a leader in every reform. He was particularly active
in organizing a plan for the education of orphans, and was Sec-
retary of the Board from May, 1832, to March, 1834. On.
the 20th of January, 1834, he was elected G. Sec, and his friend
Ridgely, G. M. on the same ticket. This office he resigned on
the 15th of April following, preparatory to his removal from the
city. During his career in Maryland he was never idle. His
services in adjusting the hall debt and placing it on a stable
basis were invaluable, and no one exerted a greater influence
in organizing the G. Lodge into a working body. His practical
mind left its impress in every direction, and gave a fresh energy
to the struggling cause. He did not neglect the higher degrees,
but attached himself to Salem Encampment, No. 2, where he
performed valuable labor. With the best wishes of his Maryland
brethren he left that State in the spring of 1834.

The aspiring young mechanic felt that his ambition could be
better gratified in New York than in Baltimore. He was al-
ready a leading spirit among his companions, and was conscious
of great powers, and desired the opportunity for their exercise.
Immediately on reaching his new home he joined Gettys Lodge,
No. 11, wliich had been instituted only a few months. Through
his agency Mount Hebron Encampment, No. 2, (now No. 4), was
soon after chartered and he became its first High Priest. Early
in 1885 he organized the Odd Fellows' Hall Association of New
York. He was its first Secretary, and on its incorporation was
chosen President, and continued in that position until his death.
It is due to him that the enterprise was successful and the edifice
constructed ; it is a monument to his prudence and energy. On
the lOtli of September, 1838, he was elected G. Kepresentative,
and took his seat in October in the G. L. U. S. At the annual
session of 1839, he became G. Master, and aided in August of that
year in opening the G. Encampment of the State. In 1841 he
returned to the G. L. U. S. as proxy for Delaware, and at the
annual session of that year was elected G. Sire. This was a great
compliment, as Kennedy had performed but one year's service in
the body. "^

It is only necessary to examine his administration to see the
wisdom of his choice. Whatever separate qualities existed in
his predecessors, he possessed in the aggregate. His character
was stem, and inflexibility was his chief characteristic. The sys-

414 AMSBIOAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

tern was being slowly formed, and the routine of nnifonni^
the necessity of the hour. To his other qualities were added n
zeal and energy unusual, and a clear comprehension of every
question. The result was a marrel of attention to duty under
the existing laws. Such was his interest in the Order that it
seemed to be his only concern. In every part of his great office
he was proficient. He presided ably, and was cognizant of eveiy
movement and its tendency. When he took a position nothing
could move him, and no man, alive or dead, more deeply impresaed
his personality upon everything that he touched. But thia did
not detract from the genial nature which underlay the firmneaa
of his exterior. Among his intimates he was not only kind, but
tender, and no Odd Fellow was more faithful than he to the obli-
gations of fraternity. A perusal of his reports will exhibit the
vigor of his talents and his laborious attention to his dutdea.
These documents are masterly performances, in which hia hnA
ness capacity appears in every paragraph. In fact they am
models which have never been surpassed by his able succeaaora.
It was during his term that the question of a reform of the
ritual was agitated, and he was one of its leaders. It followed
that in 1845 he was on the committee whose able and thorough
revision was unanimously adopted.

But he had a public history outside of the Order. He began in
New York as a journeyman painter, but subsequently entered into
business on his own account. In the meantime he devoted much
of his time to politics, with marked success. His first public po-
sition was that of a member of the convention to revise the State
Constitution in 1S48. In 1854 he was Councilman from tlu
Ninth District, and at the close of his term was appointed Super
intendent of Castle Garden. Here his courage, in the protection
of emigrants from imposition, made him many enemies, and often
put his life in jeopardy, but his capacity became the more con-
spicuous to the public. In 1858 he was elected to the Board of
Supervisors, but resigned in 1800, to become Superintendent of
the Metropolitan Police. In this arduous position he won golden
opinions from all classes of citizens. It is well known tliat such
a position is one requiring the highest executive qualities. The
great force under his control was in fact a military organization,
requiring a leader of decided capacity to insure its efficiency.
The J^. Y. Herald said : " The changes effected in the Police

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YORK. 415

Department by Mr. Kennedy in his new sphere are numerous,
and it can be fairly said that he has brought the force to an admi-
rable state of discipline." His services were such as will not soon
be forgotten. The Herald^ in speaking of them, says : " The
courageous conduct of Mr. Kennedy during the 1863 riots is a
tradition among the police, and how he and his friend, Thomas
C. Acton, rushed into the thickest of the fray, regardless of
whether they lost their lives or not. To his dying day Mr. Ken-
nedy was never free from suffering, caused by the murderous
shower of stones thrown at liim in Forty- Fifth Street and Lexing-
ton Avenue, when he was about addressing the rioters, who, upon
learning who he was, pelted him with stones and brickbats, and
one of his legs was so injured that it remained, after splinters had
been taken out of it, an open sore for years. The men under his-
command knew that his only ambition was to have the force made
as effective as possible, and that his judgment was good and his
bravery unquestioned." After nine years of indefatigable work
he resigned this position and became President of the Avenue C.
Railroad, and more recently was appointed Collector of Assess-
ments, which office he held at the time of his death.

But to return to his connection with Odd Fellowship. It
will be seen in our history of the degrees that he was an active
agent in the revision of 1845. He had deeply studied the subject
and was a zealous reformer. His part of the work was well done,
and to him we owe the installation and other forms now in use.
In (me department he stood alone. No Odd Fellow was as so-
licitous as he for the preservation of our early history. It was
his special work for years to commune with the pioneers and
learn from them the events which controlled the destiny of the
infant Order. In connection with G. Sec. Ridgely he explored
the hidden past of the Order in Maryland, and but for him our
chapter on Washington Lodge would have been entirely unsatis-
factory. His researches into the history of the degrees were par-
ticularly exhaustive, and the first portion of that chapter has been
framed upon the model of his notes on that subject. Much of
his work was not suitable for our use, but as a whole it affords
the strongest evidence of his persistent zeal and energy. His
desire for the possession of facts shedding light ujwn any matter
pertaining to the Order, was a passion which never forsook him.
In fact, he was not only foremost, but alone in this important

416 AlCSBIOAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

matter. His relations to the Order were intiniate and abflorbing
to the last. He kept up a large and varied correapondence with
most of the old leaders, and was generally present in the G. L.
U. S. BO long as he was able. His subordinate lodge and En-
campment were always dear to him, and their members were as
part of his own family. By the Order in New York he was held
in esteem and reverence as its greatest leader. He found it
scattered, poor and weak, and left it united, rich and powerfuL
Aided by a faithful remnant, he entered the contest with an ac-
tivity and judgment that assured success. But his reputation
was national ; and of all the men after the first decade, not one
has made a deeper impression upon his contemporaries. His
fame as an Odd Fellow will increase with years, and no man better
deserves the wreath that he so nobly wears.

But our limits and plan do not allow more than a brief sketch
of this great Odd Fellow, as he did not belong to the first decade.
One of his last letters was to G. Secretary Ridgely. It was ftdl
of vitality and of the spirit of the Order. A few days afterwards,
on the 20th of June, 1873, he died. His funeral was an ovation
firom the leading men of his adopted city, and his brethren fol-
lowed him to the grave in the deepest mourning. The address
by Bishop Janes did full justice to liis memory, and all felt that
a noble spirit had departed. Very recently a monument was
erected over hift tomb by a coiinuittee of the G. Lodge of N. Y.,
of which George W. Dilks, P. G. M., was the efficient chair-
man. And thus a great man in the Order has passed away,
a representative of the Grand Sires who have so ably presided
over our institution. G. Sec. Ridgely has lost a deeply attached
and venerated friend, and Odd Fellowship a member whose name
is deeply engraven in the annals of fraternity. The announce-
ment of his departure cast a pall over the G. L. U. S. of 1873.
That body hung with grief and pride upon the words of Medole,
Fitzhugh, Ellison, and Kidgely, w-ho in turn uttered his pane-
gyric. A reference to Journal 5863 to 5871 will repay the reader
in furnishing a memorial which is more enduring than brass or
marble. We shall close this chapter with a memoir of an able
coadjutor of Kennedy, furnished by P. G. Rep. John Medole, of
New York.

WILSON SMALL.

It often hap[>ens that extirpating the love of glory, which is
observed to take the deepest root in noble minds, tears up several

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III

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YORK. 417

Tirtues with it ; and that suppressing the desire of fame is apt to
reduce men to a state of indolence and supineness. But when,
Av^ithout any incentive of vanity, a person of abilities is zealous
for the good of mankind — and as solicitous for the concealment
as the performance of noble and generous actions — we may be
sure that he has something more than ordinary in his composi-
tion, and has a heart filled with goodness and magnanimity and
loving kindness. Such may be said of the subject of this memoir.

Wilson Small was bom in the City of New York on the 13th
of February, 1810. In consequence of the narrowness of his
father's fortune, being a gentleman of small estate, Wilson was,
in his youthful days, deprived of tlie benefits of a liberal educa-
tion, and progress in his studies was terminated at an early age ;
for in 1822, being then only 12 yeai^ old, he entered the estab-
lishment of Roswell White, manufacturing jeweler in Dey
Street, and served an apprenticeship faithfully and creditably.
He adhered to this business for a livelihood until 1837, when
every mechanical pursuit and mercantile interest was pros-
trated by financial dej)ression and disaster. Shortly afterward
he entered public life, and has continued in it nearly ever since.

Drifting from one i>osition to another, and gaining in political
popularity, in 1847 he was elected to serve the city in the State
Legislature, and was returned in 1848, and again in 1849. In
185() he was selected to represent the tenth Ward in the Board
of Assistant Aldermen ; and, although the Board stood politically
8 and 8, he was elected as its President, and presided to the satis-
faction of both parties. He was subsequently tendered the nom-
ination for Alderman of the same Wai'd, but declined its accept-
ance, and again turned his attention to the legitimate channels of
trii(h\ An opportunity offering, he united his services with the
AVest Street Foundry, an establishment then famous for its
l)roduction of boilers and engines for steamboats. This led to
his connection with the ferry established between Canal Street,
New York, and Fort Lee, about nine miles distant, on the west
hank of the Hudson, and his acceptance of the position of cap-
tain of the old steamboat " Boston," then running on this line.
As this business did not prove to be either profitable or suited to
his taste and ambition, he finally disposed of his interest in the
ferry to Messrs. Hogg & Delamater, and again entered the field
of political service and prefenncnt, and was assigned to the
27

118 AKSKIGAH ODD FELLOWSHIP.

reBponsible position of Water Purveyor, nndor the control of the
^Croton Aqueduct Department In 1856 he was appointed Court
Clerk, and in 185T-8 served as Beceiver of Taxes in the Depart-
ment of Finance. His next appointment was that of one of the
Depu^ Collectors of Assessments, by the Street Commissioners,
which he filled in 1860-1. He was then made Deputy Superin-
tendent of Repairs and Supplies, and subsequently promoted to
Superintendent, under the immediate control of the Department
. of Public Works, which office he held until 1873, when a change
in the dominant politics of the city govemment gave him a leave
of absence of several months' duration. In 1875 he was ap-
pointed Judgment Clerk in the Superior Court, which poeition
he occupies at the present time.

He was a member of the old Yolunteer Fire Department for
' about 16 years, and was one of the assistant engineers under
Chief Engineer John Riker, and afterward under Cornelius Y.
Anderson. He served in the force until reorganized as a paid fire
department in 1865. He was also selected as one of the Troateea
of the Fire Department Benevolent Fund for the care of aged and
disabled firemen, and the protection of widows and orphans of
deceased members ; which joint trust he still maintains with efl5»
dency and honor.

He was one of the incorporators of the Odd Fellows' Hall
Association of the city of New York, and has been on the Board
of Managers since its organization in 1844. At the death of P.
G. Sire Kennedy, Wilson Small succeeded him as President of
the Board, an office he now holds.

In the Public School Department he served as School Trustee
and Commissioner from 1843 until about the year 1868, and made
an excellent and efficient officer in either capacity.

In 1843 he united with the Order of Druids, and was a
. member of Sylvan Grove. In 1846 he joined Manitou Lodge,
No. 106, F. & A. M., in which he still retains membership, and
lias attained to the 33d Degree in that fraternity.

In politics he has ever been a consistent Democrat, and a
zealous and influential member of the Tammany Society ; of
which he was a Sachem for many years, and also its Treasurer.
In the past few years he has occupied the office of Sagamore.

When a young man he was strongly prejudiced against secret
societies, and avoided association with them, until induced to join

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YOBX. 419

the Order of Odd Fellows in 1833, when his narrow-minded viewft
gave place to more liberal sentiments, and he at once became
deeply interested in the humanitarian work of the Order, and
has been a faithful and zealous co-worker in this field ever since*
He was initiated in New York Lodge, No. 10, on the 3d of
July, 1833 ; which then held its meetings in Timolat's Bath
House, a small two-story yellow building, on the south side of
Pearl Street, between Centre and Elm Streets. On the night
of his initiation he was appointed L. H. S. of N. G., and at the
commencement of the ensuing term he was made R. H. S. of
N. G. He then succeeded to the chairs of V. G. and N. G. in
successive order, and was admitted to membership in the Grand
liOdge of New York in August, 1834. As the constitutional
])rovisions of the Grand Lodge at that time required all sessions
to be held in the city of Albany, V. G. Small manifested no
general interest in the workings of that body beyond an occa-
sional visit, prior to the removal of its seat of government to the
city of New York, August 24th, 1836, when it met in Masonic
Hall, then on Broadway, second building south of Pearl Street*
The first appointment of P. G. Small was that of G. Guardian,
into wliich office he was inducted on the 26th of September, 1836..
The disaffection in the Order growing out of the removal of
the Grand Lodge from Albany to New York, led Bro. Small
into active participation in the exciting transactions that ensued,
and brought him into intimate relations with John A. Kennedy,
that were only terminated by the death of the last named. That
the interest of the subject of this notice in the Order never flagged
for a moment, the pages of its recorded history furnish abundant
evidence. At the reorganization of the G. Lodge by a committee
of the G. L. U. S., imder a charter dated November 21st, 1837, the
officers were installed by P. G. S. Wildey — among whom was
Wilson Small as G. Warden. At the annual session of 1839 he
was chosen as Kepresentative of the G. Lodge to the G. L. U. S.,
as the successor of John A. Kennedy, who was elected G. Master
of the jurisdiction. As the supreme body failed to hold a session
for want of a quorum in that year, Rep. Small did not perform
any service in that capacity until the session of 1840, when he
was made chairman of the Finance Committee. On the 5th of
August of the same year he was elected to succeed John A. Ken-
nedy as Grand Master of New York, and was installed on the 7th*

ASO AMKUCAV ODD FKLLOWBHIP.

His administration was a remarkable saeoeBs, aa may be infenred
from the increase in lodges, 16 ; in initiations, S838 ; in oontrib-
nting members, 4147 ; and in lodge receipts, $80,450.17. Thia
rapid stride will be better nnderstood when it is stated that the
previous fiscal year closed with 28 lodges, 3912 members, and
$16,259.34 lodge receipts. At the annual session in 1842, he was
again honored by the G. Lodge to represent it in the 6. L. U. 8.
for the term of one year, during the administration of his friend
John A. Kennedy as G. Sire, to whom he was bound by stronger
ties than those of ordinary friendship. Singular to relate, he
again succeeded Kennedy, as chairman of the Committee on Pe-
titions. On the occasion of the re-establishment of the jGrand
Lodge of Massachusetts, in the city of Boston, on the 23d of De-
cember, 1841, P. G. Small rendered valuable assistance to Grand
Sire Kennedy, of which he made honorable mention in his annual
report In April, 1843, Grand Sire Kennedy issued a special
commission to P. G. Bep. Small to open and institute a Grand
Encampment in and for Oonnecticut, which duty he i>erformed
in New Haven, on the 20th of that month. Early in the same
year he deputized Bro. Small to proceed to Boston and institute
Massasoit Encampment, No. 1, the duties of which trust he dis-
charged on the 11th of February, 1843. At the opening of the
annual session in 1843, his friend Kennedy made him Grand
Marshal ^r^; tern, of the G. L. of U. S., in recognition of j>ersonal
aid and valuable services during his administration. Shortly after
Bro. Kennedy's advent into New York, he conceived the neces-
sity for an Encampment to be located in that city, and was
among the applicants to No. 1, at Albany, for the charter for Mt.
Hebron, No. 2. On the night of its institution, in 1834, he pro-
posed his co-laborer, Bro. Small, who was duly initiated at the
same meeting. In 1839 Bro. Kennedy induced Bro. Small to
withdraw from No. 2, and become one of the petitioners for a
charter for No. 3, to bo known as " Mt Sinai Encampment,*'
which was instituted in Shakspeare Hall, Duane and William
Streets, New York, July 13th, 1839, with the requisite number
of subordinates. Bros. Kennedy and Small immediately inaugu-
rated measures for obtaining a charter for a Grand Encampment,
as a new field in which to exercise their labors and interests in
the Order. The dispensation was accordingly applied for, and
the Grand Encampment of Now York was duly instituted in the

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN NEW YORK. 421

rooms of Knickerbocker Lodge, Shakspeare Hall, New York
City, on the ISth of August, 1839, when Bro. Small was elected
and installed Grand Senior Warden. In 1840 he passed the
chair of Grand High Priest, and in 1841 was made Grand Patri-
arch. In December, 1840, he withdrew from Mt. Sinai, No. 3,
and became a petitioner for Mosaic, No. 6, which was instituted
in tlie same month, at the comer of Grand and Clinton Streets.
He subsequently reunited with Mt. Hebron, No. 2 (now No. 4),
in which he still retains membership. While his aims and ser-
vices and judgment toward the Order were not measurably co-or-
dinate with those of Kennedy, they were, to a large degree, coad-
jutant. He was a sincere admirer and an earnest supporter of
Kennedy and all his plans for the elevation of the institution and
the spread of its principles and benefits. From the day they first
met, their attachment to each other was deep and lasting — their
confidence unshaken — their manly regard untarnished. In the
demise of Kennedy, they parted as they lived — friends and
brothers.

Thus has Bro. Small served the Oi*der for nearly half a century.
His love and admiration for the institution and its noble prin-
ciples are as fervent and sincere to-day as in the past. Although
in the 6i)th year of his age, he is, to all appearance, in the prime
of life. He occasionally visits the annual sessions of the G.
Lodge, but seldom participates in the debates or legislative pro-
ceedings. Whenever an occasion arises that makes it necessary
for him to come forward, it is invariably with reluctance, toper-
form a duty, not to court applause, which has no charms for his
pure and noble mind. His addresses are always distinguished
by their brevity, compression and close application to the point.
His life has been set off with that graceful modesty and reserve
which make even virtue more beautiful. His humanity apj)cars
in the minutest circumstances of his conversation. You find it
in the benevolence of his aspect, the complacency of his beha-
vior, and the tone of his voice. As a devout and devoted
member of the Episcopal Church, his religion is sincere, not
ostentatious and affected. In acknowledging God he finds the
purest satisfaction in walking in His fear. He recognises a re-
ligion of practice as one which teaches light and truth, love and
charity. His faith has never deserted him in all the vicissitudes of
existence, and he has shown in his life how a well-founded trust

493

AMKKICAN imu FE1.I.0WSH1I-.

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H 49S

^K * may luring happinese to tho liumaQ heart. In his poJitica] career

^K he has contributed much to t1ie establishment and propagation of

^B edncational and indaetrial iiitereeta, and to the prosperity of his

^H native city. He has always been true to this great aim. His

^^L character as a citizen, an official and an Odd Fellow, is uniform'

^^^^^^1 and consistent with itself, and has ever been held in the highest

^^^^^^V ^tiination and appreciation. His sense of honor is lofty and

^^^^^^F keen, his integritystemand inflexible; Ins principles arc founded

^^^^^^ in reason and supported by virtue; and, therefore, are not at

^M the mercy of ambition, avarice or resentment. His views are no

^^m less steady and unshaken than just and upright.

^^^^^H' In private life he has ever excelled in those qnalitiea that

^^^^^^1* render a man worthy of ail honest praise, love, respect and einu-

^^^^^^V lation. May the remembrance and contemplation of his many

^^^^^^B good traits of character iii&]>ire others with a desire to imitate

^^^^^B them.

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UPTON'S HOTEL^ DOCK ST., PHIL.A.DEI,PHIA, 1821.

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CHAPTER XVII.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNSYLVANIA.

We can scarcely find language in wliich to record our pride
in reviewing the early history of Odd Fellowship in Pennsylva-
nia. It lacks the incidents of peril and failure and resuscitation,
but has in lieu of them a growth and expansion which is so
great as to furnish boundless dramatic material. When we look
into the origin and subsequent career of its lodges, the other
parts of our territory seem to be comparatively barren. In some
States Odd Fellowship is tolerated, in others encouraged, and in
others is a potent force; but in Pennsylvania the Order is a part
of the body politic, and is enthroned in the affections of a great
people.

PENNSYLVANIA LODGE, NO. 1.

This lodge was formed in the City of Philadelphia, State of
Pennsylvania, December 26th, 1821, at the public-house of a
certain John Upton, No. 66 Dock Street, west of Second Sti*eet,
south side. John B. Robinson, of Franklin Lodge, No. 2, of
New York, being in Philadelphia on business, in company with
John Upton, invited a meeting of Odd Fellows at Upton's house,
through the newspapers, for the purpose of forming an Odd
Fellows' lodge. The meeting accordingly took place, the lodge
was formed, and appropriately named Pennsylvania Ix)dge, No.
1. Out of the persons present, the following were selected as
the first officers of the lodge, viz: John Pearce, N. G. ; James
Day, V. G. ; John B. Robinson, Sec. ; John Upton, Treas. ; and
ShihucI Croucher, Guardian. The lodge, thus formed, has sur-
vived through varied fortunes, until the present time, evincing
til rough its extraordinary career a wonderful energy of adminis-
tration and tenacity of life. The first member admitted was
Thorna? Hepworth, who was substituted as Sec. in place of John
B. Robinson, the latter being a resident of New York, thus con-
etituting tlio lodge of five resident members. The lodge, now

424 AMERICAN ODD FKLLOWSHIF.

* fiilly officoTody oontinned to meet at Upton's, and transacted baai-
nees alter the original convivial style of English lodges under
the jurisdiction of the Manchester Unity. SacoeBs resnlted ;.
the members rapidly increased, the accessions chiefly being Eng-
lish and Scotchmen. Gratified with the prosperity which had
rewarded their efforts, they began to look about for some legal
connection for the lodge. The members were aware that properly
chartered lodges existed in the United States, and were desirona
of forming a imion with such. To this end a correspondence
was first opened with the Maryland oiganization of Odd Fellows.
This proved to be unsatisfactory. Subsequently application was
made to Columbia Lodge, No. 1, of New York. This lodge had
received a charter from Duke of Sussex Lodge, No. 2, of Liver-
pool District, Manchester Unity. Pending this application, Co-
lumbia Lodge, No. 1, united with the G. Lodge of Md. and of
the U. S., and became a subordinate to the G. Lodge of New
York, whidi the former supreme body had created. Pennsyl-
vania Lodge, No. 1, thus frustrated • in its purpose, and aware
tliat the G. Lodge of Md. and of the U. S. had, through Thomaa
Wildey, consummated the plan of uniting the scattered lodgea
of Odd Fellows under its jurisdiction, by adding Columbia
Lodge, No. 1, of New York, and Massachusetts Lodge, No. 1^
of Massachusetts, to its subordinates, at once listened to the pro-
posal on that subject, and accepted a charter from G. Lodge of
Md. and of the U. S., and also a charter for the G. Lodge of Penn-
sylvania. These two charters bear date respectively 13tli of
June, 1823. The charter for Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, was
delivered by G. M. Wildey, without form ; but the presentation
of the charter for the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, and its institu-
tion, were somewhat formal, on 27th June, 1823. Some historic
discrepancy occurs touching this date, but it is of no material
importance. (See Journal G. L. of U. S., Vol. 1, page 58.)

JUNE, 1823.

This month forms a memorable epoch in the history of Odd
Fellowship in America. Previously the Order was scattered
throuirh the chief cities of the Union ; in Baltimore, Boston, New
York and Philadelphia, and possibly in some cities in the South,
wholly disintegrated and unaffiliated ; the lodges having no rela-

JOHN UPTON.

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ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNSYLVANIA. 42{^

tioiis whatever with each other; little, if any, standing in the
community, and less promise in the future. A union was now
formed of all into a systematic body, having one law, one ritual
and one language for its guidance. The transition was extraor-
dinary and thorough; from confusion and chaos to order and
uniformity ; from obscurity to publicity, subject to general ob-
servation and responsibility. Under such an ordeal, by the
wonderful skill and energy of the master spirit, Thomas Wildey,
was a federal union formed in Odd Fellowship, on the model
of our national system ; a moral temple, than which the world
can boast none greater. .But we return to Pennsylvania Lodge,,
and proceed to consider thQ personnel of which it was formed.

JOHN UPTON.

This name is intimately associated with early Odd Fellowship-
in Pennsylvania. We pass him down to posterity accordingly in
his original character, plain and unpretending, and distinguished
only by his just claim to respect as a citizen, and to zeal, energy
and devotion as an Odd Fellow. It is due to him and to his as-
sociates, as the originators of the lodge, that their early transac-
tions and successful movements in the cause should be recorded ;
that those who have lived to enjoy the blessings which the Order
confers, should know and appreciate the source from which they
were derived. John Upton was born in the county of Cheshire,
England, July 2Sth, 1772, and was a hatter by trade. Early in
his boyhood his taste and inclination led him to adopt a nautical
life. He passed twelve years in the British navy, five of which
Avere on board ship with Admiral Nelson ; during Nelson's cnnVe
on the Nile, and in his celebrated battle, near Trafalgar, Oct.
1805, with the combined fleets of France and Spain, in which he
won the A'ictory but lost his life. Upton retired from the sea as
he increased in years, when he worked at his trade. During this
period he united with the Order of Odd Fellows, under the Man-
chester Unity. He emigrated, after the war of 1812, to tlie
United States, and is found in Philadelphia in 1816. He fol-
lowed his trade in that city industriously, being a skilled me-
chanic; success crowned Ilia labors, and he was soon rewarded
with a competence. He mtennarried with an American lady
about 1820, when ho opened the hotel referred to, where he lived

426 iiMBBICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

QDtil Ilia doatli, Aug. 12th, 1S53. His bucpgsb in hie new calling
soon enabled him to purchase the premises, and to otherwise
«nl&rge his estate. Hia widow Burvived him for several yeare,
aud one eon, named James L. Upton, a highly respectable and
wealthy citizen, still resides in tlie city of Philadelphia, a
part of wboee estate consists of the Upton House, No. 6^ Dock
Street. John Upton sustained during his entire life the charac-
ter of an honest and honorable man, who was prompt and pimc-
tiliouB in bcsinesB. He enjoyed the esteem and respect of hie
brethren and fellow-citizens. For the picture from which the
aceompanying engraving was made, we-are indebted to his son,
Mr. James L. Upton.

Dock Street is the exception to William Penn's right-angled
plan for the streets in the Quaker City, and mars the checquer-
board arrangement Dickens describes as " distressingly regular."
Upton's Hotel was located on this street, a few doors west of
Second Street, south side, within one Bqnare of the Custom-
house, then in Second Street, one square from the Pennsyl-
vania Bank, and the old Coffee House, used as a Merchants'
Exchange, in Second Street, north of Walnut Street, and one
square from tlie Girard Bank, at the head of Dock, on Third
Street. It was in the centre of business, surrounded by the
best of buildings and offices. It was a popular first-clasa house,
and commanded a lai^ patronage. As far aa our researches
have extended, we have no evidence of the existence of any
records of Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, up to March 8th, 1826.
Occasionally we meet with a gleam of light in that direction,
from the barren minutes of the G. Lodge of the State, and some
fugitive scraps of history, in the form of detaclied reports and
decisions, which have survived by accident or good fortune.
Some memorials of that period also have been preserved aa tradi-
tions IVoHi contemporaries and faint surviving recollections.
Tliere are, however, on tlie roll, names which are imperishable.
Thej' have left upon our annals such an impress, tliat the history
would be incomplete were we to ignore them. Such of this claee
as we shall distinguish, are representative men, and Epecimens
«f the average early membership,

JOHH PKAECE.

John Fearee, bom in England, was a master mechanic. He
came to this country, and began business as a plumber, at No. 18

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JOHN PEARCE.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNBTLVAKIA. 427

South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, under the firm of John Pearce
<fe Co.; afterwards, at No. 76 South Fourth Street, below Walnut
Street. He was a Manchester Unity initiate, and earnestly
wedded to his form of Odd Fellowship. He was a man of de-
cided character, positive and unyielding in opinion. He repre-
sented his countrymen literally in his nature and disposition. He
was emphatically a leader in his day. He has left behind him
many evidences on the record of an enlightened mind, as well as
of a discriminating judgment His proclivity to self-will and
obstinate adherence to his opinions, were his chief peculiarities,
and in a great degi'ee limited his influence in the Order. He was
successful in his business pursuits, but was altogether too inde-
pendent in his course as an Odd Fellow to be personally popular.
He often displayed a peculiar diffidence, by avoiding personal
advancement, although his services and special fitness eminently
pointed him out as the proper man for the distinction.

For more than twenty years the journal of the G. Lodge of
the U. S. presents him as an earnest, active and efficient nieniber.
He was a leading spirit in many valuable enterprises, and always
looked forward with lively liope to the future as fraught with the
success of Odd Fellowship. When the Order, in its severe trial,
needed bold, persistent and true friends, Bro. Pearce acted out
liis true character, as an earnest, firm and fearless Odd Fellow.
No danger, however alarming^ nor throat, however portentous,
deterred him from a just defence of the Order, whose firm advo-
cate he ever continued to be. The bitter assaults of the Anti-
Masonic party in Pennsylvania, where it held high carnival,
slandering, denouncing and persecuting secret associations and
their friends, had for him no terrors, and did not relax for a
moment his zeal and devotion for Odd Fellowship. His charac-
teristic nature well fitted him for this kind of warfare, and he
indulged it to his heart's content He was what the world es-
teems a good-looking man, always neat and tidy in his apparel,
and pleasant spoken. His stature was small, but his frame was
square and solid ; he usually wore gold spectacles, and altogether
presented a fine appearance. His conversational powers were
good ; he was an agreeable companion, and was remarkable for
his taste and general information. He was among the most val-
uable and useful Odd Fellows of his day, and continued to be
a lifelong friend of the Order.

428 AltfKKTOAlff ODD FSLLOWdHlP.

At first he did not develop mnch energy as IX. G. of Lodge
No. 1| but this was soon exchanged for great activity, and for a
ceaseless devotion to the Order. In the G. Lodge of Pennsjlvar
nia, up to May, 1825, he was a quiet memb^. He then, it
appears, received the Golden Rule Degree. In temperament
Pearce and Upton resembled each otheri but they did not har>
monize. This discordance probably arose from Pearce's uncom-
promising opposition to the convivial feature of the Order. This
element of dispute was a growing one, arraying the members on
different sides, until it eventually subsided, after the removal of
the lodge to Seventh and Chestnut Streets, in March^ 1826, when
this feature was abolished. Pearce always denounced these in*
dulgences in plain English, which rendered him unpopular with
his countrymen. Ho was elected D. G. M. of Pennsylvania, June
18th, 1826. He was also the second G. Kepresentative from the
G. Lodge of Pennsylvania to the G. Lodge of the U. S., appearing
there at the May session, 1827. From June, 1827, when he was
an unsuccessful candidate for G. Master, his name does not ap-
pear on the journal, until April 27tli, 1829, when he was appointol
chairman of a committee to contract for fixing up the Fifth Street
hall, and at the same session his name appears on other iuipor-
tant committees. In June, 1831, he was again nominated for the
office of G. M. and defeated. In 1832 he removed to New Jer-
sey, and joined, by card, New Jersey Lodge, Ko. 1, at Camden.
Upon the institution of tlio G. Lodge of New Jersey, Aug. 3d,
1833, he was elected and installed the first G. Master of that
jurisdiction.

Bro. Pearce represented New York, as Proxy in the G. L. of
U. S. in 1833, and the G. Lodge of New Jersey in 1834 and 1835,
at wliich last session he was chosen D. G. Sire. He presided
over that Grand Body at the October session, 1836, and at the
May session, 1837, in consequence of the sickness of the then G.
Sire, G. Keyser, who died September 19th, 1837. Bro. Pearce,
in virtue of his official position as D. G. Sire, would, under the
present constitution, have succeeded to the office of G. Sire for
Bro. Keyser's unexpired term, but such was not the provision of
the then constitution ; in consequence of which G. S. Wildey was
chosen M. W. G. S. p, t, until the installation of the G. Sire elect.
At the October session, 1836, and May session, 1837, Bro. Pearce
was a Rep. from the G. Lodge of Pa. to the G. L. of the 1^. S,»

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNSYLVANIA. 429

and at the October session, 1838, when he was an unsuccessful
candidate again for G. Sire. In 1839, at the session of the G. L.
of the U. S. in Philadelphia, Bro. Pearce was D. G. Sire p, t,<,
sad at the annual session in 1840 he made a report from the
special committee on the New York controversy, which had met
in Albany, and at the session of 1841 he again reported from a
special committee upon the subject of a diploma form. Since
that period his name does not appear on that Journal. He sub-
sequently removed to New York city. In the latter part of his
life he became a Methodist minister, and as such, G. Sec. Ridgely
met him at a camp-meeting near the city of Baltimore, and had
the pleasure of passing a pleasant evening with him. He had at
that time fond memories of his early love for Odd Fellowship,
and discoursed pridefully of its magnificent mission. This was
about the year 1865. He died in 1869. His death was an-
nounced at the session of the G. L. of U. S. of that year, by Rep.
Ross of New Jersey, as Rev. Bro. John Pearce, P. G. Rep. of
New Jersey.

This brief biographical sketch presents a representative man
of his times, who, in co-operation with his compeers, toiled
earnestly for Odd Fellowship when its laborers were few and in-
experienced. It covers a period of twenty years, during all of
which time he was a zealous, active, and devoted brother to an
unpopular cause, but which, in his opinion, was full of good promise.
. Ho was called to fill many ofiices of the Order, from that of N.
G. of the first lodge in Pa., to that of D. G. Sire of the G. Lodge
of the U. S. John Pearce's name will go down to posterity as
the honored cotemporary of and co-laborer with Thomas Wildey,
and it will be ever cherished as that of a high-toned and honor-
able citizen and enlightened Odd Fellow.

His connection with the Order in New Jersey is our apology
for a short notice of its introduction into that locality,

NEW JBBSET.

But four States united in forming a G. Lodge of the United
States. No new States came in until 1827 and 1829. It was in
tlie latter year that New Jersey was invaded, by the organization
of a subordinate lodge. The petition came from brothers George
Dare, William A. H. Dare, Howell Stokes, William Middleton,

480 AMBBIOAH ODD FELLCmSHIP.

and George Bofieman. The O. Committee granted thezn a
charter for New Jersey Lodge, No. 1, to be located at Camden .
This was on the 30th day of March, 1829, and at the close of
the first decade. The Movable Committee say, ^^We visited
Camden in New Jersey, and opened New Jersey Lodge, No. 1.
We installed their officers, fhmished them with neceBsary infor-
mation, and left them with a good prospect of success." The
early history of this mother lodge has not been preserved. It
continued until the year 1835, when its charter was snrrendered.
It lay dormant until 1847, when the charter was reclaimed.
Since that time there has been no interruption to its prosperity,
and it is now strong and flourishing, as becomes the first on the
roll of the State.

The next movement was made in Paterson. The traditions
claim that ancient Odd Fellowship had been already planted in
that city. It seems beyond dispute that such was the fact.
These informal meetings began in 1828. It is even contended
that a regular lodge was instituted under a charter from the
Manchester Unity, but no such document has been fonnd. To
the contrary, P. G. S. Kennedy attributes the first movement at
this place to quite a different cause. We have, in the chapter on
New York, told the story of the erratic course of Strangers'
Refuge Lodge, No. 4, of that jurisdiction. The* lodge v^as ex-
pelled for insubordination. It then set up as a G. Lodge, but
had no success in that direction, and was glad to return. A dis-
pensation was granted to open a lodge in Paterson by this
spurious body, and the document, dated October 18th, 1828, pur-
porting to be " granted by the Strangers' Refuge Lodge of the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows, No. 1, of the City of New
York, to five brothers residing in Paterson, in the State of New
Jersey, to form a lodge under the name and title of the Benevo-
lent Lodge, No. 1, of the Paterson District," is preserved in the
archives of the G. L. U. S. In June, 1829, the Movable Com-
mittee healed the breach between No. 4 and its Grand Lodge.
On leaniing of the outstanding dispensation, they gave notice of
its invalidity, and requested the grantees to ask for a legal exist-
ence. The record of the G. L. of the U. S. is somewhat contra-
dictory of this story. That record as made up, is two months
earlier than the narrative. It reports a meeting of the 6. Com-
mittee on the 10th of April, 1829, to receive a petition. It waa

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNSYLVANIA. 431

from Brothers John Armitage, Abraham Dotickersly, William
Williams, John Douckcrsly, and James McKim, praying for a
charter for a lodge to be located at Paterson, New Jersey, and
hailed by the title of Benevolent Lodge, No. 2. The prayer was
granted, and the lodge opened. Kennedy says the original char-
ter fee which was to have been paid to the expelled lodge, was
turned over to Wildey for his G. Lodge. It is probable that the
P. G. Sire was correct, as the lodge was not opened until 1830. It
was not until August 3, 1833, that the G. Lodge of New Jersey
was established. G. S. Wildey presented the charter. Tlie fol-
lowing were elected and installed : John Pearce, G. M. ; Cris-
pin Taylor, D. G. M. ; William Thompson, G. W. ; S. Sutton, G.
Sec. ; J. R. Graham, G. Treas., and John Pearce, G. Rep. to the
G. L. of the U. 8.

John Pearce had the high honor of being the first elected
Bepresentative of New Jersey, and the second of Pennsylvania.
He represented the latter body in 1829.

But to return : James Day, the first Vice Grand of Lodge
No. 1, was bom in England, and was a dry goods trader, at No.
221 South Second Street, Philadelphia. He was an active
member of Pennsylvania Lodge, was highly respected by his
fellow-members, and occupied a very respec|>ble standing in the
business community. He was chosen first V. G. by common
consent, and was regarded with general favor in the organization
of the lodge. By some strange perversity, for a man of his posi-
tion in society and of his education, it turned out, upon his own
confession, that he had attended the first meeting at Upton's to
form a lodge of Odd Fellows in Philadelphia, and had participated
therein, passing himself off as an English Odd Fellow, when in
fact he had never belonged to the Order in England or elsewhere.
This fact was promptly communicated to the G. Lodge of the
State, where, as may naturally be supposed, it gave rise to morti-
iication, mingled with indignation and a general spirit of resent-
ment. The character of the offence awakened unanimity of
feeling, which resulted in the following peremptory action,
November 22d, 1824 :

" Whereas Bro. James Day, by his own confession, has been
guilty of imposition and fraud upon the Order, and whereas
such imposition and fraud is deserving of censure and punish-
ment. Therefore, be it ordered, that the said James Day be sua-

4S8 AHKJUGAK ODD FKLLOW8HIP.

pended from the rights and privil^es of the Order, antil the
fitting of the G. Lodge of Md. and of the XT^ S., and his case can
be decided npon. JReaohedj that a copy of these proceedings
bo sent to each lodge in this State, and to the 6. Lodge of Md.
and of tlie U. S." The case thus found its way to the anpreme
tribunal of the Order, at an adjourned session of that body,
held at Baltimore, Nov. 22d, 1824. This being also the precise
-date of its presentation in the O. Lodge of Pennsylvania,
error and discrepancy exist which we cannot reconcile ; it is
however by no means material. The order adopted in the
premises in the supreme body was also peremptory, and in the
following words : ^' Besohed^ that it be reoommendedj that the
«aid Mr. Day be excluded from entering any lodge of the L O. F.
throughout the globe." This order was considered at a specdal
meeting of the O. Lodge of Pa., held Dec. 16th, 1824, concurred
in, and the O. Sec. instructed to inform Mr Day of his expnj-
sion. Subsequently Washington Lodge, No. 2, of Pa., of which
Mr. Day had previously become a member by deposit of his
card from Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, moved by sympathy in
Mr. Day's behalf, which his personal popularity and active ser-
vice as an Odd Fellow had awakened, appointed a committee
to petition the G. Eodge of Pennsylvania to reconsider its deci-
sion. Tliis proceeding failed. The lodge was informed that the
Supreme Grand Body had confirmed the expulsion.

The lodpre was not to he so easily disposed of, but at once
addressed a fiirtlior appeal to the G. Lodge of Md. and of the U.
S. To this appeal a response was received declining jurisdiction
in the premises, and recommending the presentation of the
subject to the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania. These facts being
made known to the G. Lodge of Pa., accompanied by a petition
from Day for restoration to membership in tlio Order, March
14th, 1S25, the following resolution was adopted: ^^ liesolved^
that the said James Day be admitted to the rights and privi-
leges of the Order, on condition that he be regularly initiated,
provided the concurrence of the G. Lodge of Md. and of the
TJ. S. be had thereto, and that a committee of three be appointed to
confer with that Grand Body on the subject." At a special
session of the G. Lodge of Pa., held June 14th, 1825, official
information was communicated to that Grand Body, of the con-
currence of the Supreme Grand Body in the re-admission of

ODD FELLOWSHIP IK PENNSYLVANIA. 433

■James Day to the Order, upon compliance with the condition
imposed, when it was ^^Hesohedj that James Day shall be initi-
ated by this 6. Lodge, and be entitled to the degrees he has
received, upon payment of the amount of fees charged by the
subordinate lodge, and that a committee be appointed to convey
the above resolution to James Day' and receive his answer." At
a future day, specially assigned, August 1st, 1825, James Day
was regularly initiated into the Order by the 6. Lodge of Pa.,
upon payment of the usual fee, and by special permission was
readmitted a member of Washington Lodge, No. 2. He con-
tinued for many years thereafter to be a zealous Odd Fellow,
highly esteemed and respected by his brethren. The wonder
remains, how such a man could have been tempted to this de-
parture from good morals. Thus ends this singular episode in
the history of Pennsylvania Odd Fellowship.

The name of John B. Robinson appears on the record as
that of the leading spirit, in conjunction with John Upton, in
the formati<»ri of the first lodge of Odd Fellows in Pennsylvania.
After he had witnessed the accomplishment of this purpose, he
returned to New York, of which city he was a resident. At the
institution of the G. Lodge of New York by Thomas Wildey,
G. M., Juno 24:th, 1823, he was installed as the first G. M. of
that jurisdiction. We judge rather by the services which he
performed in the two jurisdictions than by any special facts noted
on the record, that Bro. Robinson was an intelligent and useful
member, and one to whose influence and character the Order is
largely indebted.

Samuel Croucher was also of English origin, and carried on
tlie business of cooper and ganger at No. 125 New Street, after-
wards at No. 22 Sugar Alley. He was the Guardian of the
first lodge, otherwise we have no mention of him by tradition or
on the record.

PENNSYLVANIA LODGE, NO. 1.

This lodge continued to prosper ; the existence of a State G.
Lodge had not diverted the attention of the members from the
subordinate. No other lodge had been instituted, nor was any in
contemplation. Washington Lodge, No. 2, was the next projected,
but was not chartered till February 2d, 1824. Little change, there-
28

484 AMBBIOAH ODD FBLLOWSHIP.

fore, was prodnoed in the Order by the formation of the G. Lodge
of the State. The all-abBorbing interest still centered in the
subordinate. There the convivial spirits met, and built their
social altar, around which they nightly worshipped, practicing Odd
Fellowship literally, as was their wont in England. Pennsyl*
vania Lodge, No. 1, under such auspices, became a Buccess,
socially, numerically, and financially, although the jurisdiction
was (K)nvul8ed with the anti-masonic delusion, from circumfer-
ence to its very center. Odd Fellowship nevertheless maintained
its position in spite of this deluge of popular fury. The greater
the persecution directed against the Order, the greater the per-
sistent devotion and heroism of the members ; thus the severe
trials of the lodge strengthened its love for the Order and its
tenacity of life. This experience entered into its education and
guided its career, adding to its members, resources, and useful*
ness. Ultimately the lodge rode out this great storm and sur-
vived it. It continued to prosper until the end of the first de-
cade of the Order, maintaining its position, filling its ranks with
new recruits, and furnishing abundant material for forming new-
lodges, in which way its greatest depletion of membership arose.
As new lodges increased, the spirit of emulation and jealousy
appeared among them and disturbed their harmony. The 6.
Lodge began to increase and to attract interest, and Lodge No.
1 found its influence, in a great degree, offset by younger liKlges.
Ultimately, suspecting adverse counsels in the Grand Body, it
became unfriendly to it ; which alienation incrcjised under the
encouragement of a young leader in the lodge, who led it to in-
subordination. As here begins an important epoch in the history
of the Order in Pennsylvania, threatening collision of jurisdic-
tion and endangering its union, the narrative will be given with
suflScient detail to render its salient points intelligible. The
facts in the matter of the insubordination of Pennsylvania
Lodge, No. 1, and the ultimate vacation of its charter by the
G. Lodge of Pa., cover quite an extended area, and ennbraee
various complications, but the essential issues lie in a nutshell.
We present them condensed only so far as they may be, without
the suppression of anything material, or the omission of any
principle or practice adjudicated. We have already stated tlie
case generally in the chapter on the G. L. of the U. S.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNSYLVANIA. 435

Thomas P. McMalion, a member of Pennsylvania Lodge, No,
1, was a candidate for the office of N. G. of the lodge. He had
not served in the office of V. G. for a regular term, as the law
required. To enable the lodge to overcome this objection, it
passed a resolution to suspend the law requiring service as V.
G., and elected and installed him N. G. Exception was taken
to this illegal proceeding, which the G. Lodge promptly sustained.
Contemporaneously with this, an appeal came before the G. Lodge
from one P. G. Field, who had been arraigned, tried and expelled
from Lodge No. 1 for unbecoming conduct. The state of irrita-
tion produced upon Lodge No. 1 by the very decided action of
the G. Lodge, in enforcing a general law coeval with the exist-
ence of the Order, was highly inflamed by the counsels and influ-
ence of Bro. McMahon. The revolutionary state into which the
lodge was plunged, awakened a corresponding purpose in the G.
Lodge to vindicate its authority. Thus the issue was at once
raised and the conflict set on foot. The loyal and conservative
minority of the lodge protested in vain, and ultimately sixty-nine
of the membership of Lodge No. 1 presented formal charges
against T. P. McMahon, their N. G. Subsequently a second
charge was preferred against Bro. McMahon.

These charges were referred to a committee, who reported
unanimously, that the charge " of subverting the G. Lodge was
fully and incontrovertibly established." A communication was
received from Bro. McMahon, of Lodge No. 1, accompanied by
a protest, which was, for want of time, postponed. This commu-
nication was considered at a subsequent day, and being regarded
as indecorous, an order was passed requiring from Bro. McMahon
an apology to the G. Lodge. A suitable apology was accordingly
presented and accepted. At a subsequent meeting of the G.
Lodge, the following communication was received from Lodge
No. 1 : " Resolved, that the G. Lodge be requested to furnish
this lodge a copy of the charges preferred against P. G. Thomas P.
McMahon, by some brothers of this lodge, so that we may ascer-
tain whether he is guilty or not, and if not guilty, that the said
charges may be not recorded against him." This communication
was postponed for the time being. Meanwhile, the committee
to whom the appeal of Bro. Field had been referred, made a re-
port, reversing the decision of expulsion against him by Pennsyl-
vania Lodge, No. 1, and ordering his restoration to membershipw

486 AMKUOAir ODD FBLLOWBHn*.

Upon the reception of this dedsion by Peniwylvania Lodges
a perfect tempest of passion carried away the majoiilyy who
passed a resolution peremptorily to return the paper to ibe O.
Lodge. This was accordingly done ; whereupon the O. Lodge
took proper order to vacate the charter of the lodge. The execu-
tion of this order was referred to a special committee. Their
report, accompanied with the following resolution, was made to
the O. Lodge, and was adopted, yeas 38, nays 7 : *' Resolyed,
that the Warrant or Dispensation of Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1,
be vacated, and the said lodge be dissolved, for a violation of the
rules and regulations of the Order and of this O. Lodge." The
O M. accordingly proceeded to carry into effect, as for as was
practicable, the order of vacation ; but in the effort to get the
charter of the lodge, it was found that it had been clandeatinely
removed. Bro. McMahon, meanwhile, having apologised to the
O. Lodge, after his apology had been declared satisfactory, pre*
sented a certificate of election as a P. N. G. of Pennsylvania
Lodge, No. 1. A ballot took place, and it was found that four
black balls had been deposited ; the ballot was thereupon renewed,
with the same result. Thus ended this senseless, stubborn and
wholly unjustifi&ble conflict of authority between a subordinate
and its superior. But the struggle on the part of No. 1 did not
end here. Upon the refusal of the G. Lodge of Pa. to admit P.
G. McMahon to monibership, an informal appeal was made by
Lodge No. 1 to Bro. Thomas Wildey, then G. Sire, which he in-
cautiously, and without autliority of law, entertained, and thus
unwisely gave " aid and comfort " to that lodge. His decision,
had it referred exclusively to the abstract question as to whether
a G. Lodge could go outside of a P. G.'s certificate of proper
service in the chair under the seal of his lodge for a full term,
and had he been authorized by law to take cognizance of tlie
appeal, might have been sound and conformable to our laws ; but
under the circumstances was wholly unwarranted.

The G. L. of Pa. so held, and firmly insisted on vindicating
its authority, to which Bro. Wildey and the G. L. of the U. S. in
the end gracefully yielded. Thus ended the unfortunate conflict.
The loyal material of Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, was subse-
quently re-chartered, and with various fortunes still survives.
To avoid detail we have omitted the quotation of official pro-
ceedings, authorities and correspondence.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNBYLVANIA. 437

The disloyal element continued a bitter rebellion for some
year or two, claiming to be the true G. Lodge of tlie State, and
struggling for the funds of the lodge. Receiving no countenance
or encouragement from the legitimate Order anywhere, it ulti-
mately submitted to inevitable collapse and disappeared. A
considerable portion of the funds was recovered by the newly
chartered lodge. There are some fugitive memorials of this early
and serious rebellion against the 6. Lodge of Pa., but they rather
interest the local jurisdiction than the Order at large ; we accord-
ingly pass them, remarking only, that the defence of the disloyal
lodge is presented in a printed pamphlet, entitled " The Testi-
mony of Truth," published in Philadelphia during the contro-
versy, to which the reader is referred.

After passing this severe ordeal, the reorganized Pennsylvania
Lodge, No. 1, maintained its former good standing, and con-
tributed its full share of materials for new lodges, which were
now springing up, when suddenly and unex|)ectedly, at a meeting
of the lodge, July 5th, 1843, when but few members were present,
without notice, a resolution was passed to surrender the charter
of the lodge, its books and funds, to the G. Lodge. So soon as
this information was generally diffused among the brotherhood,
it awakened a general sentiment of mingled surprise and sorrow.
The prompt and decided course of the G. Master of the State soon
checked this moveuient and preserved the life of tlie lodge.
Upon the application of a constitutional number of the members
for a restoration of the charter, it was, on July 24th, 1843, re-
stored, and on July 26th, 1843, the lodge was re-instituted by G.
M. John C. Yeager, after an interregnxim of two meetings.
Thus, with the loss of official life, by surrender of charter in
1829, making altogether four omissions of regular meetings in
54 years, this lodge presents a career of official life most extra-
ordinary.

It has earned a proud recor<l. It is still a great and flour-
ishing lodge, with a hundred and twenty-four members, three
thousand dollars in the treasury, and a resolution fixed in the
hearts of its members to hold its proud position as the pioneer
lodge of Pennsylvania. Few lodges or societies of men have
passed through the ordeal to which this lo(%e has been 8ubje<*t(»d.
Such appears to have been the experience of everj* j)ioneer
effort in social organizatioUi moral reform, science, art or general

488 AMKUOAH ODD FELLOWSHIP.

philofiophj, in none of which has nitimate BuoceaB been ftoeom-
plished without an arduous Btruggle. Extraordinary ciiciim-
atanoes produce extraordinary men, who are developed and
brought to the front by them. Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, is an
illustration of tliis principle; for in eveiy one of ita many
trials, during its battle for life, it could always rely upon the aid
and co-operation of the best and most reliable material. It is to
be hoped that this spirit of devotion to our Order will nevcsr die,
indeed that it may never slumber, in the good old commonwealth
of Pennsylvania, and that Lodge No. 1 may be perpetual.

SUBOBDINATB LODGES DUKINO THE FIB8T DECADK.

Washington Lodge, Ko. 2, the second lodge inatitnted in
Pennsylvania, was located in Philadelphia ; it was also the jfirst
chartered by the G. Lodge of the State, No. 1 having derived
its charter from the O. Lodge of Md. and of the U. S. The
charter of No. 2 was granted February 2d, 1824, upon the pe-
tition of K H. Bartle, David Perry, B. Travellers, Henry Groasi
Thomas Weatherby, James Clark and John Sturges. The lodge
was instituted March 23d, 1824. Its career since that day has
been a fortunate one. Its progress has been onward in an un-
broken line of official life. No check or hindrance of any kind
has interrupted its good fortune. Nor has it ever entirely sus-
pended payment of weekly benefits to its sick, for over a half
century. None of its founders now survive, and many of their
cotemporaries have also passed away. The minutes of the lodge
have been well kept, and are carefully preserved. These valu-
able memorials indicate that no one lodge in the jurisdiction
has contributed more liberally, from its ranks and from its
treasury, for the diffusion and welfare of Odd Fellowship.

Lodges Nos. 3, 8, 9, 13, 22 and 23 were chiefly recruiteil from
this lodge. The last two, Nos. 22 and 23, were liberally
assisted by a money contribution, amounting to ?377.S8. It has
had a groat tenacity of life, considering the heavy drafts made
upon it for the formation of new lodges, as well as the natural
losses from death, during its continued career. Superadd to
this heavy drain the ftarful and ceaseless loss arising from non-
payment of dues, which surpasses the mortality of the member-
ship, and we may well pause and admire the spirit of devotion

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNSYLVANIA. 439

and love for Odd Fellowship which has so bravely sustained
Washington Lodge, No. 2, especially when we consider that all
the early lodges set out upon the prevailing erroneous system of
^' dues and benefits," without regard to the just proportion of
the one to the other, arising out of the character and nature of
the risk, the circumstances of age, health, and such other con-
siderations as in a greater or less degree control the situation.

Here it may be appropriately remarked, for the benefit
of existing lodges, that if proper consideration had been given
to the subject of " dues and benefits " in early years, and to
tlie proper and just relation between them in regulating,
according to scientific rules, the ever-increasing and varying
risks of human life, instead of persistently and recklessly defy-
ing their daily monitions, our lodges would be as young and
vigorous, financially, as when in the meridian of life and
crowded with members. The records of this lodge are full of
experience, and demonstrate forcibly the value of such organiza-
tions. Instances are shown of relief to confirmed and chronic
invalids, who have been pensioners year after year until death ;
during all which period the lodge has faithfully discharged its
duty. In 1862 the funds of the lodge were so reduced that it
had to appeal for aid to tlie sister lodges of the State. This
appeal was promptly and generously responded to. Washington
Lodge, No. 2, was thereby enabled to maintain its position and
standing in the Order. It is at this time in a flourishing condi-
tion, with 232 members, and $2574.37 in its treasury. In March,
1874, it celebrated its semi-centennial anniversary. On that
occasion an interesting address was delivered»by Thomas M.
Armstrong, P. Q. The statements made by the orator were
chiefly of interest, by reason of their recital of memorials of early
Odd Fellowship in Pennsylvania, From this address we find
that its financial condition, at the close of the first quarter, was
as follows: Received from members, $48.09; from bar, $41.37;
from the proceeds of a ball, $7.67 ; making a total of $97.13.
The expenses were $84.18 ; leaving a balance in the treasury of
?12.95. The initiation fee was $2.00, weekly dues 6 J cents;
fiiHs, which appeared to be an important item of revenue, were
large and embraced a wide field. The by-laws provided that
every brother should pay 6i cents per week, whether he attended
the lodge or not.

440 AXIESIOAV ODD FBLL0W8HIP.

Originally, in England, tradition says, there were no regalar
dnes assessed, but only those present were required to paj 9i
cents on the Warden's axe. This by-law would appear to oonfiim
that tradition. The early minutes also enforce this idea, and
show that visiting brethren were required to pay 6i centa.
Visitors were frequently invited to occupy the officers' chaiis, and
to participate in the discussions and business of the evening.
Belief was also extended, as the demand arose, proportionately
to the state of the treasury and the necessities of the case. Can-
didates under 21 years- of age were eligible to membership up to
September, 1826, after which, and for a considerable time after
the first decade, the G. Lodge exercised the prerogative of grant-
ing dispensations to lodges for such a purpose. At the beginning
of the beneficial system, the amount generally allowed was $2.50-
per week. The initiation fee varied from two to three dollarsi
until it ultimately reached $7.50, which last amount created a
decided opposition among the lodges, resulting in the establish-
ment, by law, of a minimum rate of $5.00, leaving the maximnm
to the discretion of the lodge. Another article of the by-lawa
which suggests the English system of membership, was the pro*
vision of 25 cents for a deposit of card.

The withdrawal card used in Pennsylvania during the latter
part of the first decade, when each lodge supplied its own cards,
contained the following proviso : " The brother who holds this
certificate must deposit the same in a lodge, after getting eiiiploy-
ment, provided ho is within five miles of where a lodge is held.''
As it was obligatory upon the brother to deposit his card, under
such circumstances, it must have been correspondingly obligatory
upon the lodge to receive it. This loose system, with many other
illy devised schemes, was superseded by the necessity of proper
protection to the lodges and of their treasury. It was wholly
abandoned, and the wise and prudent system adopted, giving the
lodge the right of investigation of character, of ballot, and the
payment of proper fees. It was in fact the main source of diffi-
culty between the American Order and the Manchester Unity,
at Wigan, England, in 1842, on arranging for visitations to
lodges by their respective members, to each other's lodges, and it
ever will continue to be a diflBculty in that direction, when that
question shall, if ever, be again seriously considered. The tenn
of office, at the time referred to, was for three months, or a
quarter.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNSYLVANIA. 441

As the Order grew numerically, the contest became active
among the members, the P. Grands frequiently opposing the N.
G. for the N. G.'s chair, and several candidates running for each
chair. The zeal and activity of the members of this lodge was a
matter of observation and remark. In 1828, the lodge initiated
109 candidates ; in 1829, 152 were initiated. The record also
shows that many were rejected. To contrast Odd Fellows' lodges
in early days, as then conducted, with those of the present day,
we present the following account of a lodge meeting, furnished
by P. G. M. Pryor, of this jurisdiction, who was initiated April
13th, 1824.

There was, says Bro. Pryor, in one comer of the lodge
room a regularly fitted up and furnished bar, under charge of
an officer called the Host^ who conducted it for the benefit of the
lodge, the receipts, as we have seen, being a part of the revenue
of the lodge, kept open, however, only during lodge hours ; the
seats or benches, occupied by the members, being supplied with
shelves for the glasses, mugs and pipes. After the lodge was
opened, the first step in business, by the N. G., was to direct the
members to make their calls upon the Host for what they wanted
to drink, and to pay for it ; this being done, and the supply forth-
coming, the N. G. would rise and offer a sentiment, to which all
present drank. He would then call first on the V. G. and on
each oflicer in turn, who would in like manner offer a sentiment.
After the various sentiments and toasts of the officers had been
drank, the lodge business would proceed by reading the minutes
of the last meeting. If a candidate was in waiting for initiation,
which was usually the case, that ceremony was dispatched,
when the N. G., at the conclusion of it, would offer the usual
toast, to wit : " The health, wealth and prosperity of our newly
initiated brother, with the honors of the Order," which were
^^i ven with vim, and his health drank with corresponding zest The
members would now renew their calls upon the Host during
the business hours of the lodge, but were always orderly, none
becoming intoxicated, or in any manner disturbing the harmony
of the proceedings. Strict moderation was enjoined, and all ex-
cesses discouraged and punished. The N. G., in the al)sence of
other subjects of interest before the lodge, would during the
evening occasionally call upon some member or visitor for a toast,
sentiment or song, which was generally responded to. When the

442

AMEBIOAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

hour arrived for closing, which was punctually observed, the
cabalistic phrase of " closed in Ancient Form " was recoided on
the minutes \yith the general transactions of the night.

The following is a copy of the minutes of one of those meet-
ings, taken from an historical sketch prepared by Bro. T. N.
Armstrong, P. G.

Philadelphia, April 13th, 1824.

At a stated meeting of Washington Lodge, No. 2, 1. O. O. F.,
Tield this evening in Bread Street, the following passed:
"(videlicet) Toast by N. G. Bartle, " The President of the United
jotates." Toast by the same, " Odd Fellowship throughbut the
Globe." Minutes of the preceding meeting read and adopted.
•Committee of inquiry in tne case of S. Pryor reported favorably.
Y. G. Weatherby appointed Bro. Gravenstein R. Supporter,
Bro. Childs, L. Supporter. A ballot was taken, and S. Pryor
viras unanimously elected. The dispensation was presented to
Lodge No. 2, with a hope that it will be used with discretion,
and become an ornament to the Order. Mr. Pryor was duly
initiated into the mysteries of the honorable Order, and paid
two dollars. Bro. Cross sang, "Far, far removed from noise and
-smoke." Bro. Craycroft proposed for membership. Win. J. Bur-
niston, turner, Cresson Alley, near Fifth Street, aged 32 years.
Toast by N. G. Bartle, " Unity." N. G. Bartle proposed A.
McDowell as a candidate. Song by D. G. M. bmall, " Ben
Bob Stay." Toast by V. G. AVeatherby, "Union among Odd
Fellows tlirouo:liout the Globe." N. G. Bartle suggested the
propriety of having a ball on Monday evening ; and upon
taking the yeas and nays, the yeas had a majority. A connnittee
consisting of Brothel's Kiehardson, Cross, Gravenstein, Pryor
and Parry were appointed to make arrangements. The Investi-
gating Committee reported favorably on S. Whittle; when upon
ballotting he was duly elected and initiated into the mysteries of
tlie Order, and ])ai(l '^1.50. N. G. Bartle and Bros. Thaekera, Gra-
venstein, (.'hilds, Cross, Weatherby, Craycroft, Parry and Gihnore
paid each ()\ cents. Toast by N. G. Bartle, ''The health, wealth and
prosperity of the Grand Lodge," (with the honors of the Order).
Toast by D. G. ]\r. Small, *' ]\ray yon prosper and never know
want." Toast by X. G. Bartle, " Health, wealth and prosperity
to our newly initiated brothers, may they live long and die
happy," (with the honors of the Order). liesolvcd : That the
books brought this evening by P. G. Richardson, be accepted
and the bill i)aid. Bro. Cross sang, " Lango Lee." Toast by
P. G. Day, ''Alay you meet more numerously and never less
respectably," N. G J^artlc^ proposed G. CornwcU as a candi-
date, residence Iliirh Street, above Eleventh. Bros. Parrv and
<jilniore were appointed a connnittee of inquiry. Amount col-

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNSYLVANIA. 443

lected $5.18. Amount collected from bar, $2.25. Total, $7.43.
N. G. Bartle sang " Auld Lanff Syne. " Toast by V. G.
IVeatherby, " Odd Tellows, may tney ever enjoy an independent
spirit." After which the lodge was closed in Ancient Form.

J. Aiken, Jr., Sec. pro tern,

Wayne Lodge, No. 3, was chartered December 16th, 1824,
upon the petition of R. H. Bartle, M. G. Carlin, Samuel Pryor,
Samuel Whittle, Jesse Childs and William Fowler. It was in-
stituted on the fifth anniversary of the Order, Dec. 26th, 1824.
From the experience and peculiar adaptation of Bro. Bartle as
a presiding officer, it may be taken for granted that No. 3 fol-
lowed in the footsteps of Nos. 1 and 2. The minutes of No. 2
record the fact, that social visitations from sister lodges were no
uncommon thing, and, whilst they had abandoned recording the
convivial transactions, the payment of a grocery bill, and the
postponement of the hour of adjournment, are items suggestive
of the peculiar business indulged in on such occasions. The
lodge for some reason was obliged to surrender its charter, Oct.
8th, 1827. The Order was now moving slowly, the lodges gen-
erally doing but little business. With the exception of Lodge
No. 4, which was located in the upper part of the county, no new
lodge was chartered for over three years. On September 29th,
1828, the charter of Wayne Lodge, No. 3, was restored. It was
immediately reinstated, and resumed its work, together with the
six new lodges which had been chartered during the year. Re-
juvenated by a new impetus, it at once moved off prosperously,
and has since never flagged, having upon its roll, March 1st,
1875, 232 members, and $1617.44 in its treasury.

Morning Star Lodge, No. 4, situated in Kensington, near
Philadelphia, was instituted March 13th, 1826, under a charter
from the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, granted Feb. 13th, 1826.
When instituted, Kensington was in the county of Philadelphia,
north of the city line, and the location was known as the suburbs
of the city. The G. Sec. Samuel Pryor, in a letter to the G.
Sire, dated Nov. 22d, 1826, as a reason for an early supply of
degree books, remarked that this lodge was located a consider-
able distance from the city. The first place of meeting provided
for this lodge was on the Frankford Road, opposite to Bedford
Street, the name of which had been changed to Wildey Street.
Tlie place selected was over a tavern kept by one Taylor Brandt

444 AXXBIOAV

For a Blunt timei the prictioe of liaving drinls ondered up to die
lodge WIS indulged, after lodge honni and also of enjoying
song, toast, and sentiment, after the English atjle. We are in-
debted to Bro. John Devlin, one of the most aetiTe members of
the Order, now a member of Pennsjrlvania Lodge, D'o. 26, and
of Siloam Encampment, No. 17, boarding at this hooae when the
lodge was instituted, for some interesting and rather amnaing in-
cidents connected with Odd FeUowship of that daj. The forma*
tion of the fourth Lodge was the first movement to extend the
Order beyond the city. It became the pioneer lodge in build-
ing an Odd Fellows Hall. The magnitude of the undertaking in-
volved the lodge, and although its experience was depreBsiiig and
embarrassing, it succeeded in erecting, and occupying for a time,
a substantial, handsome and imposing edifice on Richmond Street
This building was formally dedicated to the purpoaea of the
Order in May, 1831. Bro. Howell Hopkins, P. O. Sire, delivered
the dedicatory address, in his usual happy and eloquent atyle.

The G. Lodge of the State undertook to assist the lodge in
this indiscreet enterprise, by creating a loan for the aid of the
hall debt, but the scheme failed, and the building waa sold by the
creditors on Nov. 20th, 1833. It was purchased at Sheriff's sale
for $4300, by Bro. H. Hopkins, P. G. Sire. Bro. Hopkins
oflTered the property to the G. Lodge at its cost, which was quite a
low figure. Efforts were again made by the G. Lodge to inter-
pose, but witliout success. This building remained the property
of Bro. Ho]>kins until his death ; it was then sold by his legal
representatives, and was purchased by Kensington Lodge, Xo.
211, of tlie Masonic Order, by which it was altered at a heavy
expense, and adapted to their convenience and taste. It is now
one of the handsomest Masonic Temples in the State outside of
the city of Philadelpliia. Thus ended the premature attempt of
this lod^re to erect a hall for its accommodation, a result which
reasonable calculation might have justly predicted. Morning
Star Lodge, No. 4, was staggered by tliis serious experience •
nevertheless it struggled through the darkest days of the Order»
until August 17th, 1840, when it succumbed to the necessities of
its position, and surrendered its charter. Its suspension of work
was of comparatively short duration. On March 22d, 1841, the
charter was restored upon a constitutional application, and the
lodge was reinstated, March 26th, 1841, and is now in a highly

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNBTLYANIA.

445

prosperous condition. Such was the ordeal through which most
of the pioneer lodges of the State had to pass. The struggle and
sacriifices incident to such fearful experiences, to enable them to
maintain their existence, displayed a heroism and zeal worthy of
the great cause which animated them. This lodge has now 266
members, and $6868.56 in the treasury.

Franklin Lodge, No. 5, was applied for by Lawrence O'Con-
nor, Ezra T. Garrett, Benjamin Bates, Jr., Stephen Child, James
L. Harris, John Brook, and William Stratton, and was chartered
January 14th, 1828. It was instituted soon thereafter, nearly
two years having elapsed since the charter was granted for No. 4.
During this interval a great change had taken place. The bar
and all convivial practices had been formally abolished, and the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows had been thorouglily Ameri-
canized. Franklin Lodge, No. 5, was the lirst new lodge opened,
under the auspicious promise, and nobly did the lodge in its
career of life respond to the just expectation foreshadowed by the
new era which had been entered upon. The early minutes of
the lodge have been lost, a misfortune which appears to have
been frequent in the Order. Diligent search has been made
for the book, but without success. This misfortune may deprive
us of some incidents connected with the refonned order of lodge
work, and of its manner of introduction. We are not in doubt,
however, of the important fact that Franklin Lodge, No. 5, was
a perfect success, nobly fulfilling its mission as a prosperous and
zealous subordinate lodge under the jurisdiction of the G. Lodge
of Pennsylvania. It now numbers 255 members, with a fund of
$12,076.50.

General Marion Lodge, No. 6, was authorized by the G.
Lodge of Pennsylvania upon the application of John Cross,
James McMullin, J. H. Wilson, Isaiah Quig, Wm. Graham,
Lewis Huntsman, Chalkley Baker, and Peter Frank, on March 10,
1828, upon the condition that it should be held in Kensington,
or in the city. The lodge was instituted in the hall at Seventh
and Chestnut Streets, and has continued to meet in the city since,
with a reasonable success. It has had the good fortune to possess
among its members enough active and attentive material to
maintain its organization in proper health, and to always meet
its just obligations to its membership. It has now 126 members^
with a fund of $1534.59.

446 AKBSIOAN ODD FBLLOWBHIP.

Hermann Lodge, No. 7, was inBtitnted upon the petition of
Henry Heiser^ John B. Schambaugh, John Diddlebouch, Israel
Gardey, Charles H. Leigh, Michael Freid, Abraham Kniauros and
Lewis Hurilson, presented to the Orand Lodge, June Otb, 1828,
for a charter for a lodge to be located in Kensington, to work in
the Oerman language, to be called Herman Lodge, No. 7. The
charter was granted July 14tb, 1828. The lodge waa inatitnted
July 28th, 1828. This was the second German lodge chartered
in tiie United States ; William Tell Lodge, No. 4, at Baltimore^
Maryland, having been chartered Jan'y 16th, 1827. By
the authority of the G. Lodge of the U. S., the G. L. of
Pennsylvania appointed a committee to have the work trana-
lated into the German language. This was done, and was the
first translation of the ritual into a foreign language. It after-
wards become the property of the G. Lodge of the U. S. The
uninterrupted harmony and prosperity of the German lodges,
up to the present time, confirms the wisdom of this action of the
G. Lodge. Associations for the encouragement of provident
foresight and proper protection of their families in case of sick*
ness or misfortune, seem to be in sympathy with the German
character. The effort of the Germans appears very generally to
be put forth in securing a home and refuge for their sick and
suffering. The German lodges are among the most successful
in the Order throughout the general jurisdiction. This lodge
has now 371 members and $6225.69 in its treasury.

Rising Sun Lodge, No. 8, was chartered July 14th, 1828^
upon tlie petition of Joseph Burroughs, Robert Tomlinson,
Thomas Pendlebury, James W. Charlton, and others. It was
instituted July 28tli, 1828. It was designed at first to be located in
llising Sun Village, about three miles from the city and two miles
from Frankford, but, from some cause not now known, it was
instituted at the General Pike Hotel in Frankford, where it is still
located, being a part of the 23d ward of the city. The members
generally were Englishmen, engaged in the various manufactures
located in tlie neighborhood, but gradually citizens joined it
from all nationalities, and its career began to brighten. It has
had for many years good fortune, and fulfilled its mission suc-
cessfully. Of late years, however, it has been sustained chiefly
by the most persistent efforts of its members. An appeal to the
other lodges in the State for assistance, met with a prompt and

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNSYLVANIA. 447

liberal response. The members are comparatively few in num-
bers and advanced in years, affording an example which should
be a timely warning, for a proper adjustment by lodges of their
scale of dues and benefits. The membership numbers 57, and
the funds amount to $665.78.

Mechanics' Lodge, No. 9, was located in the city of Pitts-
burgh. The charter was granted December 29th, 1828, upon
tthe petition of James Wright, P. G. of Washington Lodge, No^.
1, of Baltimore; Wm. Creacey and Joseph Charles of Washington
Lodge, No. 2, Philadelphia ; James Paul and John Byers, of
Morning Star Lodge, No. 4, of Philadelphia. The name of
Wm. Creacey was stricken from the petition. The lodge was
instituted January 6th, 1829, by Thomas Small, P. G. M., as Sr
special deputy. This was the first lodge instituted in Pennsyl-
vania outside the city and county of Philadelphia, and the first
Odd Fellows' lodge instituted west of the Alleghany Mountains.
In view of this important fact, the G. Lodge adopted proper
legislation to guard and protect it, as a pioneer lodge in a dis-
tant county, and to maintain a proper supervision over its ope-
rations. Accordingly the following proceeding was had : "i?e-
solved : That the G. Master be authorized to appoint a D. G^
M. to reside in Pittsburgh, who shall hold his office during the-
remainder of the term of service of the present G. M., and may
again be appointed by his successor, subject always to removal
by the G. Lodge. His duty shall be to see that the ancient
rules and customs of the Order are adhered to, and that the con-
stitution, charges, regulations and laws of the 6. Lodge be
obeyed. He shall transmit to the G. Secretary quarterly reports
of the lodge, together with the percentage of their income, and
all communications to the lodge shall be made through him.
He shall from time to time inform the G. Lodge of the situa-
tion and progress of the lodges under his charge. He shall be-
permitted to wear the same regalia as is worn by the elected
D. G. M., and shall be treated with the same respect as if he
were present."

In the month of May, 1829, soon after the organization of thi&
lodge, the house in which it was located took fire and burned
down, the lodge losing severely in fixtures, regalia and lodge
paraphernalia. The G. Lodge regarding the loss as a severe ca-
lamity to the whole Order, involving, as it did, tlie success of the

448 AMKBIOAJI ODD nLLOWSHZP.

moToment in diSiifiing the qrstom westward, appointed a com-
mittee to lay the Bubjeot of assistance to the lodge before the
Order in the city and county of Philadelphia. This oonunittee
subsequently reported that the following lodges had contributed
the several sums affixed to their respective names, to wit : Penn-
sylvania Lodge, No. 1, $15.00 ; Washington Lodge, No. 2, $15.00
Morning Star Lodge, No. 4, $5.00 ; Franklin Lodge, No. 5, $10.00
Oen. Marion Lodge, No. 6, $5.00 ; Herman Lodge, No. 7, $5.00
Kensington Lodge, No. 11, $5.00 ; Jefferson Lodge, No. 12, $5.00
Philadelphia Lodge, No. 13, $5.00. The contribution, eonsider-
ing the magnitude of the lose, was light ; but the Order, at the
time, was, comparatively speaking, poor and feeble in resources,
each lodge being actively engaged in providing for its own imme-
diate necessities, and at times struggling for its own ezistenca
Nevertheless, the amount was gratefully received and wisely
applied. This act of fraternal kindness soon brougbt the Older
in Pittsburgh into favorable notice and made it popular. With
the encouragement thus received, it soon re-establii^ed its lodge^
and began to prosper.

The Order has continued to prosper in AUeghany County,
being the second county, as Pittsburgh is the second city, in the
State, in which the Order was established, maintaining the same
relative position in Odd Fellowship, ranking next to Philadelphia
in the number of lodges, members and wealth. This was an
important point at which to repair the loss sustained, as well as
to strengthen the position. At that day the tide of emigration
was active, and mainly directed westward, through this growing
manufacturing city. Long before the advent of railroads, this city
was the great highway to the west. There was no place on the
American continent better adapted for facilitating the diffusion
of our Order, and none, it is believed, which contributed more in
that direction than Pittsburgh. It was the central point of trav-
ellers and emigrants going west and returning east. The lodge
wisely instituted at this point, rapidly recovered from its severe
trial and increased its numbers. Many instances are related of
timely assistance rendered to weary and afflicted brethren and
their families who were seeking new homes in the west, as well
as on their return in disappointment and distress. Certain it is
that this was the germ of our present magnificent western juris-
dictions. The spirit of emigration to the west, in those days, was

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNSYLVANIA. 4^9

epidemic ; it was universal, it was the common sentiment. Tho
number who had sought homes in that country had described it
in letters to their friends as a paradise. Many, however, as a
matter of course, returned sadly disappointed. The discovery
made was, that labor and toil are not the less the heritage of tlie
race, westward than eastward, and that the bread of life is the
reward of the sweat of the brow only.

Yet the course of this immense procession was through Pitts-
burgli generally, and thousands of Odd Fellows were added to
the Order through the instrumentality, directly or indirectly, of
Lodge No. 9 of that city. No. 9, in addition to its individual
loss arising out of the fire which destroyed its lodge-room and
furniture in May 1829, was a severe sufferer by the great fire
which laid waste a large portion of the city of Pittsburgh in the
summer of 1845. On that occasion, by authority of the Grand
Lodge of the State, it made an appeal to the sister lodges in the
United States. This appeal was promptly and generously re-
sponded to by a contribution of $7601.46, being an excess over
the loss sustained of $1358.4:4. The surplus was invested for
the relief of the widows and orphans of Odd Fellows in the city.
We are happy to say that Lodge No. 9 continues to be a pros-
])erous lodge, notwithstanding its several trying ordeals. This is
the only lodge in Pittsburgh which belongs to the first decade of
the Order.

This lodge being originated by members of the English type
of social Odd Fellows, which imposed but few restraints upon the
membership, did not meekly acquiesce in the authority claimed
by the D. G. M. appointed to supervise them, who was not re-
ceived very cordially by it. This feeling did not improve ^sdth
the increase of the lodge. The opposition did not appear at first
to be so much against the man appointed by the G. Master, as
against the ofiicer. The great difficulty in giving general satis-
faction induced G. M. Josepli Brown to allow the P. G.'s of the
district to select the offi(!er, to be recommended to him for ap-
pointment. This course on the part of the G. Master was con-
ciliatory and wise. It had the effect designed of superinducing
a corresponding spirit. It did not, however, render the office of
District Deputy G. M. a desirable one. The regulation, how-
ever, was a good one under the circumstances, and at tlie time
it was introduced was a jK)litic device. It was continued until
29

I

450 AMEllICAJI ODD FELLOWSHIP.

1847, when G. M. Joseph S, Sanger, for Borae aatiafactory reason^
refused to appoint the P. G, eeiected, and exercised his constitci-
tional prerogative independently. He appointed a brother
named W. 0. Meredith, D. D. G. Master for the Pittsburgh,
District. Tlie lodges, then numbering six in the district, re-
fused to receive or recognize liim as D. D, G. M. The appoint-
ment was reported to the G. Lodge, and was approved by that
body. The refusal of the district to receive the District Deputy
G. M. was also reported to the G. Lodge, which had no alterna-
tive but to enforce obedience to the law. Chaises were preferred
against the offending lodges, which were referred to a committee,
by which they were investigated and eiistained. The result was
the forfeiture of the charters of Noa. 9, 24, 45, 64, 182, and 241»
on Oct. 18th, 1847.

These lodges remained out of the Order for the official term
of the D. D. G. M. whom they had rejected. At the expiration
of his official tenn, tliey petitioned the G. Lodge for reinstate-
ment. The lodges offending had not surrendered their respective
charters and effects. The G, Lodge, when informed of this fact,
on the 25tii of August, 1848, authorized D. D. G. M. Geo. R.
McFariane, of Blair county, to demand and receive in its behalf,
from suid lodges, their respective charters and preperty required
by the laws. The several lodges promptly complied with this
requisition, wlien au immediate restoration of the charters of bU
the lodges to their former standing was authorized by the G.
Lodge, on tlie ISth day of October, 1848, Their funds and all
other projjerty surrendered, were also restored. It is due to the
truth of history and to the preservation of important facts, that
the circumstances and agencies through which this happy ad-
justment of an unfortunate conflict between the G. Lodge and
this important subordinate district was effected, should be set
forth. In justice to the lodges, the following extracts have been
taken from D. D. G. M. McFarlane's report to the G. Lodge of
Pennsylvania on the subject. Vol, 2, page 2.52, Journal G, L.
of Pa.

The D. D. G. M. remarks that, "Tlie charters and property
declared forfeited a year since, were never actually or legally
demanded, until demanded by me, and then they were promptly
surrendered. Bro. Meredith, D. D. G. M., attempted to carry off
tlie charter of Iron City Lodge by force, and did carry away

ODD FKI.t.OWBl!Il* IN PENNSVI.VANIA. ^gj

their charge hooka. Tho cliartera and property of the other
lodges he demanded by letter, whicli, as a matter of couree, he
did not receive. A demand made in the name of the G, Lodge
for these charters and properties, by any Odd Fellow not per-
sonally objectionable, would have been complied with at any
time since the suspension, I have every reason to believe that
the work of the Order has been faithfully adhered to during the
suspension, and the brethren liavc been careful to avoid giving
additional cause of offence to the G. Lodge ; that the members
of the suspended lodges, as a body, are men to wliose keep-
ing the interests and the honor of the Order may be safely
confided, notwithstanding their past delinquency, the result
rather of impulse and thougiitlessnesa than of deliberation or
mature judgment, I have met them all, witli the exception of
Gonier Lodge, No. 64, at their lodge rooms; while my inter-
course with the members of No. 64, personally, has satisfied me
that they are no exception to the general rule, I can confi-
dently say, that nowhere have I sat in better conducted lodges,
or met with Odd Fellows with whom I could more readily fra-
ternize ; nowhere have T witnessed a more elevated attachment
to the Order, a greater interest in its prosperity, or a more
ardent desire to participate in ita privileges and benefits.
Most sincerely do I wish that you, my bi-ethron, could have been
present at the surrender of the charters and final closing of the
lodgo rooms in Pittsburgh and Alleghany City; could have
witnessed, as I did, the sincere regret, tho unaflected eoitow, the
manly grief with whicli they saw the portals of tho temple
where tiiey had Iwen used to worship together at the shrine of
Friendship, Love and Truth, closed upon tliem, for a brief, yet
uncertain period. You would have felt, ae I feel, ardently desirous
for a re-oiwning of their hall, and a speedy restoration of our
erring brethren to a full and free participation in the privileges
of our beloved Order."

Alter the reading and adoption of this report, the petition
asking for a restoration of the cJiarters was referred to a special
committee. The committee was judiciously selected, and wa»
compoBcd of some of the best members of the Grand Body.
Bro. A. B. Grosh was the chairman. As an evidence of the
spirit of conciliation which animated the committee, the follow-
ing closing paragraph of their report is annexed. After rebuking

452

AMXBIOAN ODD RLLOWBHIP.

the request to have the honon of oOce^ claimed to have been
obtained by the service of officers during their snspenaion, which
they ignore out and out, the committee remark, *' All else is freely
forgiven, cheerfully granted, joyously concurred in. Let the past
be but as a troubled dream, and mother and daughters unitedly
awakening from the darkness of this long night of sorrow and
sadness, arise and put on their beautiful garments, and shine
forth once more in the glorious light of Odd Fellowship, mnto-
ally rejoicing in each other's affection and prosperity."

As a remarkable and highly commendable incident of this
Fittsbuigh experience, the fact is worthy of publicity, that the
lodges continued their work uninterruptedly, and all applications
to them for relief were promptly and liberally met They never
availed of their difficulties to excuse themselves when a needy
and deserving brother ask^d for relief. This lodge. No. 9, con-
tinued, after its restoration, to prosper, until 1860, when it sur-
rendered its charter. Afterwards, in 1862, a proper application
was made for a restoration of charter, which was granted, and
the lodge is now highly prosperous. Number of members, 92.
Funds, $3331.23.

Philomathean Lodge, No. 10, was chartered December 29th,
1828, upon the petition of Charles Kowand, W. M. Tenner,
Henry Birchall, James Qifford, Wm. Witworth, Eobinson Law-
son, Wm. Batton, John Hart, and Ebcnezer Forsyth. The
name of W. M. Tonner was stricken off before tlie grant was
made. The lodge was instituted Fcb'y 14th, 1820, by G. M.
Isaac Brown and P. G. M. Thomas Small, in Gcrmantown, in
the county of Philadelphia, about six miles from the city, now
the 22d ward. No. 10 has been one of the most successful lodges
in Pennsylvania, never failing for a moment in its career since
its organization, in the discharge of its obligations to its mem-
bers, or in its duty to the Order. It has not been more true
and faithful to its practical illustration of the principles of Odd
Fellowship, than it has been a just source of pride and congratu-
lation to the membership for its prosperity aud decided success
as an Odd Fellows' lodge. This lodge owns a large and commo-
dious hall, and has also an invested fund of $17,530.4:8. Its
membership numbers 573. It was the first lodge which carried
through, without embarrassment, its undertaking to build an Odd
Fellows' Hall for its exclusive occupancy.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNSYLVANIA. 453

Kensington Lodge, No. 11, was located in Kensington Hall,
with Nos. 4 and 7, and its charter bears date February 25th,
1829. The names of the petitioners do not appear in the minutes
of the G. Lodge. There is some discrepancy between the minutes
and the charter itself. The date of the charter ought to be
satisfactory evidence of the time it was issued, but the proceedings
of the G. Lodge of February 23d show otherwise. The record
in the G. Secretary's office fixes Feb. 27th, 1829, as the time it
was instituted. The original minutes book has been lost, it is
therefore impossible to harmonize these dates. It is, however,
unimportant, as the dates are sufficiently close to avoid any con-
flict of material character. The career of the lodge has been
uninterruptedly prosperous and fortunate. It has always
promptly met its engagements as a lodge, has been financially
strong and able, and has with a liberal and magnanimous spirit
always heard the appeals made to its bounty. And what perhaps
is the great secret of its success, it has been managed well by
brothers who have watched its welfare and studied its interests.
It has a capital fund of $10,047.39, and its membership reaches
380.

Jefferson Lodge, No. 12, is located in the Kensington District
with Nos. 4, 7, and 11, and was chartered February 23d,
1829. The exact date of its institution does not appear on the
minutes, nor can it be precisely ascertained. It was, however,
about the time it was cliartercd. The lodge had a fortunate
career for several years. It had to encounter the anti-Masonic
crusade against secret societies, which reached its height in
Pennsylvania about this time, as well as the financial crisis of
1837, which oppressed beneficial societies as well as individuals,
carrying general bankruptcy in its train. No. 12 was compelled
to succumb to this storm, and surrendered its charter. After
several years of suspension, the charter was restored April 20th,
J 846. The lodge was re-instituted April 26th, 1846, on the 27th
anniversary of the Order in the United States, It has since
continued in successful operation. Its treasury amounts to
$5457.23 ; membership, 312.

Philadelphia Lodge, No. 13, was chartered upon the petition
of Anson Jones, B. Buckman, Georgo W. Twibill, Charles Oak-
ford, Wm. S. Hathaway, J. E. Erwin, Aaron Oakford, Robert
Allen, John Simmons, William L. Norton, Anthony Seybert,

454 AMSRIOABr ODD FBLL0W8HIP.

Samuel Brick, A. B. Lockwood, G«a Jeffries, James BoUand, G.
Oorral, Wm. Sullivan, A. Oaskill, Bobert Scott, Wm. K Tatam,
Nathaniel W. Miller, John Brooks, Stephen H. Bimmonfl, (hmrge
W. Burgess, John Faeira, J. K James, ThcHnas Fettit^ Jamea Bei-
meck, Geo. Neilson, William Torrance and Budolph H. Bartle^
F. O. M., all members of Washington Lodge, No. S. These
names have been obtained from the original withdrawal cards,
which have been preserved in a scrap-book. The lodge was lo-
cated at Seventh and Chestnut Streets, and was instituted March
38th, 1829. It has been a success from the b^inning. Its records
and the presentation of its official papers have been moat com-
pletely cared for, which example is worthy of imitation. The
lodge has generously placed at the disposal of the historiographer,
through its honored Secretary, P. 6. F. Geo. Sligo, all of its
archives, including the 31 cards of the original applicanta. By
special resolution of the lodge, some valuable manuscripta have
also been placed in our possession, for which we tender grateful
acknowledgments.

Wildey Lodge, No. 14, was chartered June 29th, 1839, upon
the petition of a number of members of Bising Sun Lodge^
Ko. 8, to be located at Frankford, a village then in the coun^ of
Philadelphia, containing about 1500 inhabitants. The names of
the petitioners do not appear in the G. Lodge journal. It was
instituted July 2d, 1829, by P. G. Masters Small and Pry or, and
has prospered ever since. This lodge testified its high sense of
appreciation and gratitude to the founder of Odd Fellowship in
the United States, by assuming his name, and was the first " Wil-
dey " Lodge in the United States. It was chartered about the
time Bro, Wildey, then G. Sire, visited Philadelphia, for the pur-
pose of organizing the G. Encampment of Pennsylvania, which
was accomplished on June 17th, 1829. On this occasion Bro.
Wildey was entertained by the G. Lodge of Pa. by a public
dinner. Many of the first members being Catholics, Wildey
Lodge did not work with harmony. Finally, the Catholic Church,
under a general anathema against secret societies, enforced its
discipline, by denying to its members who belonged to them, its
favor and spiritual rites in case of death, the effect of which
was to gradually withdraw all the members of that Church from
the lodge, so that but few of that denomination were left to the
lodge and to the Order. This lodge continues to prosper, having
at this time 317 members, and a fund of $4825.15.

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PENNSYLVANIA. 455

Philanthropic Lodge, No. 15, has had an eventful career of
now nearly a half century, during which period it has experi-
enced severe trials of adversity as well as prosperity. It is diffi-
cult to say whether the former is greater than the latter ; but it is
quite certain that the experience of life demonstrates that adver-
sity makes people wiser and better generally than they were,
and awakens a sense of dependence upon the Creator, which im-
proves and elevates the heart. The lodge was chartered July
1 -Uh, 1829, upon the application of Andrew Anderson, Ham-
mer, Amos Matthews, Albert G. Bird, Isaac Holden, Henry P.
Hopkins, Joseph Haas, John Cochran and Horatio (x. Jones, to
be located at Seventh and Chestnut Streets, in the city. It has
stood up firmly against its trials, having paid all its obligations,
except for the short period of six months, during which it was
compelled to suspend the payment of sick benefits, in consequence
of the failure of the United States Bank of Pa., in 1840, which
swept away its funds, and embarrassed it for several years. The
following extract from an address before the lodge, by Wm. C.
Flanigan, a member of the same, in 1870, entitled "A retrospect
of thirty-six years' membership in Philanthropic Lodge, No. 15,"
is worthy of a ])lace in this connection. It will inform the pre-
sent members of the Order, from a reliable source, what have
been the trials and struggles of early Odd Fellows in building
up the Order, and how dearly, therefore, they ought to prize that
rich heritage which they now enjoy. " Our lodge," he remarks,
*' continued to grow in favor and usefulness for some time, but it
lias not always been blest with seasons of sunshine and of growth.
She has had her dark days, as well as some others ; seasons of
poverty, when it required the energies of stout hearts and willing
hands to sustain her; when it was not always convenient as now,
to * draw orders for the brothers entitled,' but when the little knot
of brothers would gather in a circle, out with their wallets, and
each contribute his mite for the sustenance of the sick brother.
You who have come here within the last fifteen or twenty years,
to find a full treasury sufficient to meet all wants, little know of
the sacrifices of those who were before you, in order to erect the
foundation for this comfortable * pile.' Some of us have been
schooled in those days of trial, and know the value of our pre-
sent possessions. Do not then look disdainfully upon us, when
we, knowing the past, are jealous of the future, and desire to
protect that future from want in ^11 time to come."

456 AMSBIGAN ODD FBZXOWSaiP.

These wonb of wiedom were like the iwed of tlie hnslNUidiiiaa
sown upon good gionnd, they fell upon willing add grateful
hearts, genninated and brought forth an abundant harvest
Ka 16 has for the last thirty years steadily increased in fiinda
and membership^ and is now one of the best lodges in the 8tat&
It has 839 members, and $20,142.71 in its treasury.

Harmony Lodge, No. 16, was chartered on the petition of
Wm. O. Kiidman, Wm. Wilkinson, James Goodman, James 8.
Taylor, Wm. Fox, Richard O. Lanning, and John Graff, on July
27th, 1829, and located in the Orand Lodge room. Seventh and
Chestnut Streets, city. It was instituted Angnst Sth^ 1829»
Although located in the city, the membership was generally
drawn from the Northern Liberties, a densely settled district ad-
joining the northern boundary of the old city limitB. In ezamin*
ing the roll of members of the lodge from its minute book, we
find that they were drawn from the best classes of society, con-
sisting of the most active professional and business men in that
locality. It subsequently changed its place of meeting to the Im^H
in that district, where it continued its lodge work until Jannaiy
31st, 1838, when, under the pressure of the memorable financiid
depression, it was compelled to surrender its charter. This was
done, however, in good order ; for although its treasury was de-
pleted, the members were celebrated for punctuality and regnlarity
of attendance upon lodge duties. Desirous of continuing their
membership in the Order, they submitted a proposition to Phila-
delphia Lodge, No. 13, to unite witli that lodge. Philadelphia
Lodge was financially better off, but was sadly deficient in active
and zealous members. The attendance was meagre, and the in-
terest in lodge meetings was consequently dull and declining.
The proposition was accepted, and No. 16, after issuing cards to
its members, surrendered its charter ; the cards were deposited
in No. 13. Thus the two lodges were consolidated. Bro. John
C. Ycager, afterwards G. M. of the State, was the N. G. of No.
16 at this time, to whose diplomacy and management most pro-
bably was due the success of this measure, which preserved both
lodges to the Order. No. 16, in 1846, was re-instituted, its
charter restored, and since has had an uninterrupted career of
success. It now numbers 252 members, and has $8576.05.

Northern Liberty Lodge, No. 17, was chartered August 13th,
1829, upon the petition of William A. Ennis, Jolm Saunders, Na-

ODD FELLOWSHIP IN PBHNSYLVANIA. 467"

thaniel Estlin, James Wilson, and Thomas R Baird, to meet ia
the Kensington Hall. It was duly instituted by D. G. M. Isaaa
Brown, August 24th, 1829. The lodge from the start seemed to-
liave a precarious existence, indeed the times were unfavorable
to success ; besides, it soon got into diflBculties with the G. Lodge
in reference to the payment of the percentage, producing insub-
ordination, which resulted in the suspension of the V. G. of the
lodge and five other members for three months. This is another
evidence of the summary manner in which the G. Lodge then
enforced obedience and respect for its authority. Vol. 1, Journal
G. L. of Pa., page 156. An unsuccessful efibrt was made at tho
next meeting of the G. Lodge, to have the resolution of suspen-
sion reconsidered. On the 25th of November, 1833, the G. M. re-
ported that Lodge No. 17 had suspended meeting as a lodge-
This report was referred to the past and present G. Lodge Offi-
cers. At tlie meeting of the G. Lodge, held February 17th, 1834,.
the G. Sec. William Skinner reported that he had received the
charter and charge books of Lodge No. 17. The charter was
subsequently restored May 13th, 1846, and the lodge re-instituted
June 3d, 1846. It has been in successful operation since then to
the present time, with 228 members, and $3517.07 in the
treasury.

La Fayette Lodge, No. 18, was chartered August 13th, 1829^
upon the petition of Jesse R. Burden, Jacob Hubeli, John Oak-
ford, Marshal Sprogel, James Boon, and Samuel O'Conner, to-
meet in the G. Lodge room, Seventh and Chestnut Streets, City.
It was instituted 1829, and at once took high rank in the Order.
Its extraordinary success excited the envy of some of the older
lodges, which feeling was exhibited in characterizing it as the
**silk stocking lodge." It was composed of determined and
energetic men, a material not easily discouraged or driven from
a good pur]>ose, and which never steps aside to avoid or shun
opposition from prejudice or envy. Success was the result. No.
18 has maintained its prosperity to the present time. P. G. M.
Peter Fritz has been a member of this lodge for many years,
always active and attentive at its meetings. It has 101 members,
with a large fund, $7709.80, in the treasury.

The last four lodges, Nos. 15, 16, 17 and 18, opened almost
simultaneously, owing to the excitement growing out of the difii-
culty with Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, which was then agitating

4&H AUEEICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

tho Order in Pennsylvania, or rather in the city of Philadelphii,
(for there was but little of the Order at that time beyond the
city), and to the impetuB given to it by the prospect of new and
commodioDs accommodations in the new hall ia Fifth Street
below Walnut, which was then nearing completion, and into
which the several city lodges moved June, 1830. Among; the
petitioners for those charters will be found many honored names
Btill fiiiniiiar to Philadelphians, Only a few of them survive;
the organisations, however, which they eet in motion are their
luting monamenta.

Amity Lodge, No. 19, vu chartered OoL 19&, 18S9, oa te
applicaticai of Wm. E. Tatem, Jt^ Doll, R B. Svatu, T.
Loohran, and Grea W. Buigeea, to be knated ub Sevmdi ani
OieBtnat Streets, and waa inetitated Oct 81, 1839, by B. 6. K.
Isaac Brown. It has had a proftperona career, and ctmtmnea in
Moceesfiil work, never failing in the discharge of duty and obli-
gations to its membership. Its memben now number S65, aod
its treaeary exceeds $5000.

iMiners* Lodge, No. 20, the last chartered in the year 1881^
was antborized by law, December 14ih, 1829, Mid was inatitetad
immediately, by O. M. John G. Potts, and was located in PoCta-
ville, Schuylkill county. The lodge was oi^anized by men en-
gaged in mining anthracite coal, as the name indicates. It
has passed through severe trials, but weathered every storm,
and maintained its organization without a break in its offi-
cial life. The membership is nearly 100, and though the trea-
sury is light, tho Lodge owns a beautiful cemetery, valued at
$40,000.

And thus we complete a roll which has no parallel in Odd
Fellowship. These are the lodges which grew up on their own
roots, without waiting for the grafting process of later times. To
them Pennsylvahians must ever look with honest exultation as
the mother lodges of the State, and rejoice that they have never
«oiled the banners which they have borne for half a century.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE GRAND LODGE OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Pennsylvania was the third State to unite with the Wildoy
organization ; but as all three were obtained in June, 1823, it may
be assumed that Massachusetts, Now York and Pennsylvania
came in simultaneously. At all events, Pennsylvania, which
came in the last as to the day, was, and always has been, the first
in importance. The G. Lodge of Pennsylvania I. O. O. F. was
chartered by the G. Lodge of Md. and of the U. S. on the 15th of
June, 1823. It was opened in Philadelphia, Juno 27th, 1823, by
G. M. Thomas Wildey, who installed the following oflScers:
Aaron Nichols, G. M.; Thomas Small, D. G. M.; Benjamin Rich-
ardson, G. W.; William H. Matthews, G. Sec; Joseph Richard-
son, G. Treas. The G. Charter was formally delivered to the G.
Master after the installation ; and thus the G. Lodge of Pennsyl-
vania, which covers a mighty area of Odd Fellowship, sprung
into existence.

CHARTER OF THE GRAND LODGE OF PENNSYL-
VANIA.

OBDEB OF INDEPENDENT ODD FELLOWS

To aJZ whom it may concern : — The Grand Lodge of Maryland
and of the United States, by authority of a Grand Charter granted
by the Duke of York Lodge, held in the Borough of rreston,
County Palatine of Lancaster, England, doth hereby grant this
Grand Charter to five Past Grands of the Order of Independent
Odd Fellows, residing in the State of Pennsylvania, to form a
Grand Lod^e for the said State, for the encouragement and sup-
port of brothers of said Order when on travel or otherwise. And
the said Grand Lodge, being duly formed, is hereby authorized
and empowered to grant Warrants or Dispensations to true and
faithful brothers to open lodges according to the laws of Odd
Followship, and to aaminister to the Past Grands all the privi-
leges and oenefits appertaining to the Grand Lodge, and to enact
by-laws for the government of the lodge. Provided, always, that

(459)

MO AMKBICUV ODD FBLLOWSHIP.

the said Grand Lodge do act aooording to the Order, and in oon-
janction with and obedience to the Grand Lodge of Maryland
and of the United States, adhering to and sapporting the doDBti-
tation of the saroa In default mereof this diarter may be sua-
pended or taken away, at the discretion of the said Orand Lodge-
And farther, the Grand Lodge (in consideration of the due per-
formance of the above) do bind themselves to repair all damage
or destruction of this charter, whether by fire or other accident^
provided evidence be given that there is no ill^al concealment
or wilful destruction of the same. In witness iraereof we have
displaved the colors of our Order, and subscribed onr names and
affixed the seal of the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the
United States hereto, this thirteenth day of June, A. D. one
tiiousand eight hundred and twenty-three.

Thomas Wildey, G. M.

John Welch, D. G. M.
FskalI Thomas MrrcHRUL, Q. W.

*■ '^ JoHK Pawson Emtwislb, G. S.

John Boyd, G. G.

Wm. Labkam, G. C.

Past Orands.

Duncan MoCohmiok, Thomas Sootchburk,

James Seed, William Wiluamu,

John Nelson, William Anbtiok,

William Tong.

The G. Lodge of Md. assumed its position as a State G.
Lodge after the session of Xov. 22d, 1824, and the G. Lodge of
the U. S. was preliminarily organized Jan. 15th, 1825, and for-
mally installed 30th of March, 1825. This Grand body, now
appropriately titled and organized, having received a new charter
from the Manchester Unity in England, dated May 15th, 1826,
granted a new charter to the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, dated
May 1st, 1827, under which it now acts, in lieu of the original.

We have ventured to contradict the printed journal, which
contains the name of Benjamin DaflBn as the first G. Sec.
of the G. Lodge of Pa., and proceed to assign our reasons for so
doing. First, Bro. Benjamin DaflBn, who is recorded in the
printed journal as first G. Sec, was initiated into the Order June
24th, 1823, only three days before the G. Lodge of Pa. was insti-
tuted by Thomas Wildey, G. M. It is not therefore probable
that an initiate would be taken for a Grand OflRcer, who was
necessarily required to be a Past Grand. Secondly, there has

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THB GRAND LODGE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 46l

been discovered in the G. Secretary's ofiSce, evidence of a corres-
pondence addressed to the G. Lodge of Md. and of the U. S.
dated December 16th, 1823, signed by Wm. H. Matthews,
Secretary. Third, other evidence exists in the Secretary's oflSce,
in the form of a pocket manual, published in October 1829, in
which the names of all the first G. OflScers appear, among which
lis that of William H. Matthews, G. Secretary. The evidence
places the fact beyond doubt. In addition to which we have the
confirmatory impression of Bro. Dafiin himself of the error, and
his cordial acquiescence in its correction.

BENJAMIN BAFFIN.

Benjamin Dafiin was undoubtedly the second G. Secretary,
by election, which took place November 15th, 1824, and he so
attests the minutes. He served out the regular term of his
office, and gave general satisfaction. He was a zealous member
of the Order at that early day, and continued to be a valuable
acquisition until the McMahon controversy in Pennsylvania
Lodge, when he unfortunately sympathized with the disloyal
members. As a consequence, he was expelled with his refractory
Associates. In the meantime, in 1830, having made his arrange-
ments to that eficct, he removed to Baltimore, Maryland. He
was out of the Order in that State for several years, in conse-
quence of the penalty he had incurred in Pennsylvania. With
the aid of G. S. Wildoy and G. Sec. Ridgely, he made his peace
with the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, by which he was reinstated
and granted a card. He was thus enabled, by permission of the
G. Lodge of Md., to join Marion Lodge, No. 8, of that jurisdic-
tion, of which he was an active and useful member until his
death. He died in 1877, beloved by his lodge and Encamp-
ment, and revered by all who knew him as a venerable Patriarch
of that jurisdiction. He was not only a member of Marion Lodge,
No. 8, but also of Jerusalem Encampment, No. 1, of the jurisdic-
tion of Maryland, at the time of his death, in the 74th year of his
aj^e. Wo are indebted to a friend for a good likeness of him,
taken a year before his death, which presents him as a well pre-
served man. He was greatly respected by all who knew him,
and was for many years, during the decline of life, in comfortable
circumstances. In company with F. G. S. Stuart and G. Sec.

Bidgcfy, G. Sire Stokes called at lils dwelling on North Higtl
Straet, Baltimore, to confer with him on the subject of his po«-
tHmonthe printed record as first G. Sec. of the G. Lodge of
FeonEylvania. He found him in apparent good health and
BfRTitB. Thecireitmstanresof thecase, when brought to hismindt
fudily inipreesed him with the error of the record, to the comw
tioB of which he gave his cordial acquiescence. At the inetsDcv
uiQ. Sec. Ridgely, it wiis deemed advisable that the facte shonid
be broBglit to the attention of the G. Lodge of the St«te, and that
itB official assent should be had to the correction of this error of
record. Accordingly, the following proceeding was had in that
Grand Body on the subject;

*' la Grand Lodge of Pennsylrajiia, May Session, ISTB.
Whereas, by reference to the first proceemngBiVoL l,|paga 1 1»
4 iocluBive, of the jotumal of the G. Lodge, from December
18th, 1823, to Kovember 8th, 1824, the minutee sre attested br
^^-i*/^ B. Daffin as Secretarr. And whereaB, nseftrch has duclowd
the fact that one William H. Matthews was oboBeii the Snt
G. Secretary of the G. Lodge of PenDBylraiiia. Therefor^ Sb-
adhed, that in order to correct what appears Tqxm the fiu» rf
Uie record to be a glaring i□consi8ten1^y, and for the tmipose of
preserving and maintaining the trqth of histoiy, that thiit Q.
Lodge is satisfied, from the evidence furnished, that William K
Matthews was the first G. Secretary pf the G. Lodge of Penn-
sylvania, elected at the institution thereof, June 27th, 1823. Se-
solved, that in making this correction, this G. Lodge disclaims
all intention of disrespect to the worthy brother whose zeal and
devotion in the early struggle of the Order prompted him to
volunteer his assistance in maintaining an organization, in which
the officer entrusted with that duty seemed to exhibit snch evi-
dent indifierence and lukewarraness."

It does not follow tliat Bro. Daffin has lost credit of any kind
by this correction. Matthews was G. Secretary indeed, by
election, but Daffin was in constant performance of the duties
of that place. He was the de facto G. Secretary, attending the
meetings and keeping the minutes. The fact is that Matthews
was only the nominal officer, and although he may have signed
one or two papers in that capacity, had nothing to do with the
performance of a Secretary's duty. To Daffin then belongs the
honor of performing the duties of G. Secretary of the G. Lodge
of Pennsylvania during its first two terms. This recollection
always gave him pleasure, as it linked his name with the begin-
ning of the greatest local Grand Body known to the Order.

IKHICHaUMamjHDITERECTCIIBrTHEQRANaaSUBOROINATELODSEIOFPENN^VLYANIAI.OAJ:
CHAMBERSB1

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THB OBAND LODGE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 46^

AARON NICHOLS.

Aaron Nichols, the first G. Master of the G. Lodge of Penn-
sylvania, was of English origin, was born in 1778, and was a
saw-maker by trade. At what time he emigrated to the United
States, and when or where he united with the Order of Odd Fel-
lows, is unknown. The G. Lodge having been instituted in June,
1823, it follows that Bro. Nichols, who was then 45 years of age^
must have been initiated several years previously. He died in
Chambersburg, in 1856, after a well-spent life. He lies in the
beautiful cemetery near Chambersburg, by the side of his
wife. His brethren have marked the place of sepulture by a
beautiful brown-stone monument, which has been appropriately
inscribed and is preserved with religious care. The Order is in-
debted for this memorial chiefly to the persevering exertions of
J. H. McCauley, P. G. M., and the Grand and subordinate
lodges of the State caused it to be erected. Columbus Lodge^
No. 75, in Chambersburg, takes pride in keeping it in order,
and visiting brethren are often taken by its members upon a
pilgrimage to the grave. This is a just tribute to one whose
memory is held in great veneration, as the first G. Master of the
State.

Bro. McCauley, P. G. M., furnishes the following sketch of
him : "Bro. Aaron Nichols, P. G. M., resided in Chambersburg
many years, and worked at his trade as a saw-maker. He was
an industrious, honest and upright man, universally respected
and esteemed. He was an Englishman, and although somewhat
brusque in manner, was as well behaved as his countrymen
generally. His vice, if it may be so called, was his fondness for
the social glass at lodge meetings. In this habit his fellow
members generally indulged while the practice prevailed. In
personal appearance Bro. Nichols resembled Bro. Wildey, and
was largo and corpulent." We have inserted an engraving of
his monument, but have not been able to obtain a likeness of the

brother.

The annual meeting of the G. Body was first fixed for the
first Monday of February, 1824. Subsequently, in adopting the
constitution of the G. Lodge, the 13th day of June, which was
the accepted anniversary of the Order, was fixed by law as the
period of the annual meeting. There had been during tlie first

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464r AXmOAV ODD VXLLOWBHIP.

jear of Bro. Kichols' official lif% bat little movement in the 0.
Lodge. Such was the want of interest felt hy the officen and
members, that no election of officers took place at the end of the
jrear, nor had any constitution been adopted. Steps were aocoid-
ingly taken in that direction. A constitution was adopted Oct
11th, 1824, and an election for Grand Officers took place on Kof.
15th, 1824. Thomas Small was elected G. M. to sacoeed Bro.
Nichols, and Benjamin Baffin, G. Secretary.

THOKAS SMALL.

Bro. Small was re-elected at the end of his term of office^
serving until June 18th, 1826. He was popular, and de-
servedly so, as his zeal, industry and devotion to the cause were
•characteristic of a general business habit. He was D. 6. H.
under G. M. Kichols, and succeeded him in office. Like most
of his contemporaries in the Order, he was an Englishman, and
was engaged in the trade of a cabinet-maker. He was the father
of Gen. W. F. Small of Philadelphia, who is generallj and fav(»^
ably remembered. Bro. T. Small was the intimate personal
friend and companion of Thomas Wildey, and was his colleagne
on the Annual Moveable Committee of the G. L. of the U. S. in the
official visitations of tliat body to tlie several State jurisdictions.
He was a man of excollont judgment and intelligence, and was
sought out by G. M. Wildey as an acquisition, when the Order
greatly needed such men. Thomas Small had faith in the future
of Odd Fellowsliip, and was impelled forward in his zeal by this
incentive. lie had also faith in Wildey, whose wish was a law
with him, and faith in liis mission as the father of a great brother-
hood ; he was also a zealous laborer. He was the first G. Kepre-
sentative of the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania in the G. Lodge of the
U. S., appearing in that G. Body at the April session of 1S26,
whilst G. Master of the State. John Boyd of Maryland had boon
the very acceptable proxy Representative of the Grand Tx)dgo of
Pa., up to the appearance of G. Hep. Small, on this occasion.
This session of 1S2G was memorable, from the foct that it was the
first at which the title of Grand Sire appears to have been assumed.

Bro. Small was chosen G. Secretary in June, 1S27, in which
position he served until June, 1820. He was again returned as
G. Representative to the G. L. of the U. S. at tlic session of 1828.

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THOMAS SMALL.

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SAMUEL PRYOR.

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THE QKAKD LOOQK OF PENNSYLVANIA. 465

The G. Lodge of Pennsylvania has always appreciated her right
of representation in the Supreme Grand Body, not only for the
high privilege it enjoys as an integral member of the federal
union, but for the honor of contributing her experience to the
<»ounsel8 of that legislative Grand Body. Thus it has from 1826
to the present time, now nearly fifty years, never failed to be
represented in that honorable body. The subject of tliis memoir
AS G. Secretary, contributed much to the proper organization of
that important and responsible office of the Order. In the grow-
ing condition of an institution such as ours, there is no more
useful ofiicer than a G. Secretary, and when he is competent and
faithful, the body which he serves is fortunate in having placed
the right man in the right place. G. Sec. Small served out his
term with honor and credit, and continued to be an active and
useful Odd Fellow, until advancing age required his gradual
retirement from active life. He died in Philadelphia, honored
and revered as one of the contemporaries of Father Wildey.

Rudolph H. Bartle succeeded Thomas Small, as G. M. He
was elected June 13th, 1826. He also was of English origin, and
was a master builder and contractor by occupation. He was a man
of peculiar energy of character, firm and decisive in his opinions,
and of clear, discriminating and intelligent conclusions. He was
social and hospitable in his nature, and enjoyed lodge conviviality
when properly disciplined and controlled. He was highly re-
spected as a citizen, and stood well in his business. He took
great interest in the military organizations of the city, holding
the rank of Colonel among the State soldiery. His name is well
remembered in the Order, and his memory is highly cherished as
one of our noble and worthy P. G. Officers.

SAMUEL PBYOB.

Samuel Pryor is the sole surviving P. G. M. of the first decade
in Pennsylvania. His administration of the office of G. Master
marked a new and important era in the Order in the State. He
was born in Philadelphia, July 26th, 1796. He has exceeded
the ordinary length of life, and still lives, a well 'preserved man,
with the exception of his sight, which fails him. His mental
faculties are good, and his memory is vigorous, especially con-
cerning the annals of early Odd Fellowship. His recital of the

30

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AUEBiCAS WD rEU-owemp.

earlj history of the lodges and their triafs and etm^Ie^ is ex-
eeedisglj' eotertuniiig ; hia barratiTes of the uuidentfi anil ear-
roamJinga of the "Harmooiee" indulged eeem to rekindle his
early manboodandmakehimforgethi&vreigfat of years. He wag
initiated in Washington Lodge, No. 2, Philadelphia, April 13th,
ISM, which held its meeting at that time in Bread Street abora
Arch- He waa one of the charter members of Wayne Lo
No. 3, instilnted Dec. :i*;th, 1S24, in which Lodge he three tims-
jMNHd dw duur ot N. O. He afterwards banoM » mambet ef
EaBiiiigt<m Lo^e, Ko. 11 ; letimied to Ko. S, and wmbaeqneuAf
jollied Fhiladelj^da I<odge, Ko. 18. "Be beeMM s memberof A»
Cband Loc^ of FenDsylTania, Koiramber 9d, 1885, in wiiuh
body he acted a> G. Bee.p. <L, from Dec 7th,18S5, to JnnB ISA,
1SS6, whra he rooceeded to tiiat office. He Barred in Ok poia-
tion nntilJnne 11th, 1827, irtieii he was elected G. Maatw of A»
State to sncceed Bodolph H. Bartte. The joonkah ot tiis tiam
preaest him as an active and tueAil member.
« He waa by InrUi and education a Qnalter, a man of eoltm^
f attuj and af&ble manners, uid of good addnwa. He was pop*
nlar and highly esteemed in the G. Lodge, tinder inatmetioW
tram that body, its G. BepreaentatiTeB nominated hbn ftir Qimnd
Sire, at the May eesmon of the O. L. TJ. S., 1889. He recdved
the complimentary vote of his State ; Bro. "Wildey being re-elected
for a second term of four yeara. He was afterwards, Jnne the 8th,
1829, elected G. Secretary of tlie G. L. of U. S., and served in that
capacity until June 13th, 1831, He acted ae G. Secretary j>. t.
of the (i. L. of the U. S. at the September session, 1832, wWch,
in consequence of the prevailing epidemic, continued but for a
single day. He waa the first native who occupied the G. HaEter**
chair in Fennaylvania, and his election was considered a triumph
of the moral over the social element of the Order. Soon after
the convivial practice lost its predominance, and ita fall followed.
In 1842 Bro. Pryor removed to the city of New York, engaged
_ in the plumbing business in co-partnership with P. D. G. Sire
John Pearce. He joined Siloam Lodge, No. 210, of that city.
He also attached himself to the G. Lodge of the State, and took
a deep interest in the Order in that jurisdiction for several yean.
Siloam Lodge surrendered its charter in 1851, and P. G. H.
Pryor now holds a withdrawal card from that lodge.

The minutea of Washington Lodge, No. 2, of August 94th,
1827, contain the following reaolution : " Kesolved, That Wash-

THE OBAND LODGE OF PENNSYLVANIA. ^67

ington Lodge, No. 2, disapprovcB the continuance of the bar, and
that it be recommended to lodges Nos. 1 and 3 to pass a similar
resolution." The minutes of Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, of Au-
gust 15th, 1827, contain a like resolution. Wayne Lodge, No. 3,
surrendered its charter October 8th, 1827. Thus ended convi-
viality in the Order in Pennsylvania. G. M. Pryor had now but
two subordinate lodges in Philadelphia, from each of which tlie
bar was excluded by resolution. It had been patiently endured
for several years in Philadelphia, and foimd wanting. The moral
element was now in the ascendant, and was rapidly gaining.
The abolition of the bar inspired the Order with new life, since
which Odd Fellowship has never ceased to prosper in the juris-
diction, gradually increasing in numbers, wealth and usefulness.
It has addressed itself to the popular mind as an effective plan of
a£fording relief, reliable and undoubted, and applied under cir-
cumstances which do not humble manhood or the natural pride
of the sufferer.

William H. Mathews, the successor of Grand Master Pryor,
was elected June 9th, 1828. He w^as English by birth ; by occupa-
tion the proprietor of bath-houses, on South Second Street, below
Dock Street, near the custom-house. Bath-houses at that day
were highly appreciated in Philadelphia as hygienic institutions,
being almost unknown in private residences, when now the
smallest houses are regarded as deficient and incomplete without
bathing facilities. Odd Fellowship has, in like manner, become
developed as a social and benevolent need, and society has applied
it as a necessary adjunct to the moral forces of the age. From
one lodge, with five members, in 1821, we have increased in Phila-
delphia to 134, and in the State of Pennsylvania to 880 lodges,
with nearly one hundred thousand members ; and from a nom-
inal revenue, at the same period (1821), to the grand aggregate
of $903,767.96, with a relief expenditure of $448,136. Such
fruits demonstrate the character of the tree which has produced
them, and the progressive growth of the Order with the popula-
tion, wealth and resources of the State. Bro. Mathews, M. W.
G. M., was highly esteemed by his brethren, and was generally
reputed as an honest, honorable and intelligent citizen. He was
N. G. of Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, when that lodge petitioned
the G. Lodge of Md. and of the U. S. for a charter, and the first
G. Sec. of the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania. Like many of his con-

468

tomponriM^ after a life of zealous devotion to the Order, and
aotiTe dtizeiuhip, he dropped out of line and ceased his membex-
ahipi

3<iai G. PottB Booeeeded QnaA Haoto MathewB. Ha vm
« manber of FenaByWuiik Lodge, Na 1, and mselected O. M.
Jnne Stfa, 1839. He was «d Anwriean bora, MooHaAilfy tu-
gagedinthehwdwarelninneeBin tiiecitjttf Fbfladeipiiiik Hii
(^flial tenn of office cloeea the first decade of Odd Fellowaliq^
daring which period thero was no break or iutetmptioo in &e
Kooceeeion of O. Mastem of the State. Bm PottB wu Q.lLtt
the time of the conflict between PrauiBylTaiua Lodge, No. 1, sad
the G.Lodge of the State. It wae forttmate for Odd Felknnliip
that so sterling and high-toned a citi%en waa then the chief <^ecr
In that JTuiBdictton. Me waaa popnlar membev of Pemuylmtia
Lodge, No. 1, bnt was nercrtheleaa unable to ocmtnd tha diakfpi
element, which directed the proceedings to its nnhap;^ dintm-
ti(m. The rise and prepress of that unfortunate oontroratqr
has been already minately narrated, and will not be repeated.
G. M. Fotta was in the chair when the G. Lodge decided to ▼»-
oste the charter of No. 1. He immediately left Hno clumr, and
with all the P. Grande of that lodge, except two, retired fiom
the room. The G. Lodge invited G. M. Potts to retnm to the
lodge-rooin, and, in compliance with his obligation, to resume
and fulfil the duties of his office until the end of the year. This
invitation was conveyed to him by a special committee, who
returned with him and presented him to the lodge. He resumed
the chair, and was authorized to take and hold the charter of
Lodge No. 1, so soon as it could be obtained. Unfortunately it
had been surreptitiously removed, and was never afterwards re-
covered. A new charter was in a few days granted to Pennsyl-
vania Lodge, No. 1, since which time it has had a career of
reasonable prosperity. P. G. M. Potts, at the expiration of his
official term, was elected G. Treasurer for two successive terms,
in which office he proved to be faithful and efficient.

He joined in that immense caravan which, in 1835, took up
r its line of march for the "West, and settled in Galena, Illinoia,
where he resided until death, at an advanced age^on Jannarr
18th, 1874. He was an active, zealous and working Odd Fellow
for nearly half a century, having been initiated in Pennsylvania
Lodge, No. 1, Sept. 25th, 1825. Having done yeoman service

TBS QKAMD LOIKJK OF r£Nt(8YL.YANIA. 469

for the Order in the West, we take pleasure in referring to the
record, for the many testimonials it contains of his official life
and services as a D. D. G. Sire of the Order. See journal G. L.
of XT. S., annual session of 1874, page 6292 ; address of G. Rep.
John 0. Smith, of Illinois, and reports of Grand Sire and G.
Cor. and Bee. See's of the same session.

No report appears to have been made from the G. Lodge of
Pennsylvania to the G. Lodge of Md. and of the United States,
for the year ending February, 1824, the first year of its existence,
at which time tbere was but one lodge in the State, but one in
Massachusetts, one in New York, and but three in Maryland.
There was no detailed report from any of these jurisdictions,
and no systematic returns appear until 1828, when Pennsylvania
reports 568 members. We have already furnished the substance
of the annual reports made by the subordinate jurisdictions to
the G. L. of Md. and of the XT. S., as they appear on the journal
of that G. body. It will be concluded from an examination of
these reports, that from the meagrcness of the material out of
which they are formed, in comparison with the progress wliich
had been made in the subordinate Grand jurisdictions, the
Supreme Grand body was illy advised of the condition of the
Order. Bro. Wildey, from June, 1822, when he had consum-
mated the contemplated federal union of the self-instituted
lodges, was unremittent in his visitations of the several jurisdic-
tions, and earnest in his correspondence with the lodges. No
effort was left unemployed by him to conciliate and harmonize
and strengthen the Union. Some of this correspondence with
the authorities in Pennsylvania will be presented, showing that
Odd Fellowship in America was no small undertaking, but has
been achieved by persistent effort and by untiring ambition ;
and if it is to be perpetuated, requires a like industry and per-
severance in the chosen administrators of affairs. Thomas Wil-
dey, as we have already said, made the month of June, 1823,
memorable in the calendar of the Order, and we trust that this
fact may find its just place in the history of the advancing
civilization of our country, and that no authentic or reliable his-
toric memorial of the times will be ventured without the incor-
poration of this fact into its text

The following is a copy of the official report of the Grand
Lodge of Pa. to the G. L. of the TT. S., made up to December,
1826, by Samuel Pry or, G. Secretary :

470 AtHoatUK ono FKr.i.<>wsuir.

TXABI.T wnomt <m sKum lodoe or pa. i. o. o. p. for tbk teak

The Grand Lodge of Pa. is oomposect of the following mera-
ben, to wit : Rndo^ H. Eartle, G. M.; John Pearce, D. G. M ;
Wm. H. lUthewB, G. Warden; Samuel Pryor, G. Secretary;
Emor T, Weaver, G. Treasurer; Isaac Brown, G. Guardian ; Jas.
Day, G. CSondactor; Aaron Nichols and Thoraae Small, P. G,
MasteTd^ohn Uptmi, John H. Campbell. Thomas "V. Blakeraure,
Bobert Thomas, J(An G. Potts, Benjiiiiiin nuiii^.^nia7i. B.:-Tij;Hiiin
Daffio, Robert Dean, honorary meuili. i, rrniuiiiiii ni.-h^.rdson,
Joaeph Weatberby, Samuel Craycroft, Thoa. Jofaiut<m, Win.
BidMrdBon, John Cross, Westall Bichardson. The 6. I<od«
meets at the hall corner of 7th and Cheatnat SireetB, uiDiial^,
aa the second Monday in Jnne, and qoarterly on the Beomd
Monday of the eDsointr month, and on its own adjonminenti.
It has under its JnriBdiction PeonsylTaDia Lodges No. 1, 1S5
luemberB, 18 F. Gnmda; Waehington Lodge, No. 3, 111 mem-
bers, 7 P. Grands; Wayne Lodge, Ko. 8, 75 members, 1 P. Gband ;
Mominc Star Lodee, No. 4, 25 members, 8 P. Grands. Odd
F<^w^p in this State has for the last IS months fiourished in
an unprecedented manner. Union and good feeling towaria
each other have generally prevailed am(mg the bretbreoi.

This is accompanied 1^ the following fnnn the G. Secretary :

We herewith enclose thereport of the G. Lodge of Pa. for the
year 1826. I am directed to request you to send to the Grand
Lc>dge of Pa. one copy of all the boolcs from Europe and other
places that you have to dispose of, relative to Odd Fellowship,
and we will pay for them. Tlieamountof dues received by these
four lodges for the last twelve nionthe is $1211.70. You will ob-
serve that No. 4 has been in existence hut 3 (quarters. The three
lodges that meet in the city cliai^e $5 initiation fee. The lodge
in Kensington charges $3. One member of Lodge No, 2 was
expelled for intoxication, Sept. IJ, 1826. 2 candidates were
rejected by Lodj^o No. 1, and one by Lodge No. 2, June 27, 1826.
The G. Lodge has, during the year, passed many ealutary laws,
among which is a law regulating the regalia worn by the officers
and members ; also a law to prevent any person from becoming a
member under 21 or over 45 years of age, except by pennission
from the G. Lodge ; also a law to prevent the charge-books from
being taken out of the lodge-room, and a law to regulate the
manner of conferring degrees, and providing for d^ree officers.
The G. Lodge has revised and printed the G. L. Constitution,
also the charge, work, &c., for tne subordinate lodges, and has
provided forms for quarterly reports. I am also directed to re-

THE GRAND LODGE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 471

quest a copy of the constitution and laws of tlie G. L. of U. S.
in examining our yearly report ^ou will no doubt be gratified to
find this portion of your charge m prosperity. The 6. Lodge, in
requesting the books, &c., from Europe, is actuated by a wish to
obtain all the light in their power for itself and for those under its
charge. Aware of your recent visit to Europe, we suppose you
must bo in possession of many valuable works relative to Odd
Fellowship. If you have them to spare, we would be happy if
you send them to us.

The G. Secretary also transmitted the following to Bro. John
Bovd, in the same connection :

AVe have enclosed to your care three letters ; also one from a
subordinate lodge, directed to G. M. Wildey ; also one letter di-
rected to the Grand Master of the State of Maryland, which we
will be much obliged if you will deliver. We have sent you a
<iopy of the Constitution of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania.
We have requested G. Sire Wildey to send us a copy of any book
received from Europe or elsewhere that he may have to spare,
for which we will promptly pay, also to send us a copy ot the
constitution and by-laws of tne G. L. of the U. S. If you will
interest yourself to procure the above we will esteem it a great
favor, "the G. Lodge will hold an adjourned stated meeting on
the 8d Monday of February, and we will be happy to hear from
you previous to that time.

(t. Secretary Pryor also sent the following to Bro. John Boyd,
of the date of March 17th, 1827 :

We addressed a letter to you, dated January 10th, enclosing
to your care sundry letters to the Grand Sire and also to the
Grand Master of Maryland. No answer has yet been received.
We would be glad to have the receipt of them acknowledged as
far as in your ])ower, and to have your replies addressed to the
G. Secretary. The G. Lodge will meet in about a week, and we
hope your answers will be in our possession by that time, that
we may be enabled to inform it touching the books requested
from the Grand Sire. Trusting confidingly in your zeal for our
interest, wo remain in F. L. & T., yours fraternally.

These two letters will be explained by the fact that John Boyd
was the Proxy Representative of Pennsylvania in the G. L. U. S.

The subjoined from Thomas Small, G. Sec, to G. M. Wildey,
of the date of July 1st, 1827, speaks for itself:

Your communication of May 18th was duly received, together
with a copy of the constitution of the G. Lodge of the U. S.,

rl'm^-M I

i72 AMERICAN ODD FELLOWSHIP.

also a vote of thnnks presented to D. G. M. Pearce in open Grand
Lodge; the book containing tlie Patriarchal Degrees, and the
printed niinutts of the late Beesions of the G. Lod^e of the U, S.
The last we very nnieh approve tlie form of, and nope tbey will
be continued in the aaiue style. We have distributed one copy
to each lodge. The second Monday in May being our annual
election, the following Grand Ollicera were duly elected : Samuel
Pryor, G. M.; Wm. H. Mathews, D. G. M.; John G. Potts, G.
Warden ; Thomas Small, G. Sec; Joseph E. Manuel, G, Traas.;
who wore duly installed into their respective oflices. We pcreeive
by your communication, that you have decided to adhere to the
old signs as well as to the new ones. Wo would be obliged if
you would cause us to be instructed in them. Do you intend to
give the old ones first or last ! Do you enter witJi one, or both ;
if with one, indicate which? We have not acted on them yet-
We wish as much uniformity as possible, A resolution passed
in the G. Lodge of the U. S. granting the G. Lodge of Pa, a new-
charter, in lien of the one delivered to you by our Grand Repre-
sentative, One of our brethren, P. G. Vvampole, has volunteered
to engross it for the Grand Lodge, free of exiiense, in handsome
etyie of penmanship; we will tliank you for the form of the
charter, that the brother's generous offer may be accepted, and
that it may be retnrned to you for the proper signature and at-
testation. Our portion of the current expenses of the last year
has been placed to jour credit, and is payable to your order.
We were much gratified in reading that part of the printed com-
munication rcliitive to the visit and recoption of the Grand Siro
in England. Tlic e])irit of li()orality and good feeling evinced
by the English lodges, we trust will be reciprocated in its fullest
extent by the lodges in the United States. We tender to youiv
self and the brethren in Maryland our best wishes for their health
and prosperity. We remain yours in the bonds of F. L. and T.

In transmitting the annual report for the year ending May,
1828, G. Secretary Small rejDorts five 6\ibordinate lodges at work,
to wit: Pennsylvania, No. 1, with 267 members; Washington,
No. 2, with 130 members; Morning Star, No. 4, with 110 mem-
bers; Franklin, No. 5, with 30 members; Gen. Marion, No. 6,
with 31 members ; making in all 568. Revenue, $2410.76. Ini-
tiated, 250. He remarks that on 27th August the G. Lodge
granted a warrant, upon application, for a degree lodge, for con-
ferring the subordinate degrees and the P. O. degrees. This
experiment, after eight months' trial, answered the most sanguine
expectations. He congratulates the Order upon the prosperity
of the new lodges, as well as the whole Order in the State. He

THE QBAND LODGE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 47t^

complains that notice and copy of the amendments proposed to
the constitution, by the G. Lodge of New York, was not sent ta
them, and expresses a concurrence of opinion with that G. body,,
that " the constitution needs revising and amending." The
wishes of the G. L. of Pa. are also communicated touching the
proper amendments to the constitution, a copy of which is-
sent. They also recommend the appointment of a competent
G. Secretary of the G. L. of the U. S., which office is now vacant^
and the payment to him of such compensation as may command
a brother adequate to the position.

At the end of the first decade the G. Lodge of Pennsylvania,
made its report for the year ending May, 1829, as follows:

SUBORDINATE LODGES.

Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, Philadelphia; Washington Lodge^
No. 2, Philadelphia ; Wayne Lodge, No. 3, Philadelphia ; Morn-
ing Star Lodge, No, 4, Kensington; Franklin Lod^e, No. 6^
Philadelphia; Gen. Marion Lodge, No. 6, Philadelphia; Her-
man Loage, No. 7, Kensington ; Momins: Star Lodge, No. 8,.
Frankfora; Mechanics' Lodge, No. 9, Irittsburgh; Philoma-
thean Lodge, No. 10, Gennantown; Kensington Lodc^e, No. 11,
Kensington; Jefferson Lodge, No. 12, Kensington; Pliiladelphia
Lodge, No. 13, Philadelphia. Total membership, 1009.

Pennsylvania appears to have set the example which has ever
since been followed, of making detailed statistical reports to the
G. L. of the U. S. This good example has been greatly improved
by time and experience, and has led to the present elaborate sta-
tistics of the Order. It is to be regretted that Massachusetts
and New York appear to disadvantage at the close of this decade^
giving decided indication of a rapid decline and suspension, which
soon overtook them,

ANNIVSRSABIES.

It has been an old and revered custom of established institu-
tions, which have more or less experienced severe ordeals inci-
dent to their career, to pause at the annual recurrence of their
birth-day, to review the past, to husband the treasures of knowl-
edge which it supplies, and to apply them wisely, as the rapid
transition of the old year into the new one passes it onward to
the great future. No period is more full of interest in the

4U

chapter of haman life. Besido the eea^oii of roflection and grave
tliought whk'b it Buintiions, it ent-ourages recreation and refresh-
ment around the generous board, where friends mingle in syra-
pathptii; union. Sucli a practice prevails the world over, and
coinmcnda itself to the good and moral of all t-ommunities. The
journal of the Grand Lodge of Pc-nnpylvania records the fact
that the anniversary of the Order in that jurisdiction, i:6th De-
cember, was observed during the first decade, sometimes by a gen-
eral celebratioti, sometimes in a BOcial -way by a public dinner,
eonietiniL'B by public addrrspcs, or by lodL,'p festivals and enter-
taioments. At the meeting of the 6. Lodge o£ Oct. STdi,
1828, a petition was received from Bros. Geo. UcFarlsne^ Jamea
Boon, James McMullin, T. Y. Blakemore, L. O'Connor, and An*
drew Anderson, asking that a general proceeaion of the lodges
might take place on the next anniversary^, 26th December next
This application was improved, and a special committee i^
pointed to cany the same into effect Snbaeqaently the Babin<-
dhaate lodges were invited to co-operate, and a committee omb-
liining the Grand and subordinate lodges was appointed, to which
all details were referred. Invitations were extended to Grand
Sire Wildey and to the Grand Masters of the several Grand
Xodges ai Ihe Union.

The celebration was accordingly held on the 26th December,
1828, and proved to he adecided success. Theaddresa delivered
on the occasion, which gave general satisfaction, was by the noted
T, P. McMahon, who figured bo unfavorably in the memorable
conflict between the Grand Lodge of the State and Pennsylvania
Lodge, No, 1. The G. Lodge, in rendering its thanks to the
various committees for the occasion, to tlie clergymen, and to the
orator of the day, requested a copy of the address of Bra
McMahon for publication, but it was never received or published.
The experience of this celebration, it appears, led to a change in
the anniversary. It was by common consent deemed appropri-
ate that the 26th December, the anniversary of the institution
of Pennsylvania Lodge, No. 1, by Bros. Upton, Robinson, and
others, should be changed, and that June 27th should be substi-
tuted as the more appropriate day, the last named day being
the anniversary of the institution of the Grand Lodge of Pa.

TBK NEW BALL OS 60CTH FIFTH STREET.

The Order having outgrown its accommodations in the city
of Philadelphia, took measures, early in 1829, to provide more

THE GRAND LODGK OP PENNSYLVANIA. 475

appropriate and commodious quarters. Tlie discussion and in-
tercliange of opinions among the members commenced in the
lodges, and ultimately found its way into tlio Grand Lodge.
After the suggestion of several schemes, and the examination of
various plans and projects, the subject was referred by tlie G.
Lodge to a committee, which reported at an adjourned meeting,
held April 30th, 1829.

The committee on building submitted the following :

W"e, your committee, appointed to make a definite contract
with Mr. James McMurtrie for the erection of a hall, beg leave
to report that we have contracted definitely with Mr. McMurtrie,
upon the following terms: Mr. Mcifurtrie agrees to erect, on
his own lot, in Fifth Street near Walnut, a hall, in front or
breadth 35 feet, or (in case ho can purchase the right of an alley
adjoining on the north, for which he is now in treaty,) 38 feet,
and extending in length or depth 75 feet ; the building to be four
stories high, with an elevation of 54 or 56 feet. The whole of
the 2d, 3d and 4th stories shall be under the direction of a com-
mittee of suitable trustees, to be appointed by the Grand Lodge,
and shall be finished in such manner as the said committee may
direct, for the more perfect accommodation of the lodges which
may hereafter meet therein. The G. Lodge to have the use of
the large concert room on the first floor to me(*t in upon any
public occasion, when not otherwise engaged. The hall shall be
called by any name the G. Lodge may be pleased to adopt, and
the corner-stone laid under their superintendence, and with any
ceremonies they may choose to perlbrm, and the building, when
completed, dedicated by the G. Lodge, ifr. McMurtrie also
agrees that in case any of the lodges have funds which they wish
to invest, to take $2000 at six per cent., and give them a mortgage
on the building for the amount. Your committee have agreed
to ]»ay for the same the annual rent of six hundred dollars, pay-
able (juarterly, and to take a lease for years, with the privi-
lege of extending the same 5 years more.

The time appears to have come when, by almost the unani-
mous voice of a large portion of the Order, some j)lace seems to
be required for their use more spacious and convenient than the
one they now meet in. The subordinate lodges which meet in
this ])lace have generally expressed such a desire, by the appoint-
ment of committees for the purpose of making inquiry on the
subj(»et, and your committee oelieve that their views and interests
will be fully promoted and best protected by the definite (Mmtrart
now respectfully submitted. John Pearce, Anson Jones, Sam-
uel Pryor, John H. Campbell, William Weir.

A motion was made that the propoeals specified be approved,
which was decided in the affirmative, and the yeas and nays

478 AwaamjkM odd wwuuommam> -

ordered to h% inaertod cm the mkintefii m ibUowi^ Yom Rw.
Potte, Pearoe, Oampbdl, Jmms BooglttB, BMksuoi) Wenr,
&own, Oakfordy McFarlaiiei nakemore, BrnhMm, Hathaway and
Small,— 14. Nayft— Bro0» Hamiel, Wr%ht, Booiiy Barlte, Poet-
hill, — S. On motioii it was ^ Beatrfved, that the above report be
l^aced in the hands of the Host for <me week, and that it be
handed by him to each of the locoes meeting in this hall, to be
wbA therein for their information, and that at &e expiration of
the week it be returned to the O. Seeretarj." On motion, it was
dteo ^Besolved, that the O. MaBter nominate five brollierB, who
shall be approved by this O. Lodge, to act as tmsteee^ to super-
intend the building, and famish such information to the architect
as may be necessary." The 6. Master made the following nom-
inations, which were unanimoasly approved by the G. Lodge^
viz : John G. Potts, Anson Jones, John Pearce, Wm« Weir, and
Samuel Pryor.

This proceeding having been sanctioned by a majority <^ the
lodges meeting in the hall, was carried into efl^t, according to
the provisions of the contract it authorized. For the purpose of
fitting up and furnishing the building, the G. Lodge authorized
the trustees to borrow a sum not exceeding $2500, in shares of
capital stock to be issued in its corporate name of not less than
$50.00 each, at 6 per cent., payable semi-annually, upon such
conditions as the trustees might deem fit to adopt, pledging 75
per cent, of the revenue of the G. Lodge for the payment of the
principal and interest of the loan, and directing the said trustees
to devise a system of finance adequate to the object contemplated.
This loan was subsequently increased to $4000. The stock was
disposed of, the new hall was finished and furnished ready for the
use and occupation of the Grand and subordinate lodges. At
the meeting of the G. Lodge held March 22d, 1830, the following
brethren were appointed a committee of arrangements for dedi-
cating the new liall, viz : Anson Jones, John Pearce, Joseph
Fontayne, Josepli Cobb, W. J. A. Birkey. Tlie dedication took
place under favorable circumstances, Tuesday, May 18, 1830.
The new liall was immediately thereafter occupied by the Grand
and subordinate lodges. Incidental to the ceremony of dedica-
tion a public dinner was given, of which a large number of the
Grand Oflicers and brothers partook. On Monday, May 24th,
1830, the G. Lodge held its fii-st meeting in tlie hall, South Fifth

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THK GRAND LODGE OF PXHN8TLTANIA. 477

Street, below Walnut. At a session of the G. Lodge, held Oct.
25th, 1830, proper steps were taken by the Grand Lodge to
provide a detailed record of the ceremony of dedication for pres-
ervation, and to have the same framed. The subject was referred
to P. G.'s Wright and Fryor. The following is a copy of the
record of dedication, which was transcribed on parchment in
good style of penmanship, and hung in the hall, South Fifth
Street, during its occupancy by the Order. It is now preserved
among the historical records of the Order, in the office of the G.
Secretary.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS OF PENNSYLVANIA.

This Record witnesseth; That on Tuesday, the 18th day
of May, Anno Domini 1830, the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania
of the I. O. O. F. having assembled with the members of the
Order in general, for the especial purpose, this hall, erected
on South Fifth Street, near Walnut, Philadelphia, was, in the
presence of us whose names are hereunto subscribed, duly set
apart and dedicated to the great purposes of Odd Fellowship,
Friendship, Love and Truth, and to the diflusion of Benevolence
and Charity, in the fullest extent, to all its worthy members.

This interesting paper was signed by G. M. Potts and his
G Officers, by Thomas Wildey, G. S., and the majority of the
officers of the G. L. U. S., by all the leaders in Pennsylvania,
and by many distinguished visitors. A poetical address by Bro.
L. W. Ryckman was delivered at the new hall. South Fifth
Street, Philadelphia, May 18th, 1830, but the plan of this work
will not allow its publication.

The history of the Order in Pennsylvania gives rise to many
reflections, not the least of which is, that the brothers of that
jurisdiction have prouder claims to personal merit than those of
any other in America. Mar}'land had Wildey, the matchless
enthusiast and wonder-worker ; Entwisle, the genius and organ-
izer ; Welch, the prudent and staid ; and Marley and Matliiot,
the young Americans, the latter a man of rare promise and use-
fulness, to form a band which, like that of the Tenth Legion of
Csesar, was well-nigh invincible. But more than this, tlu»y
added organization to personal effort, and the fealty of other
States to increase the interest and promote the enterprise. Wil-
dey himself was a host, and his personal efforts were alone suffi-
cient to account for the success in Maryland.

Bnt in Pennsjlvania the fuots wore ollicrwise. Wildej i^
r-tt iM^iwed tlic Bteds, but they fell in good &oil, and needol g/t
foroign immigratiou or labor to cause tiieni to spring up and t*«i;
abundant I'rnit. The mateiial whieii composed Its first lodges
WHS a power in itself. As lodge ailer lodge was instituted andf
membcrB came flocking in, the old landmarks of Belf-govemmeiiC
were neglected for a better system. Pennsylvania Lodge alonU
representing the old element, waa refractory, iind adhered td|
the traditions of ancient usage. Her membership vr»^ ro^
wedded to a perscaial goveniment, and wu hard to Ining m
under the safe rale of sabordinatioii to miperior antfaori^.

Bat this feeling ended where it began, and took no hold Bpo«
the new memberBhip. Reverence for law and faith in syBtematw
effort was the raling passion of the fint decade, aa it haa been tii»
balwark of the Order in that State down to the jH-eeent hour. E<ai>-
Innately for those brethren, as they bad no man aa a rallying P'>^^
they chose the better part of ruling by the collected wiadmn of
the whole. Hence the Grand Lodge of Pennajrlvania wm
organized by good and trae men, whose object from tiie fink WM
to evoke order from confnsion, and erect an establiflhinent whi(^
by its own vigor, would not only command respect and obefr
ence, but form the potent center about which the whole ediema
shouid harmoniously revolve. With what admiration do we
witness the proceedings of that infant body, when Pennsylvania
Lodge, No. 1, its darling first-born, defied its authority 1 It did
not matter that tlie Order was yet weak and the systena new and
untried, that the eitting Grand Master was a member of the
offending lodge, that McMahon, the favorite of the subordinate,
was a man of promise. None of these things moved them ; the
law was the master and the king, and before its majesty ihey
not only bowed themselves, but forced every other knee to bend.
With rare calmness they used every fraternal art to mend the
breach ; but when every effort failed,how firmly and with what dig^
nity did the Grand Lodge depose the offender and assert the prerog-
atives of a supreme body! It is of such stuff that men, and the
strongest men, are made. The love and reverence for Wildey was
also profound among them, and none went farther to do him honor :
but when he appeared in the arena as the defender of the sinning
lodge, the whole Grand Lodge was roused to indignation. The
Grand Sire himself fell before the majesty of the law, and the

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THE GRAND LODGE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 47^

Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania had the honor of bringing him,
and the Grand Lodge of the United States itself, to the observ-
ance of written law ; thus setting the first example of that con-
stitutional government which has made Odd Fellowship the fore-
most secular institution of the kind of its day.

Pennsylvania has the glory of having stood alone from the
first. To her we owe Grand Lodge reports, Degree Lodges, and
many fundamental elements, without which the working of the
great plan might have been an inglorious failure. It was her
example and influence which gave the Order power and fame,
both within its portals and over the whole country. But great
names are not wanting in her wonderful history. What names
are more deeply engraven on the Order than those of Pearce, of
Small, of Perkins, of Hopkins, of Kneass, those grand contempo-
raries of Wildey, or of those later names known and loved in all
the large household of Odd Fellowship ? Need we in such con-
nection refer to Nicholson, Stokes, Lamberton, Simpson, Curtis,
Hickok, and many others, who in the Grand Lodge of the United
States have linked themselves and that great jurisdiction to im-
perishable fame ?

Every Odd Fellow's heart is moved at the spectacle of the
royal procession of the multitude of lodges and members in Penn-
sylvania, who with even steps and serried ranks, file on file, bat-
talion on battalion, carry the banner of Odd Fellowship at the
head of the mighty columns of American Fraternity. As the
crowned Queen of the Order, may she reign forever, by the un-
disputed title of numbers, benevolence, and a mutual relief so
great as to outvalue the richest gem in a monarch's diadem I

CHAPTER XIX.

THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

The Grand Lodge of the United States was organized in 1825,
laving for its basis four Grand Lodges only. The Order had
taken organic form as a national institution, and was nominally
in occupation of the whole area represented by its name. Yet
but little actual progress had been made outside of Maryland and
Pennsylvania. It numbered in all only nine subordinate lodges,
in February, 1825, when the Supreme Body had its first meeting.
In the next year the subordinates had reached the number of
twelve, and in 1827 were but fourteen. This was the condition
of affairs until near the close of that year. Wildey made his visit
to England in 182G, and vitalized the movement by obtaining i
new charter from the Manchester Unity. But after all, no imme*
diate effect had followed. After an interval, in w^hich the 6.
Lodge had simply a doubtful existence, and could scarcely 8ii&'
tain a feeble life, it was called upon to make its first eflbrt to
extend its authority to new territory. On November 12th, ISi^T,
that body met in special session, and granted a charter to Thomas
M. Abbett, Kol)ert Boyd, John Cragg, Thomas Smith and Samuel
Ivnapp, for a Iodize to be located at Washington, District of Co-
lumbia, '* to be hailed as Central Lodge, No. 1, 1. (). Fellows/'
Provision was made for the institution on the ^(Uli day of the
same month, and Grand Sire Wildey was deputed to perform
that ceremony. On that day he visited Washington, accompa-
nied by Thomas Scotchburn, Grand Master of Maryland, Past
Ct rands llicliard ^larlev, John l>oyd, John J. Roach, Thos. Char-
ters, Daniel Weaver, and brothers Kobert Gott and others. They
met the petitioners in the evening at Milburn's Tavern, %vhere a
room had been prepared, and formally opened Central Lodge. As
soon as the organization was completed, the visitors were gratitied
to lind that ten persons had applied for membership. The a]>pli-
cations were immediately considered and the candidates elected.
They were then admitted and initiated. These first initiates ^vere

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THE DI8TBI0T OF OOLUMBIA. 481

Arthur Mclntyre, John Wells, Jr., George D. Spencer, George
M. Davis, Thomas Stelle, John N. Moulder, John Douglas, John
Elvin, B. Hurley, and Milburn, the host. Brother John Farrar
was admitted by card. It seems that this occurred before the
officers were elected. That important business was next per-
formed, and resulted in the election of Thomas M. Abbett, Noble
Grand ; Thomas Smith, Vice Grand, and John N. Moulder, Sec-
retary. The subordinate positions were filled as follows : Robert
Boyd, Warden ; George M. Davis, R. S. to N. G.; George D.
Spencer, R. S. to N. G.; Thomas Stelle, Conductor ; B. Hurley,
R. S. S.; Arthur Mclntjrre, R. S. S., and John Wells, Guardian.
All of these officers were duly installed by Grand Sire Wildey,
who, at the close of the ceremonies, deliver*^d an appropriate and
impressive address, which elicited an eloquent response from
Bro. Samuel Knapp, and a unanimous vote of thanks from the
brethren.

The lodge was thus launched on its mission of benevolence,
and continued to hold regular weekly sessions. The first ques-
tion that was mooted outside of routine business, was the neces-
sity of procuring a more suitable place of meeting, which resulted
in the renting of two rooms in the City Hall, which were fitted
up for the purpose. The lodge occupied this place at the first
meeting in January, 1828. The business transacted in the first
decade was strictly that of the ordinary work of a lodge, with no
striking incident worthy of mention. As early as the 15th of
January, 1828, a committee was appointed to inquire into the
expediency of revising the ceremony of initiation. On the 22d of
January, 1828, Grand Sire Wildey transmitted a vote of thanks
by the Grand Lodge of the United States to Thomas M. Abbett,
N. G., for his energy in the advancement of the Order, which
was responded to by a grateful resolution on the part of the
lodge. On the 16th of September, certain changes made by
Pennsylvania in the work were adopted. The first loss of a
member occurred in the latter part of October, 1828, by the de-
<;ease of Bro. George Walker; the brothers, in regalia, attended
his remains to the cemetery and interred them with funeral hon-
ors. In this sad office they were joined by the brothers of George-
town Lodge. The funeral took place on Sunday, and tliis first
public procession of the Order attracted general notice, and was
the subject of favorable comments.
81

48:^ AMERICAN ODD FBLLOWSHIP.

Stftrting f'roiii tliu swoiid nijj;lit of the meeting of the lodge,
the following appear to have been received and initiated; B^j.

tL. Beall, Jolm Eddie, Kieliard Barry, John Carothers, Solomon
_Drew, James Green, John N. Alford, George Tennison, V. Cai^
iter, L. S. Tschefeiy, John Foulkes, Wni. Serrin, Thos. Sandiford,
^OB. Wilson, Wm. McDonald, Cbas. W. Boteler, Wm. R Spauld-
ing, J. P. Fonde, Wm. Langton, Benj. O. Tyler, Joel Downer,
John Wilson, Philip Hines, A. K. Arnold, John M. Clohey. Geo.
W. Kay, Chafl. Irvin, Geo. Walker, Tboe. Conflpr, J. G. Will^K,
Wm. H. Maiiro, Wm. Cook§Jr., Wm. Cooper, James Craaiiiird,
* Geo. Umbaiigh, Uriah Maddox, B. Hurley, !g. Maddox, Jacob
Kline, John A. Brightwell, W. W. Keyworth, Eicliard Eno, Jot
^j ^_ Beardfiley and R, T, Washington. Prom the names here given
' it may be inferred that ^epgrtonnd of the lodge w«8 good, ia-
oluding inembers of nearly erery bneiiiesB pniHiit, and »ifli>t«^^
ft fair representation of the worth and inteUigmce of an awwiinhtr
(^American citizens.

Thirteen montha Babseqaently to the inangnratioo of Centi^
Lodge, Ko. 1, several members vithdrev with a view to tha ah
■ tabliahment of a lodge in Geoi^towo, to be known m <3«ai^
town Lodge, No. 2. For thiB purpose they addreBoed a petitiaii
to the Grand Lodge of the United Statea, Bigned by Rob^t Bowd^
John Eddes, Francis King, John Elvin, John Donglaa, and Jdm
. Craig. The petition was presented to the G. L. U. S. on the 15th
of January, 1828, and a charter was granted. It was arranged
that the lodge should be opened on the 23d of the same month,
and G. S. Wildey was deputized to perform the ceremony. He
accordingly met the petitioners on the evening of that day at the
house of Sedley Woodward in Georgetown, and tliere formally
instituted the new lodge. He was assisted by N. G. Abbett and
. T. G. Mclntyre of Central Lodge. As soon as the organization
was completed, on the same evening, James Gettys, John B.
Gray, Levi Washburn, Thomas Orme, Henry B. Kobertson, James
Belt, John D. Clark, Southey Parker, Peter Callan, and Sedley
Woodward, were elected and initiated into the mysteries of Odd
Fellowship. The officers elected and installed were, Robert
Boyd, N. G.; John Douglas, V. G., and James Gettys, Secretary.
The subordinate offices were filled by John Elder, Warden;
Francis King, Conductor; John Craig, R. S, and John B, Gray,
L. S. of N. G.; and by John Elvin, B. S., and Thomas Orme^

THE DIBTBICT OF COLUMBIA. 488

L. S. of V. G. Henrj B. Robertson was made R. S. 8. and John
D. Clark, L. 8. 8.; Peter Callan, I. G., and 8edley Woodward,
O. G. The G. Sire enlightened the brethren by the delivery of
a fraternal address, which was responded to by a resolution of
thanks for his services and valuable counsel.

It was but a short time afterwards that the following named
were initiated : John K. King, Sam'l Cunningham, Wm. 8. Owens,
Thos. Kaltzman, Edward B. King, Grafton Powell, Louis F.
Joucherez, Jno. F. Goodrich, Wm. Brownell, Jno. Lewis and
Jno. Price. Of this lodge, James Gettys was elected V. Grand
on the 8th of February, 1828, and N. Grand on the 18th of April
ensuing. There were no incidents of a remarkable nature con-
nected with this lodge during the decade. A procession was at
one time suggested, but did not occur, and an ineffectual effort
was made in May, 1829, to form an Encampment. In May, 1830,
the lodge was visited by Rev. Lorenzo Dow, an earnest and
eccentric itinerant preacher. Bro. Dow was a member of a lodge
in Albany, New York, and was an earnest Odd Fellow. By in-
vitation, he delivered a fine address upon the principles and
objects of the Order. Concord Lodge of the District made him
an honorary member and gave him the degrees. Subsequently
he died at Georgetown, and was buried by the Order with ap-
propriate honors.

Early in the autumn of 1828 the two subordinate lodges made
a movement for a G. Lodge, by requesting their P. Grands to
solicit a charter for that purpose. Thereupon, Thos. M. Abbett,
Jno. Wells and Alex. L. Mclntyre, of Central Lodge, and James
Gettys, Robert Boyd and James Ashton, of Georgetown Lodge,
met in Washington, on the 19th September, 1828, and addressed
the following petition to the G. L. of U. S. : " We, the under-
signed, P. Grands of Central Lodge, No. 1, and Georgetown
JjodgQj No. 2, I. O. O. F., in the District of Columbia, having
been authorized by our respective lodges to unite in the formation
of a G. Lodge, respectfully petition the G. L. U. S. to grant us a
charter, to meet in the city of Washington and transact all busi-
ness pertaining to a Grand Lodge, and to exercise jurisdiction
over all lodges now established, or that may be established, in the
District of Columbia, according to the present laws and land-
marks of the institution." This was signed by five of the Past
Grands ; Bro. Mclntyre having refused to join in the application

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The wzt neeli^ oT Oe body vw « As ia& or D«ea^
US8^ wbcB pn|Mtstii»s voe ^ade ftr tfe adoplam of aeaH
tatkn and bf-laivs, and for pnmdiag — ihlilw n^dia, a aeal a
odwr easentul artido. On Am 9Mi ef Hay, 18S9, it mOapt

tLe PennsTlvania charges for initiatioDS and the openiog m
closing of lodgea. On the ISth of October, 1S29, a charter w
granted to Wrn, Serrin, John S. Motilder, Philip Hioes, Le
Washburn, Th<M. Sandiford, T. Conner, Thos- Smith and Jol
Weila, for Concord Lodge, Xo. 3, to be located in the first (we
emmo^tj ward of Washington City. This lodge was opened ^
the SiOth of the eame month, at Usher's Tavern. The office
inBtalled were John Wells, Jr., X. G.; Win. Serrin, V. G.; Le
WaBlibum, Sec., and John N. i[onlder, Warden. The temi i
the (1. Officers having expired, an election was had on the 20'
of Noveml>er, 1829, which resnlted as follows: James Gettn
(i. M.; John Wells, Jr., D. G. M.; Henry B. Kobertson.G. wi
den ; Francis King, G. Sec.; and John Eddes, Treaa. The
brothers were duly installed by G. M. Abbett, who, on the 10
of May, 1830, was elected an honorary member of the G. Lodgi
ho had previously received a similar compliment from Cent*
Lodge.

On the Rth of November, 1830, another annual election to<
place : James Gettys, G. M.; John Wells, D. G. M.; and Jol

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THE DI8TE1CT OF COLUMBIA. 486

EddeB, were re-elected, with John B. Gray as G. W., and Henry
B. Robertson, Sec. On the 3d of December, 1829, a charter was
granted for Jonathan Lodge, No. 4, to be located in Georgetown.
It was instituted on the 21st of the same month, at the house of
John Douglas, on Bridge Street. The elective oflScers installed
were John Douglas, N. G.; Grafton Powell, V. G., and John B.
Gray, Sec. On the 18th of November, 1830, a charter was
granted to Pocahontas Lodge, No. 5, to be located in Alexandria,
which then formed a part of the District of Columbia, and on the
15th of Dec. the G. Lodge met at that place and opened the lodge.
The oflSicers installed were John W. Smith, N. G.; B. F. Spencer,
V. G.; L. Kipkins, Sec, and Wm. Thomas, Treas., upon all of
whom the degrees of the Order were conferred before the instal-
lation, they having been but recently initiated by Washington
Lodge. These brothers, in connection with Obadiah Moss, were
the petitioners for the new lodge. Pocahontas Lodge was the
first lodge instituted south or west of the Potomac River. It
seems to have been committed to unpopular or indifferent hands,
and never reached maturity. Like a hot-house plant transferred
to a cold and barren soil, it gave no sign of enduring vitality, and
became extinct early in the second decade, leaving no accessible
record of its acts.

This was the natural result of a too hasty organization, of
which we have had many examples. This has been too often the
case in this jurisdiction, where zeal, in many instances, was un-
tempered by discretion. At an early period in the second decade
this cause was exhibiting its natural effect; Central Lodge having
been reduced to some twenty-five or thirty members, passed a
resolution at the close of 1830 for its own dissolution. Concord
Lodge ceased to work about the middle of the year 1831. George-
town Lodge suspended business at the beginning of 1832, and
Jonathan Lodge continued its operations only three or four years
longer.

But on the 10th of January, 1832, a counter movement began.
A few of the most efficient members of Central Lodge met on that
day, and petitioned the G. Lodge for a charter to form a new
lodge, with the name and number of old Central. This meet-
ing included Bros. Geo. M. Davis, John A. Brightwell, Peter
Callan, Geo. D. Spencer, Thos. Stelle, John Douglas, Wm. W.
Key worth, John C. Rodgers, Geo. Umbaugh and Uriali Maddox.

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THOMAS M. ABBETT.

■1

THE DISTRICT OP CJOLITMBIA. 487

he engaged in commercial business in Lancaster County, Va.,
and was successful, but the malaria of that region was so detri-
mental that he was forced to remove to a more healthful local-
ity. He therefore disposed of his business and removed to Bal-
timore City, where he became receiving teller in the old Citizens^
Bank, then on Baltimore Street. Here he remained until the
bank closed its doors and retired from business. As an officer
in the bank he was quite popular; his urbanity and business
capacity were specially noteworthy, and greatly commended him
to the corporation and its customers.

On leaving he was chosen Secretary and Treasurer of the
Susquehanna and Tide Water Canal Co., where he remained
during the remainder of his life. A capable judge, and his life-
long friend, P. G. John H. Barnes, says of him : " The mental
endowments of T. M. Abbett were of a high order, and as an ac-
countant he had no superior. He was a profound thinker and
<jogent rea^oner. He seldom gave public utterance to his views,
but when he did speak he was brief and to the point, and always
carried great weight with his audience." In stature he was
above the average height, and a fine and commanding presence
had the added charm of a bland and smiling countenance beam-
ing with good humor and philanthropy. The President of the
Canal Co., Hon. Geo. W. Dobbin, now Judge of the Superior
Court of Baltimore, says: " He had an evenness of temper and
sincerity of manner which made intercourse with him always
agreeable. When these attributes are blended with strong nat-
ural ability and general cultivation, controlled by high moral
convictions, we may well look for a noble character. Such an
expectation was in his case not disappointed. He was an active
and powerful friend of public education, and as a citizen was
always at his post of duty. His services as Commissioner of the
Public Schools were of the greatest value. No one labored more
assiduously to perfect the system, and none were more attentive
to the duties which his position enjoined."

Bro. Abbett was initiated in Philadelphia by one of the early
lodges, and continued a member until his removal from that city.
Soon afterwards he settled in Washington, and finding no lodge
there, undertook the introduction of the Order into the District.
On inquiry he found four others of a like disposition, and with
them he obtained a charter for Central Lodge, as has been before

ODD FELLOWSOIP.

detaOed. Oim of these was liobert Boyd, a. brother of Jotm
Boyd of Maiylutd, who was coDBpicnotis in the £rst decade.
Abbott w« the first N. G. in the new lodge., and the first G. M.
ot'&n G. Lodge of the District of Columbia. In these positions he
laid deep and itron^' the tuundatiooH of our principles. He it
-WM who firrt gftTCj charaL'ter to the Order in tlie new locality,
'■ad his kobI snd counsels were of lasting inlluence. But be
nmored from Washington, us before stated, to Virginia, and
afterwardfl to Baltimore. B^ore leiniig tbe District fae be-
came its first O. Repreeentative in the G. L. U. S. and Borrad
during tiw Beseion oS 1S29. In Baltimore he attached himself to
Franklin Lodge, No. 2. In Uiis lodge and in the G-. Lodge at
Md. fae became at once a leading spirit; Ha had no taste» and
in fact no time for the dnties at ofBoe, and tmiferntfy declived all
personal distinctions, bat no member azoellod him in derotioo to
.our distinotiTe principles.

To his wise connsels and personal infloenoe are owing manj
great reforms in the Q. Lodge; notably, in ridding the body of
petty controverraes, and fixing the maUer of grievaaees and brisk
4HI their present basis. In 1850-1851 he represented the G.
.Lodge of Md. inihe G. L. IT. S., and in his seotmd year had &a.
Joshua Yansant aa his colleague. He stood well in that body at
a time when it was full of able men. He had before that time,
in 1S45, drawn up a petition for a Degree Lodge, which was
granted, and that lodge was organized nnder his direction. Be-
ftising offices of emolument, he often assisted as a citizen in works
of benevolence. His services as a Manager of the House of
Befuge were very valuable, and ho was full of zeal for its noble
objects.

His death was sudden and after only a few days' confinement
to his house; it occurred on the 17th day of July, 1866, He
left behind him one son aud four daugtiters, his wife having
died in 184S. And thus another of the early pioneers passed
away, hut with a record second to none. The loss was folt in
a laige circle, and was deeply mourned by all who had been his
associates. In the Order the honorable distinction of being
the Father of Odd Fellowship in the District of Columbia will
be his lasting monument ; and so long as that organization shall
continue, his memory will be held as a sacred memorial of its
birthday anniversary. He lies with kindred duet in Greenmonnt

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THB DISTRICT OF CX>LnMBIA. 489*

Cemetery, where bo many of our famous dead have found the
rest of the good after the weary toils of a well-spent life. Requir
escat in pace,

JAMES GETTTS.

James Gettys was second only to Abbett in his influence in
the District of Columbia. His early history is unknown. We-
first hear of him in 1827, as the agent for a large brewery located
in Washington. His business required him to travel in the inter-
ests of his firm, and when he visited Baltimore ho naturally made
the acquaintance of Wildey and John Boyd, who became his cus-
tomers. When Abbett established Odd Fellowship in the Dis-
trict it soon came to the knowledge of Gettys. His residence
-being Georgetown, he was initiated into Georgetown Lodge, No.
2, on the occasion of its institution. On the same night he was
installed as Secretary, and at once took the chief place as leader.
On the institution of a G. Lodge he was made the first D. G. M.,.
and at the next election became G. M. Such was the estimate
of the value of his services as G. M. that he was continued in that
ofBce for four successive terms. He was the second Rep. of the
District in the G. L. U. S., and served for 1830-1831 and 1833.
In that body he took part in every important movement, and was
a valuable member. A glance at the journal of those years will
present him in a very favorable light.

It was during his term, in 1833, that the second term of
G. M. Wildey expired. We of this day can scarcely con-
ceive of the difficulty of finding a successor for the founder.
No man in the Order could fill his place as he had filled it,
nor was it necessary that such an one should be chosen. Per-
sonal government and personal influence were about to be sup-
planted by law and associated effort. It was then only neces-
sary that the successor should be a lover of the law and a
faithful administrator. These qualifications were conspicuous
in Gettys, and he was unanimously chosen as the second G.
Sire. The election occurred on the 18th of March, 1833. On
the 3d of September following, Wildey delivered his farewell
address and retired, and James Gettys was duly installed as
the first Odd Fellow in America. His officers were strong
men, Samuel Pryor having been chosen as G. Sec, and Augustus
Mathiot G. Treas. His term of service discloses nothing of spe-^

490 AMEKICAS ODD FELL01\-SHIP.

cial interest, except as showing the working of the body nnder
the constitntion and by-laws of 1S33, which had been framed hj
the new men who had now taken charge of the enterprise. It
was entirely sati&factory, and met the wishes of the boJy
over which he presided. In 1S36 he again appeared as a G.
RepresentaliTe, Here he was prominent in aiding the settle-
ment of iJie diffictilty then disturbing the harmony of the Order
ill New York, and was very active in the businef* of the eession.
At this point he drops from that record.

In the District he was always an active Odd Fellow. H«
with Abbett gave tone to the first movements, and on Abbett's
removal he became the leader of the Order. He was well knovni
to the public in mercantile life as a magistrate, a conveyancer,
and general agent, and exerted all his influence for our instito-
tion. He was also connected with the City Conncil and Levy
Court, but never allowed any position to cause him to neglect his
brethren. Some five or six years before hie death, on the decline
of his lodge, he deposited his card in one of the Washington
lodges. P. G. S. Moore says of him : " It is only his former aeso-
ciattts in the G. L. U. S. and the senior brethren of the District
who can appreciate the extent of his eenices and do full ju&tice ■
■to his memory. The latter especially can bear testimony to hi*
unremitting efforts to give stability to the institution, as well in
Washington as in Georgetown and Alexandria, at which last
place he aided to establish the first lodge sonth of the Potomac.
He died in the arms and nnder the protection of the brotherhood,
who paid his remains appropriate and imposing funeral honors.
The malady with which he was afflicted, and which opened the
way from this to a better life, was a pulmonary affection."

The traits of this brother were unusually attractive ; he was
affable and obliging to a remarkable degree, and generous to a
fault. He was master of the art of conciliation, and that potent
weapon was never placed in purer bands or directed by greater
benevolence and goodness.

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CHAPTER XX.

THEORY OF THE DEOBEE8.

Though round him numerous tribes.

Sworn foes to Heaven's dread Buler, pitch their tents,

No wayward doubts or coward teaxa api>al

The Patriarch's soul. — Samtkl Haybb.

Give me my scallop-shell of quiet.
My staff of faith to walk upon;
My scrip of Joy, immortal diet;
My bottle of salvation;
My gown of glory, (hope's true gage).
And thus I'll take my pilgrimage.

—SIB WALTEB RALEIGH.

As has been elsewhere set forth, trnth has always been taught
in a mystery: a word closely connected with the old English
Mister^ a trade or craft, the learning of which was something
occult and mysterious. Odd Fellowship does not in the ordinary
sense seek to teach truth ; it has no abstract or esoteric doctrine,
but is in every way concrete and practical. It has not the same
root as Masonry, which undoubtedly is nearly related to the
ancient mysteries. A system of that kind takes the form of the
ancients, which had one method for the elect and another for the
multitude. A glance at Masonry will disclose the similarity. Its
lectures and symbols have a scientific basis. Geometry is the
science on which it is founded, as architecture is the art from
which it borrows its symbolic language. It is therefore claimed
that " more than a superficial knowledge of the principles of ar-
chitecture is absolutely essential to the Mason." Thus we find
the five orders of that art, the Doric, the Ionic, the Corinthian,
the Tuscan, and the Composite, a part of its fundamental know-
ledge. The same may be said of the liberal art*, which its degree
of Fellow Craft mainly illustrates. That great Masonic author-
ity, Mackey, says: ^^The seven liberal arts and sciences are
illustrated in the Fellow-Craft's Degree. They are Grammar,
Hbetoric, Logic, Arithmetic, Geometry, Music, and Astronomy.
Grammar is the science which teaches us to express our ideas in
appropriate words, which we may afterwards beautify and adorn

(491)

■ by m<
^M reaaoi
^P thong

by meana of rlietonc ; wliile logic inetntcts tis how to think anj
reason with propriety, and to make language subordinate lo
thought. Arithmetic, which is the science of compn ting by nnm-
bers, is absolutely eosential, not only to a thorough knowlwlge of
all mathematical science, but also to a proper pursuit of our
daily avocations. Geometry, or the application of arithmetic to
sensible quantitiep, is of all Bciences the most important, since by
it we are enabled to measure and survey the globe that we inhabiL
Its principles extend to other ephercB, and, occupied in the con-
templation and measurement of the sun, moon and heavenly
bodies, constitute the science of astronomy ; and lastly, when our
minds are filled and our thoughts enlarged by tho contemplation
of all the wonders which these sciences open to onr view, mode
comes forward, to soften our hearts and cultivate onr affections
by its soothing infliiencc-s. The preservation of these aria as a
part of the ritual of the Fellow-Craft's Degree, is another evidence
of the antiquity of Freemasonry."

We fully agree with the author that the ritual of his Order
proves its antiquity, in the same manner that the absence from
of the peculiar elements he has enumerated, is evidence
against its claim to a similar antiquity. Symbolic Masonry, in.-
fact, has no existence but in tho regions of art and ecience.
Every act has its scientific symbol, so that every Mason meets mi
the level and parts on the square. This is the foundation, but
the bnilding is still more spacious. The edifice, or specnlatiTe
Masonry, is so called to distinguish it from operative Maeonij,
which is engaged in the construction of edifices of stone. "The
operative Mason works according to the designs laid down for
him on the trestle-board by the architect; the speculative is
guided by the great trestle-board on which is inscribed the re-
vealed will of God, the Supreme Architect of heaven and earth.**
This last is the lesson of Masonry as now nniversally understood,
and is the key to the secrets of that institution. Odd Fellowship
also claims an antiquity, but it is comparatively recent, and has
no valid claim to be called " ancient." It has no pretenaions to
art or science in any way, and does not seek the edncation of the
intellect. The reason is obvious. It is a select class, or select
persons in the various classes of mankind, to whom such know-
ledge is possible or its types interesting. It follows that Masonry
does not invite the multitude to its temples, and in fact invite*

i

THEOBT OF THB DEGBBE8. 493

HO man to its secrets. It is a light set upon an eminence, which
the worthy and well qualified may indeed approach, but no dull
•clod that cannot reflect its brightness is brought within its radius.
The seeker must also be a learuer, and must voluntarily seek
the light. Fbatebnity indeed is the bond of its lodges, but not
a common fraternity. Mackey says, " Freemasons are brethren,
not only by common participation of the human nature, but as
professing the same faith, as being jointly engaged in the same
labors, and as being united by a mutual covenant or tie ; whence
they are also called, * Brethren of the Mystic Tie.' "

To such as know Masonry, it is only necessary to remark that
the distinction between the two institutions is best shown by
their terms of membership. But three conditions are required
by Odd Fellowship : belief in the existence of God, good health,
and good moral character. The terms of the other are not nearly
so liberal, and are not intended to be so. Odd Fellowship, unlike
its ancient sister, is not conservative, but in every sense is aggres-
sive. The one is a philosophic school, the other an army ; this a
nursery of sound principles and grand designs, that an active and
philanthropic workshop ; one seeks to furnish light to the seeker,
and the other to reflect it over all the world. The Odd Fellow
then is a missionary — his mission to bring mankind into one
brotherhood : he is a crusader — his crusade a war with vice ; he
is a nurse, an educator, a reliever of sufiering — hence his primary
objects include the sick, the infant, and the widow. And as these
are the main purposes, it follows that a treasury is the very centre
of the system. This is fed and drained by the beneficial feature,
which is the life of the Order ; and so the distinction between the
two Orders is complete. Odd Fellowship then is all plain sailing
without the charts of science. The whole foundation rests upon
one brief but immortal paragraph :

"the fathebhood of god, the bbothebhood of man."

Hence our ritual covers but the one ground, HtTMANmr, and
works always under the blessing of the Providence that cares for
man : DiviNrrr. Masonry, upon the other hand, is not a benefi-
cial society. True, one of its landmarks is charity, and that has
never failed when occasion demanded its exercise ; but that virtue
is not its chief characteristic Its benevolence is not organized into

I

I

4iM *w»mmr odd fxllowshif.

a BjBtem, and its dues do not represent a fund whose otdef dsdga
is benefitB. Its benefits are iDtellectual, social, and (efinin^Ukd
ite tendency as the great injBtic body is to seek its fnoeeljrtes in
the higher walks of lifu, and in the eelect circles of moi of influ-
ence and note- Its foundations were laid in an olwcnre aati-
quitj, and the building of its temple wag completed hj a race
which has left it with conditions that no vandal hand dull alter
BO much as a hairVbreadth of its original design and Bynuaetrj.
Thus of necessity the work is ready to the hand, and the work-
man but reproduces from the model whose design was written
on the ancient tree tie-board. The vital point then in MaBtnuy
ia its Skceet, beautiful, and instnictive and universal in its tcat-
dency — the mother mystery of the modem world.

Our degrees have never been claesiEed into their trae relft-
tions. They eeem at first blush to be merely ac(adental; m>
outward link connectB them, no backward glance gronpa tlieai
together. They are apparently a mass without gentoal efaape or
outlines. To speak of them as a system would seem a kind of
mockery. What a confusion of tongues is here, epaakii^ taxit
opposite if not contradictory things 1 what a wealth of emblooa
without coherent meaning I what luultitudes of lessoDB withoata .
plan 1 whiit signiticiint Words unconnected and never joined in
a pregnane Bentenee 1 what diversity of fonna to ezprees an idea !
what deviations to arrive at a common goal 1 All this and more
ewellB the note of interrogation. But we are not dismayed by
the apparent difBculties, but rather delighted that we, may turn
on the light upon our secret treasures. As we have no official
sanction to a plan, no one will be bound by our elucidation. But
we shall not hesitate for that, but give our solution, leaving to
others the grateful office of improving on our theory.

THE ANALYSIS OF THE THEOET OF THE SECRET WOBE.

It is only in our initiatory service that we embody the secret)
of the ancient mystics : the old story of mortality and its lesson,
grief, fear and donbt, slavery and chains, followed by the e^xfpee
of immortality, hope, joy, liberty and love. In the degrees pro-
per we have abandoned the Egyptian and Bionysian methods.
We no longer aspire to hww, but to (fo ; we seek knowledge only
for its principles, and learn principles only for the value of their

THEORY OF THE DEGREES. 495

results. "We are not seekers for light, but assume that we are
already enlightened. In the anteroom, as on an altar, we in-
scribe our belief in Deity; having invoked the Divine favor
and providence, we have only to learn our duty. The initiation
prepares us for the lesson, and that lesson is always practical.
Hence, our d^rees aim, by successive steps, to form a workman^
and to put him to appropriate labor. The treatment is pictorial^
by example, and didactic. The neophyte beholds the world as the
field of his labors ; he sees it lying in wickedness, the poor neg*
lected, the weak downtrodden, and the many the footstools of
the selfish few. Here are the unemployed, but industrious, who
are shunned, the sick untended, the orphan ignorant and desti-
tute, the widow in penury, and the very dead almost unhearsed
to a dreary funeral. The degrees disclose these evils and the
remedy ; that remedy is fra^ternfty. It has but one form : asso-
ciation ; but one principle, benevolence ; but one doctrine, ioleror^
tion ; but one order, equality. Thus all the workmen are one,
and the work itself is a unity. It follows that the end is to unite
all mankind into a vast and loving brotherhood.

But the degrees take a yet higher range. As skilled and sci-
entific workmen precede all others in device and workmanship,
so we educate ours in the deep secrets that underlie their work.
Union, integrity and zeal are inculcated ; virtue and honor are
set as their mirror, and truth erected as the common standard.
Friendship is linked to benevolence, and love to charity. A
common language makes them sui generisy and a common obliga-
tion binds them in a lasting covenant.

With this explanation we liave nothing to fear from compari-
son with others. We have our theatre, they have theirs ; our
object dignifies the means, and no other means would suit our
purposes. The Odd Fellow, then, should be proud of his ritual,
both as an original, and because it is fruitful. We are not among
dry roots, but in the clear sunshine, among the waving forests ;
all is natural and beautiful. Here are shade and protection, there
cooling springs and verdure. Orchards smile in full blossom,
and golden fruits reward the laborer. The popular theory of such
things has misled us as to the value of our work. Hence it is
common to depreciate it, and in many instances to consider it as
merely a loose collection of emblems and allegories. To the con-
trary, all are parts of a symmetrical and completed whole. True^

<4MI Aiiwrtpiiir ^Da> imjuylrsffia^*

^qr wiffttlMytpitidtieadiipdii spipepared iiiodel|«iid did qoI
^[^6r afc tiid Mime tlmd. Bat tlm is thar dhief mflril OM
FdUoiraU^ li not ft efeatimiy but « growtii ; no laaii defviied St
mM pot it before the world; bat maBy-^meii, ftt diffiarant period^
«nd under tbe pressimi of its giowUii hwe 94d»i^ sabtaMtodind
improved until every frsgment has been boond togetii^ in a qf»-
tBBBL This has h&&a most tme of the xitnal*. Similar, and fiir
iim most part the same, eenttments were always die prodncii^
^eanses. The demands of the work and ike ambition of the wcfA"
men hare ealled for liner tools and advanced maohin^y; bnt
always to tiie same end. It is the old story of demand and sup-
ply; bnt liie demand was of the same nataroi and the supply ci
^ same material It is the old argamenti bnt niged by snperior
lessoning and greater motives. Similar examples, bat of a larger
unmber and variety; the same charaeter of emblems, bat indi-
eiting a wider range of illustration ; tiie same grand lesson, but
Imight for loftier purposes, and witii, if possible, divine sanctions.
The connection and order of sequence axe not always apparent;
liiere are gaps and sudden transitions which appear inoongruoos;
ill ft wwl, it is not logical. But considered as moral and praeti*
eal lesBcms, the difficulty disappears. In that view all is harmi^
nions. When the object is to bind men. together for benevoloiee
und charity, severe logic is not required. It appeals to the nobler
instincts of the soul, to awaken sympathy, to create a common
interest, and above all, to invoke the presence of heaven-bom
charity. Call it the development of the better feelings, if you
please, and we are satisfied, for these are all combined in the
master passion of Love.

"We defy any careful study of our ritual which does not mani-
fest its excellence and power. The seeker for amusement and
intellectual excitement will soon be satisfied. But the philan-
thropist will roam through it with increasing wonder and su-
preme delight. The uncultured will find the refinement no let-
ters can bestow, an elevation of purpose no philosophy can
furnish ; the poor, the road to help and contentment, and the sor-
rowing and deeprate, friends and comforters. It is an equipment
with which a man becomes a more valuable citizen, a better
father of a family. In a word, no mere human arrangement has
been formed by which man may more certainly attain his true
altitude by the regeneration of the race. We shall essay a vin-

THEORY OF THE DEGREES. 497

dication of this opinion by tlie degrees themselves. They will be
produced in their proper sequence, as necessary parts of the plan;
the lesson will be gradually unfolded, the curtain drawn ; each
successive portion will be assigned its place ; the apparent gaps
shown only to be proper intervals ; distant parts will be brought
together until tlio whole,* as a grand panorama, will be presented
in a single picture.

ANALYSIS OF THE DKGREKS OF THE SUBORDINATE LODGE.

The initiation consists of a dramatic form, after the manner
of the ancient mysteries. The difference, and as we think, their
superiority, consists in the tlieory of human regeneration and tlie
practical lesson of mutual sympathy and relief. All tliis in gen-
eral terms. But tlie degrees are specific. They are five steps of
a ladder that reach a lofty summit. But each step is a necessary
one in the ascent. Or, to change the figure, they form a system
of mystic teaching linked together by natural logic ; theory and
practice invoked to form principles and habits worthy of man-
kind. Thus the 1st Degree is an allegory of the theory of human
happiness, both in sentiment and action. The 2d Degree shows
that this is to be attained only by association; that the only
basis of such a union is a covenant. The 3d Degree forms that
<;ovenant upon the virtue of friendship. The 4th Degree makes
it more binding by the cement of love. The 5th Degree is the
acme of all, making the condition of that bond, universal love —
the reign of truth.

These are intensely practical and profound. What are they
but training for a better life among a band of brethren ? The
centre of all this teaching is the Lodge — the object of all this love
is the Brotherhood. It forms a family, and brings eac^h member
in harmony with the whole. The degrees then make a man a
good Odd Fellow. But the Encampment has a further and dif-
ferent object. It deals with the subject in a different aspect.
It has no concern with itself in a lodge capacity, none with its
members as a single family. It turns to the world as its lodge,
to all men' as its membership, and the union of all men as its
mission. Hence the Patriarchal Degree exhibits abstractly In-
tolerance even among brethren. The Golden Rule Degree
gives us the same lesson on a broader scale — the intolerance of
32

1

AM&KIlIAIf ODD KKLLOWBIIIP. ^^^^^|

lie worli.1 to its henft'a<;tors. Roth nf thfiii eliuw hy cojitraai^^^M
olernnta of Odd Fellowship, imd moat grandly jirove tliat nal^^H
s BO Imrd but that brotlierly lovo will share and relieve it. Tffl^^
t deals witii ull mankiiid and realizes every promise made tu the ■
nitiate. For eacli Encampment of the Order is a mieBionary of 1
oleratioii to tlie world, The Roysil Piirjile Degree B]M>oJjfl for 1
tsolf at^ th(* chief of all. Scenic, didactic, alarmins;, consoHiijr — 1
lo thuory can compass It- It is the droairi fiilfillod, a lifu'a viu- M
xtry, and hi yoiid it nothing Vivti but the bouodlt-^ tiorixon af;til^H

EXEMPLIFICATION OF THE DEGREES. ^^B

The applicimt i^ now a brotluT; ho is 111 iJie retreat of OJ^ 1
'idlows ; thi! world is shut out ; he is beyond the thrediold, had 1

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tie voice of the Past Grand diecloeea the broad scope of hi* fhtu^

eefulness. lit; here finds that live interior recesses lie befor
lini, each with Its mysterj' and its lesson. The candidate m

ances under the guidance of thu Condnetor, liaving confident
hat all will he well with him. In this frame of mind he bogin

is lesson.

i

THEOBV OB- THK ^^;(JBBES.

THE FIKIJT VEOREE.

He knocks at the first portal and it slowly opens. Here he
Ehiits his eyes before the glowing splendor of the full-orbed sun,
Light brigiiter timn noonday envelopes him — the light of many
worlds. When he can bear the blinding glory, he looks around
him. On a ehiiUug cloud the emblem of deatli is rcporiiiig.

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The two extremes are meeting, day and night, mortality and im-
mortality. Every golden arrow fixes a pentiment, which life's
instability rivets in the mind. On a lofty scroll he finds his Icgson,
" Benevolence, Brotherly Love, and Cliarity." Personified, they
asher him to the inner door, on which are written respectively,
" Temperance, Sobriety, and Chabttty." These significant
■words sink deep into his eoul. Temperance, which forhids noth-
ing that is good, and which is the tnie law by which all things
should be done and enjoyed, leads, by a natural succcRSimi, to
sobriety of character. In that eobemess of sentiment and judg-
ment one may see all the virtues coming forth beautiful as the
flowere of spring. Above all, does it not prodnce that queen of all
goodness — that white garment of the soiil — that lovely bnd from
which all spotless flowers burst forth full blown — CaABrrrY J

He is now beyond the next portal ; in an ancient crjpt ha
stands before two objects: first, a, bundle of &tickg, anil secondly,
n bow mid arrows. In each separat* rod be sees his weakueaa;
in tho bundle, union and strength. That strength is now ex-

erted. The bow is placed in his hands and a quiver at his side.
Neophyte! thou art now in armor. Firm in thy principles and
invincible, ihou canst enter the hsta. This union is " one for all,
and all for one." Invisible hands grasp thine with friendly
pressure ; neophyte ! those hands are joined to others, and they
again to others, until taking the circuit of a continent, they return
in the last to form the circle. It is a solemn hour, for it records
a solemn Covenant. It is the compact for Mutual Relief, for
a common defence. But having thus formed our union in an al-
legory, we must place it in firmer keeping. For what are obli-
gations but contracts, which may or may not be executed ? It is
not su&ieicnt that one shall promise, but that he shall fulfil his
agreement. To do this he must prepare himself, by careful fore-
sight and the husbanding of his resources, to meet the demand he
has created. In this new field of action he thirsts to know how
he may measure U]) to the terms of his covenant.

THK THIKU DE«KEE.

The candidate therefore enters » tL'inple as liis next proceed-
ing. Here, in ample iblds, is the serpent ; there an open liand
whose palm is a human heart ; between tlieui rises the Jewish

Ark of the Covenant. How siiggeBtive and inspiring ! What a
combination! the wise serpent, the uncovered heart, the taber-
nacle of Jehovah. Learn, my brother, that the living tie of
Friendship is the bond of nnity. No device of wisdom can find
a better, no impulse a stronger ; such a union is a seat of mercy,
and above it with extended wings do angels minister. The em-
blems that surround him are but t*he picture language which tclla
him liow lie may discliarge the duties of liis new relations. The
winding serpent has always been the emblem of wisdom, which
acts with caution, and slowly but surely compasses its ends. But
there is also the open band of cliarity and a kindly heart ; hence
all the devices which are here inculcated have but the one object
of doing good. But these human traits, thus carefully combined,
might fail, unless some higher motive and more solemn san<rtion
were vouchsafed to us from heaven. Hence ho looks upwards to
the Eternal Father as the common parent who instructs and in-
spires his children, and makes these vows that uro registered in
the Eternal Archives.

AVBBIOAN ODD FSLLOW8HIF.

[ WOVSra DBQBIB.

CoDlidentlj lit advuiiced into a. larger space. Here st^nie

powvr ejialtg Lis zeal. A lamb in its innoceiti^j ; Bcaleci baluiiced

1 BUpjKjrted by a aword ; aDil in the deup blue a revolving globe,

Ui! just and ff^r nnt." snw liis runjiit.ir, " iTimn'riici- and jmrilv

will give the victory." Take this potent weapon, irresistible as
the sword of Solomon, more effective than artillery ! Such only
are found in Heaven's armory I Lt>vE is the power to conqwcr:
Love, which is immortal, for it is stronger than death. This
master passion ia the ruler of both heaven and earth, and enters
into the entire order of things as the binding and universal har-
mony. But innocence alone can sanctify the passion. It is in
pure souls, that have been washed in pelhicid streams, that love
bums as the eternal flame which vestal virgins fed in ancient
fanes. In that revolving globe appears the majestic signature of
the Eternal Law, which tells us of the judgnient-eeat beyond,
where that law will be administered ; the omnipotent law of love.
At the eternal throne the balances are liung, in which motes and
worlds and men are truly weighed. Innocence is the mother and
the sister of purity, producing and nurturing all those modest
virtues that adorn the character, as robes and jewels and crowns
beautify the lx>dy.

' OF THK DKdBKW

THE FIFTH HKGBEK.

Deeply impresBed find pondering these things, he, last of all,
s to H,n npper chamber. All here is aigniScant. An hour
glass is rapidly exhausting its sands, and a cotfin stands ready for

the bier; but above them, with illaminated pages, ie the ogten
book of the oracles of God. Disciple, you can go no further [
Your lesson is complete. You see a Uhivebsal Bbothebhood,
united by golden chains of relief and sympathy; fbientiship
«nd LOVE triumph in works of CHABmf, and tkuth, Beverc and
beautiful, asserts dominion. For time flies rapidly away and tho
grave has its victory; but teuth never fails, and will endure forever.
Tlie marcli of time is the revolution of all mundane things. On
the great dial of history we may see the slowly moving fingers
that overturn and build up, and again cast down all human hojios,
as t)ie solenm bell tolls out the coming of some epoch then gone
forever. But time has one minister whose works follow as the
mighty retinue of so great a power. Death is the prime minister
of time, and executes his edicts and works his will among the
people. Death also has his emblem blazoned on his black and
blood-stained shield ; but the coffin, by God's mercy, is altjo tlio
emblem of immortality.

MtLfiirA-N ono VKi-uiv/Butr.

Tttli t«D UF THE DEOEKUS.

Thus we lisive hurried through tho su1>ordtnate dej _
their noble climax. Here is no Bcienee, no tinsel rhetoric, E
gpeciilative philosophy. It is the eloqucnt-e that leadii to action.
How every string of pasBion vibrarcs iindt^r tJiiii^h«8 thiit dnil
with the godliko niiture 1 What wonder then at the benehw-m-e
that crowns the work ! Here we pause ; the citizen has becoim*
ahrothi^r; the brother a workman ; the workmun a phi1nnthn>-
piet; the pliilanthropist 19 seeking toeave; the workman Iahoi»
in the family workshop; the citizen dieeharges his duty to tin.-
Ktale, and the brother sits in the circle of hia brethren, dcvi-iini;
the elevation of mankind. The work, indeed, "goes bravely on,"

Bill ihfOdd fVihnv. when hf ime lime for contempUHoB,
slnrtH at finding hinipelf yet ignorant of eome higher myslpry.
He has been told that he is already furnifihed ; why then this

THEORY OF THE DEOREES. 5U»

superfluity ? Tnie, the workman is ekilled and able, and in fba-
TBRNiTv his leBson iB completed. If he is not vet fused into the
general sympathy and in love with practical goodness, no further
enlightenment can avail. He is an Odd Fellow indeed in liis
lodge and among his brethren. But a broader lield of action
awaits him. The world requires his ministry. Other, and if
possible, profoundcr knowledge is necessary in that ticld. Hence
he enters on the last stage of preparation.

THE ENCAMPUENT.

Ascending to a lofty outlook, he gazes on a scene both new and
attractive. A multitude of brothers, of many lodge famih'i'c', are
met in council. They enter in throngs an editice of peculiar
beauty. Banners are waving and shouts of triumph till the air.
He rushes forth to join them, but they have entered and the doors
are closed,

TIIR PATKIARCIIAI. tIEOREE.

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JI(! docs not hesitate, bat knocks londly at the entrance. On
learning that a brollier awaits, the door is opcncil. Ho enters, a
brother amon^r brethren ; ere<!t and <'onfidcnt, lie expects a wel-
come. But he halts in confusion and dismay; darkness over-
whelms him; his struggles are vain. Why this tcrriblo captiv-

006 AlCBBIOAIT ODD FBLLOW8HIP.

ityt *'Aze wenot Inethrent" he cries; but no uisweriiig ^ym-
patby reqiondB to ias appeal. He is a straoge brother — an in-
trnder — whence theee horrors of nrroLBBAXOE.

Bat lamps are flaehiog in the glooni ; he shoate aloud the
aaored woBDa ; he flings broadcast the biohs and tasxm of his
fbllowship. A Toice is chemng him — ^how aBsariogf 1 " Frejadioe
m»j impose bonds and fetters, bat jostice will award the greet-
ings of a brother." Help is at hand ; the darkness flies, the fet-
ters fall away. He stands in the shadows of three pillan —
Fatth, Hopb and Chabitt — and his trast ascendsin the ckmd of
an ALTAs or inosnsb. His trial is over, and in the desert waste
the TEMt receives him to its rites of HOBprrAurr. Bnt a second
ordeal awaits him.

THB OOLDBS K0LR mUBBB.

Again he approaches, and they Ind him enter the same scene
«f darkness; bat lol as if smitten by hgbtning, the darkness tib-
ishes. What means this vast assemblage 1 Sorely it is the day
of doom. It is Father Adam, with his mighty family. Tiit

«onea are here with their inhabitants, and every longitude hti
eent a representative. Kow, pliilauthropist, heholil the subjects

of thy mission ! Delightedly he enters on the work, hut alas ! one
wide, loiid-n ■sound in;; ra;je of bigotry astiail!* liim. Every nation
of the family contends for priority in his exeeation aa a male-

THKOKY or THE DEOHEBS. 507

factor. The African draws his club and hatchet, the Asiatic his
scimitar, the European erects his gibbet and builds his pyre, and
the American stands ready to hurl his tonialtawk. Dreamer of
universal goodness, beliold the reality ! But again he shouts forth
the potent words, displays hie stoiiALe; when thousands of a
common brotherliood dash away the hateful weapons and instm-
ments of wickednebf . The subjugated nations hasten to repair
tlie injury. The cross and crescent wave upon the same standard,
and Moses, iu the seat of judgment, utters the grandest lesson of
UNIVERSAL TOLERATION. But hfl IS yet to pass a last barrier ere
he emerges into the fullest liberty.

THE BOVAL FURPLE DEOBEK.

Again he enters ; liia nerves are strong, his faith firm — for no
trembler can endure the test. Now the candidate becomes a
wanderer ; lie knows not which way to turn ; pitiless storms beset
him; darkness, as a pall, envelopes heaven and earth, with no
guiding stars to illuminate his pathway. He knows not whither to

Hy ; human tigers lurk by llic wayside, tempters, in goblin shapes,
lure him to ruin ; assiissins are abroad witli deiidly purposes; he
gropes and stumbles helplessly under a bleak sky and in a biting
wind. His guides are rude and cruel ; precipiees line the path ;
abyssec yawn, jmd ghastly terror thrcntens on every side. But

SOS AlOCBiOAH asm tSLLOWBHIP.

joy eoiiies, &e m<»riiing 1]Mak8| aiid tbe teavder k aa Smiliiii^
pastoreB lie at Mb feet, gold^oi liarreBts aie waTing, and gleamhii^
livera Bparkle in the smiBhiiie. TsinB witili white walls and
glittaring eniBigna cxowd the landecape. Bosy children are at
play; caravans display their cosfly merchandises Peace and
contoitment are dweUers in this valleyy and over all a vaDerable
Paxeiaboh holda hk geDtle swej.

Filgrimy thou hast exemplified the journey of hTmian life t
How dangerons, how fiednotiYe, how environed by destruction t
Invincible, with thy principles, go forward ! Behold the |>repa-
ration ! the Scrip, with humble but sufficient sustenance ; tiie
Sandalfl that will soon be worn away, and the Staff to guide thy
tottering footsteps. Away, then, away ! Time is passing — ^awayl
Death is coming — away! God is calling, and but a little while and
HuxANnr shall rise from ten thousand seats to praise thy work
and do thee reverence ! Upon the plains where Abraham was
blessed, in the midst of bloonung oases, behold the Ehcaicpmxiit.
Patriarch, you are behind and in the front of all the civilizations I
Gold has lost its gilding ; empires are but human femiUes ; but
one blood cements the race ; and on the throne of earth, supr^ne
and eternal, forever reigns the Fathsbhood or GodI

INDEX.

FAOK.

ABBETr, Thomas M., of District of Columbia.

Early history of 486

Tributes to 487

Career in the Order 487-8

1st Rep. to G. L. U. S. from District of Columbia 488

Removes to Baltimore 488

G. Rep. from Maryland , ....488

Death and funeral 488-9

Alabama.

Wildey opens a lodge and encampment in ...... • 287

Anniversary of American Odd Fellowship.

Discussion upun fixing day of 114

26th April and early celebrations 115, 117, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147

In Massachusetts 352, 373-4

In Pennsylvania , 473, 474

AsH\V(3RTH, George, of Massachusetts.

Sketch of ^ 358

Bannkr.

Of Grand I^dge of Maryland........... - 120

Of Grand Lodge of Massachusetts 373

Of New England Lodge No. 4, Massachusetts 373

Barnes, Jamks H., of Massachusetts.

Early life of 336

Middle life of 337

Early efforts of ^ 338-340

Medals presented to ...336-7, 340-1

Tribute to 341

Death in Virginia and funeral in New England 341

Bark, Thomas, of Massachusetts.

joins Good Samaritan Lodge No. 3 357

Deputy Grand Master 358

Grand Warden of Grand Encampment 3r)8

Still living 358

Bartle, Rudolph H., of Pennsylvania.

Grand Master, notice of . 465

Benefits.

System adopted by Washington Lodge No. 1 26

Funeral 131

Boyd, John, of Maryland.

19th member initiated in Washington Lodge No. 1 58

Grand Treasurer and G. G. of G. L. of Md. and U. S 32, 58

Refuses to l>e Grand Master 59

Known as **Thk Past Grand" 60

Services of 60-1

Characteristics of 62

Last public appearance of « -.- 62-3

Medal to .-. 64, 217

Close of life, and death of 63

(.'iOO)

c1 l,o(lge of Marflanil , Ill

of Grind I.adge of MassachusElts ....■■. >. _....3n

Bhadi.ev, Rev. C. W., ofConneclicut

Author oE theory o( colora in 5th degree ^,..,.^332, SIT

Caeqs, VisrriMa

InMincheslcr Unily _S1, la

Of Grand 1-odgB of Maryland „ _..„ _ ..IH 133

History oE ™.™. „..„._H»

Price of as supplies _ _ _ 131, l»

Furnished by Maryland _-.._ ....^IM

Furnished by Grand Lodge of the U. S -IM

To be endorsed by holder ....-.__........„ .,_... 3U

Caxds, WiTirnRAWAt..

In Pentmylvaiiii , ..,.440 *

Catholic Ciiukcii.

Hostliiiy of . - - S

Borrowers of our Regalia, &C ■ - _...— ...._ .->«._ S

lis ritual borrowed from Ihe ancknls_. „ ._.,.....,.1M

Why worshippers of the Virgin Mary ...,. ,. ^....«3N

Ckrtificatss.

Use ..f _ ._!»

Cards in lieu of ,- ....1(3

Chapin, Rev. E. II., of Conneciicm.

Ui Couimiltee on Revision _„ 319-31*

Cmabibr, Grand.

i-'nc P. G.'s to petition for ..ISI

Charge for, and degrees „ 181-3, IK

Colfax, Schoyleb, of Indiana-

Aulhorof "Ucgree of Rcbcliah " ..330

COU'MS.

Author of dlssertalion on ,. - StT

Royal Purple, first mentioned 1TB

Order aiKl names of the _1J8

Con VI VI ALi IV.

li> England _.. ii

In AncienI Ludgts of I. U. O. F 389-390

Prevailed in every Lodge in U.S. in 1823 13

In Manchester Uniiyin 18^3 - 46

In Washington Lodee No. 1 (Maryland) in 1821 5S

In Pennsylvaniain 1824 „ _44l

In Waahinglon Lodge No, 3 (Pennsylvania) in 1824 441

Welch ihe only one of founders temperate _ _!(»

Temperance question in 1833..... - 153

Temperance action of G. L. of Md.& U. S. in lil23 -_; 46

Temperance reform of Augustus Mathiot 43, 47, 1£0, IS3

Kesoluiioni of Augustus Mathiot _ 44

Recordof and claim by Augustus Mathici ..151-J

History of corrected _1SJ

Malhiol's great services in 153

Maihiofs, Tribute of Hostess Adams to 4i

"With a vengeance" 47

Ity .Siloam Lodge No. 2 (Massachufelts) in 1B24 3^1

A Cold Water Lodge 54

Couth, William S., of Maryland.

First G. W. of G. L, of Md. and U. S - _ JJ

One of "The Three Links" -,._160

Crowder. John, P. G , of Preston, Engbml.

■ lis Mission to England - - IJ

Signature to Charier of Washington Lodge 34

INDEX, 511

PASS.

Baffin, Benjamin, of Pennsylvania.

Sketch of ...^ •« 461

First de facto G, Scc. of Pennsylvania •. ....m «.. 462

Second G. Sec. of Pennsylvania by election 461

Services in Maryland 461

Day, James, of Penns>lvanla.

Case of ^ 177, 431

V. G. of Penn Lodge No. 1 431

^ A sourious Odd Fellow.^ 431

Initiated and admitted 433

Degrees

English 21, 296

Conditions for conferring ....127, 297

American 30

Price of 122-3, 127, 305,404

Not to be conferred on Sunday ^ .116

Order of, fixed ^127, 178

Revised. 305

Colors of 178

Apparent confusion of 494

Object of 264, 265, 494-5

Lectures of. 315-

Unwritten Work of. 328

Translated into German 120, 446

Partial Revision of 138

Revision of 1835 318

Revision of 1845 310-328

Theory of the 491-494

Of L O. O. F. and Masonry 491-2-3

Of L O. O. F. explained 495, 496, 497

Exemplified 498-508

Qualifications for otHcc 127

First or White, came from England 21, 298

Exemplified « 499

Second or Covenant, American 30

Attacked and vindicated 244

Origin of 298

Analysis of. 244-5

Carried to England 187, 299

Exemplified 500

Third or Royal Blue, English 21, 298

Modern, by Moore. » 322

Exemplified ..501

Fourth or Remembrance, American 30

Origin of. .298

Adopted in England 187, 298

Exemplified ••••« « ............502

Fifth or Scarlet, English ^ 21-298

History of. 300-301

Exemplified 503

Patriarchal, first appearance of. ^ 180, 230

Crozier or.lcred for and Degree printed 121

Trice of fixer* 182, 230, 305

History A 302

Modern, l>y McCabe 326-327

Fv^T„pi;r;.c' r»or)-506

Golden Rule, hteio») of 297, 305

Firct appearance of - 297

Price for...... 69, 297, 305

Originally limited to Past Grands 84-297

Modern, by Williamson 327

Exemplified 606-507

D SOUEES — CoHtimud.

Koyal Purple, produced ...._^.. — ^ _ 230, 30U

Histuryof auv-aoi

"The Sublime Dcgtee " ^.„i:8

Pricefor 305

Confined la Past Gramls I'S

Adopted in England Ml

Modern, by Moore 311

Exemplified U>7-B0B

See Colors and Degrees.

Grand Lodge, origin o[....„ ^ .^ 30)

KeiusedbyMancbesur Unity » ~3al

Grand Encampineni, honorary of C. P, and H. P _,„ 3IS

Of Ucbekah. aulhor of „ _ 330

PaslOflScial, hijiory of „m18*

See Colors, Cmblema, Encampmcni, Entwisle, Intlitlion, Masonry, Moore,
Mysteries, UbIlgatioDS, Odes, PuBWurd, Kidgely, Ritual Mid Secret
Principle,
CsCRBE Lodges.

First appcannce of ». _ .«... <...... SOB

Hillary of and cKect of - «.. ..» _...._33I-3U

Tn Maryland and Pcnosylvuiia « ......331

Dklvwarg.

Lodge No. ] of, charter granMd to. _.......... .„..,.»..« _30l

McAnnal't, case in ■ — — . lU

Grand Lodge of, chartered ..i... ....u..~ »....„I0>

Clurtcr of, vacated '. 313-313

Chatter cf, restored _nt

See Peuii^e.

SmKicT or Columbia.

niMuGOMioaioa L. IT. &—_...»..-«....«..-......-..„- -..-.4a*

HMtitucpIaci '

PethCon n» Qrtnd ttMlge by — ..._.. .„.»-'•

Hall for L O. O. F. biiilt and dedlMIcd

Central Lodge No. 1 of, chartered 191

Instituted 480

Organization of...... 4St

Adopts work of Penn. 4SI

First funeral in „4(ll

List of early members of ..413

Dissolved and reinstated. -.— *V>

Grand Lodge of, institution and address to...._ _4S4

Adopts work of Pcnn ■ 4S4

Grand officers of - 4B4-4gS

Georgetown Lodge No. 2 of, instituted........... 482-483

Early initiates in. - „483

Lorenio Uon and... 483

Is dissolved. ■ -. 4S!>

Concord Lodge No. 3 of , instituted. ..484

Is dissolved. 48S

Jonathan Lodge No. 4 of, instituted _ 48S

Is dissolved - ..48S

Pocahontas Lodge No. 5 of, instituted ~ US

First Lodge south of the Potomac 48^

Became extinct - ..4B5

Columbia Encampment No. 1 of, chartered.... ...115

iiec Abbell, Gett)*s, Hall.
Downing, Benjamin, of New York.

Early history of _ 39&-3H

N. G. of Franklin Lodge No. 2 _.. — ..-_.... 391, 39t

Petition to G. L. U. S « ^ 18B, 35C

Later account of 391

INDEX. 513

PAOB.

Eat«»n, James B., of Massachusetts.

Massachusetts Lodge instituted at his house .^. .«..••- 339

Second N. G. Massachusetts Lodge No. 1 ^ .. .368

Sketch of ^... 368.369

Ellison, Wm., P. G. Sire of Massachusetts.

Contribution to the History, Preface VI 363

Tribute to Siloam Lodge Na 2, Mass...... 353

Emblem of Corner-stone and Angles 123

Emblems of the Order.

First publicly displayed 146

Encampment Branch «. ••310

Origin of 129,303-304

Theory of the 21Y

Early history of. 311

Unwritten Work of. ...^ 329

Kitual of the Revision of. 325-326-327

Wildey's Report on 202

Recommended by G. L U. S 194

Legalized by G. L. U. S 214, 310

To be controlled by G. L. U. ^ 220

In Pennsylvania 308

In New York and Massachusetts 309

Encampment.

Lodge, chartered by G. L. of Md. 121), :i03-304

Of I'atriarchs 135,305

Charier of 306

First Grand, chartered and organized 216

Had only two subordinates 163

See Degrees, McCabe, Moore, Patriarchs Unilormed, Riilgcly, Wil-
liamson and Wildey.

Entwislk, John Pawson, of Maryland.

Before he j jincd Wiidey 238

The literary member 08, 239

Second of -'The Great Trio" ." 102

Neglected and traditions of 23if-240

Auihir of American Degrees 30, 240

Author of Representative System 241

Author of Report on l\e))rescniative System 91

First Medal voted to 79

First D. G. M. of G. L. of Md and U. S 65

Granl Sec'y o^'G. L. of Md. and U. S 69

First elected G. Rep. to G. L. of Md. and U. S 86

Correspondence of G. L. of Md. and U. S. by 73, 75

Reports fir>t Constitution of the Order 66

Circulars by 'i /, 95

On duties ot Grand Master 85

Beautiful Essay by 242

Death of, announced 07, 246-247

The Presiding Genius of the Order 247-248

Eulogy of ^ 248-249

See Degrees, G. L. of Md. and U. S., Washington Lodge No. 2.

Ford, William E, of Massachusetts.

Contributor to the History 363-4

Funeral.

First Odd Fellows' public 48

First Odd Fellows' in District of Columbia 481

First Odd Fellows' in Massachusetts 369

Ceremony, Defence of. - 214-215

Further considered ^221

Benefits 131

33

614 IKDKX.

H

(JaheY, HbnRV F.. of Man-land.

Edxot of lh= Hislot,. Preface V. VI.

GERMAN.

2

Wildt). Charter member of, and dies ir

The Second Lodge «....,_.,...

A grand clement III I. O. O. F....„ _ „.,_

Work translated into..-

U „II6

«9

GKn-va, James, of District of Columbia.

Second G. M. of District of Columbia ^

G.Rep. loG. L. U. S

Second Grind Sire ,.

KeAeclinns on eleclion of. „ ..,.,

Charadenalics and death of....-

^ 489

.v.i!'.v^'.v.V™ ".V"ai3; 4»

123

-. 4W

Grand— See Charter.

Gkakh COKMtrrEE.

Meeting of „„ _ „,.„ „

Pfipusea a G. L. of U. S „...

.—.» es

— M

- in

Dulira and Report of

0«ANI> CONDUCWR.

- 108

GkA»D GtlARUMN.

John Boyd, the firat

Tliomas Mitchell

.- w-as

.... m

Okamo IxiDOB— Sfffwrcra] nanwd StitM.

aUMD I^I»K or UaSYLAMI) AMD THB UlimD STATU.

HadoDeSubor'd^nale^.^.T."^.V."'Z"~^""~~"7./.',™""^^™..^ 33

Plin oftinanfe - — 31, ES

First Constitution of... - .....-.-_ 33, 66

Pf01«rty of _ „ Hi

Finances of, .... _»..... «..» 7i', !>0

Members and appeaiance of «....^...._ .> „ 36

Officers of „ _ 65, 6»

Forbids refreshments -..■— - 46

Closing scenes of 98

Provides for organiiing G. L. U. S., and adjournamu ^w...... ,» 99

Reflections upon career and work of __ 100

Sec Maryland, 0. L. of Mass., N. Y. and Penn.
Gkand Lodue of the United States.

Arrangements fur forming — ..< ,.>_...._.•.._ B3, B6, 90

Kes'ilut ion to form, and report , „ 81,91

First members of...... _ „...»... 86

First G. Rep. elected to ~ -...._...._ B6

Theory of - 87, 88, 111, H3, 174

First Constitution of, adopted —........ 99

Constitutions of. 174, 17B, 301, ItS

Amendments to ...._1I9, 181, IK)

Permanent seat of » ....._ 94

Sought by Peunsjlvania - .... 180

First meeting and nrganiiation of •.. Vlb, 116

Dignified and impressive opening o£ »....- -174, 176, ITS

Not confined to Maryland - ~« ITS

English Charter to _ - - - IM

ttonobuined ....- 1 Si, IIS

Journals 0(, first printed „...•■ —.••. ■.» ..»..- )

INDEX. 615

PAGK.

Grand Lodge of the United St kt^ej^— Continued,

Officers of , 176, 201, 223

Session of 1825 ....176,180

Of 1826 180, 188

Of 1827 188. 191

Of 1828 191, 194, 199, 200

Of 1829.. ^ 200, 203

Of 1830 ^ 203, 209

Of 1831 210, 217

Of 1832 ..••.... M........ . •••.. .. . ....•• •• .. ... 218

Of 1832in'PhiiadcVphia.'.....!..^^^^

Of 1833 ^ 226, 229

G. Hep. Small of Pennsylvania appears in 181

Action by, in Day*s case 177-8

Statistics of 179, 182, 188, 192, 200, 204, 205, 208, 212,213

Review of, in 1833 ^ ..229

Expenses of, how to be paid 229, 230

Wildey Treasurer of .« 230

Mathiot Treasurer of ,.•• 156

Rcommends Encampments ^ 194, 202

Massachusetts absent from 218

Statistics and finances of, to 1833.. 229, 234

Tribute to 223, 289

Scarlet degree members excluded from Grand Lodges by 167

Reflections upon Order in 1833, 12 propositions 234-236

Grand Marshal.

Office of, created in Grand Lodge of Md 121

Grand Master.

Duties of, defined 85

Honors to 128

Grand Reprksentativk.

Provision for •• .• .....175

To have R. Purple degree 214

Grand Lodges to pay ..... 230

Retiring G.M. of Md. to be, repealed « ....131

Of Maryland blamed 179

Policy of 179

John P. Entwisle 86

Charles Common 97, 180

Thomas Scotchbum 188

John Roach 200

Samuel Lucas ■ 203

James L. Ridgely ~ 211

George Keyscr 218, 219, 222, 224, 226

Richard Marley -....^ 166, 172

Of Pennsylvania, Wilson Small 181

John W. Campbell 2u0, 203

*v m. I . /\* ASirxey.. ... ...... ..»••.••••.•••••••••••..•••.• ••••..•...«ii

Howell Hopkins ^ 218, 222, 224, 226

Of District of Columbia, Thomas M. Abbett 200

James Gettys 203, 211, 219, 224

Of Delaware, Simon Robinson •• 226

Grand Secrrtary.

{ohn Welch the first ^ 65
ohn P. Entwisle. 69, 246

WiUiam WUliams 176

Expelled 130, 192

{ohn J. Roach....» 192
ohn StSiTT^ pro fern 199

Augustus Mathiot 155, 156, 201

Samuel Pryor. - ..223

Salary of ^.•..••••..••••.281

.'..'i!5

RANO Sire, Deputy.

John Welch Ihe first

Kobcil Neil sun Che second....

KAND ThZASURER.

John Boyd

Thomas WilOey

Wm. Hall nominally -.

John Uranntn rcfusn to scrvi
AaguBtoa Hathiot— —•■.—■■

n Grand Lodge U. S _.»•»»».-..»..». am

Di*ttitt Ucpat]> G. Sin; ,, ■■■ - ■ ■_ i,,,. , HI

Hall.

nntinOeU. S. oftbel. O. O. F. in Baltimore. ..»«»_„14aL Ml

DwBcMioa of-..-.^^ — w».-.l«, 141

Co*tof »._„«. __UI

Gnuid Loc^ U. S. neets in „lt«

SonthBtfa Street Philadelphia ._ -_. _~ .».^TC

Dnat and dedioUed. ~ __-_.^n

Record ofdedlcUioa.„» . .-^—.W

In DbUict of Colwnbia^.». „..»... .».«..»_ . — T

Hakmont.

Order of - - » 4J

Hkrsbv, Daniel, or Massachusetts.

First American initiated in Massachusetts 339, 368

N. G. o( Siliiam Lodge, No. 2 _..„_339

Early history of _„ _ ^3W

Services of _ 369

G. M., and Represenlalive to G. L. U. S _3e»

Winds up affairs of old G. L. of Mass 38S

Honors.

Giving the, abolished »•....,... ix-IS)

Hopkins, Howell, oI Pennsylvania.

G. Kepresenlativc _ „...318, 332, 234, :»

Protest in G. L. U. S ».„.» _...„21l

G. L. U. S. adjourns for _- _„.._a31

Presents service of plate for G. L. U. S. to Wildey 2M

Host.

Rights of a _ „ __.44, 310,441

Duties of a „3S9-390

Grand Lodge of, instituted by Wildey _ JS>

Initiation,

Derivation of the word _S54

Theory and form of, in I. U. O. F — „4«

Exemplification of, in L O. O. F _ , ^ _498

In E^plian tites „ „. 35S

In Scaiidinavian titei ,.. _ _Ki

In Dionysian (Grecian) rites _., „ „I6]

!■ •?

r- r^

INDEX. 517

PAOK.

Initiation — Continued.

In Persian and Gothic rites •...•.mm..«....-...*..269

By Pythagoreans ^ —.••270

In Ancient Mysterici- ........•^270

In Masonry. See Secret Principle.

Jackson, Henry M., of England.

Brings Work of Manchester Unity to Washington Lodge 20, 21

Wildey'srival as founder of I. O. O. F ••- 22, 27

Institutes a rival Lodge ....» ....-.« 27

Retires from the field •^ •••••• « 29

Jerusalem Encampment No. 1., of Maryland.

The first in the wurld as successor to £jicampment of Patriarchs 135

Journal. "•

Beginning of, and how obtained^ • ....- « 8-9 ^

Kennedy, John A., of Maryland *i.' ^

Early history of. »., 411 ''\ >-*

Kidgely and 412

Initiated - - 412

Services in Maryland 412, 413

Removes to New York ...^ «...» 413

Services in » - 413

G. Representative toG. L. U. S ^ 413

Grand Mahter ........413 ■ .

Grand Sir.e 413

Characteristics of 413, 414

Public history of ..414,415

On Commiitee of Revision of the Work 415 'V

As a historian 415, 416

Contributions to the history. Preface VI 12, 380, 415, 416

Singular incidents as related by 48, 5r>->56

Corporator of Grand Lodge of Maryland 119

Reports in favor of presentation of silver cups to Ridgely and Keyser 137

Revives the Order in New York ....^ .•....•.••- - 410

Death of, and honors to •••• 416

Kentucky.

Boone Loflge No. I of, chartered. 220

^V;*' Wildey's visits to ^ 28G-7

\ ' Leise, Frederick, of New York.

G. Representative from New York, afterwards I). G. Sire ..407

Lodges.

Duties in, described ..162, 237

Convivial proceedings in ...42, 55, 441, 442

Visitors to, to pay a fee 112

Name and number of 192

Encampment » ....-303

Spurious 165, 207, 402

Ancient, in England ^ 389,390, 440

Financial system o£ ...190

Meeting places of early, in U. S 19, 36, 37, 38, 39, 53, 54, 112, 339, 343,

348, 390, 391, 392, 423, 426, 443, 444, 445, 446, 455, 456, 457, 458

Lopez, Joseph, of Massachusetts.

dKetcu oi^ anu services oi>. .*....««••••••••••.••••••••.••••• ••••••....• *••■••••••••••. ......ooi

Louisiana.

Louisiana Lodge No. 1 of, chartered 209

Grand Lodge of , chartered 217

Visit and Work of Wildcy in 286, 287

Wildey Encampment No. 1 of, chartered 217

Manchester Unity.

Origin of «-..^ 195, 402

Style or title of .^^ ~ - 196, 197

J

i

Manchester Vtim—Cimii'iued.

Degrees of _ _ _a96, Z9&, 299, 301

Conditions fur obtaining _.,.,„ ., _ ..„ 391

Work ind system of. ___.„.-_..„„_..____„ -..^_ 30. Jl

ReficshnicDis allowed b]r— -«■__-«.»■. -»_>.»..«__.__•.•.«... ......_ 4t

■'<'~pts Amciican Uegieu... ....„.__...» ■..•-■.___.»...».. -~ .... ...39S, tn

uljT lectei lo „„ „.„«.„.„„_„_-.„.... _.- „ M

■lets Washingion Lodge No. I ™ ._. ,... ,,...-...„ U

lersG. L. oTu. S. inl828 ™_ .„_.,.. lS«, IH

' ters Colnmbii Lodge, New Vork ™ SM

^ „ilts ic by G. I- U. S ._ „.. l»

il^V, RiCHAkD, of Maryland.

Enlered Grand Lodge of Md .„., ,.-....„.lIJ

Eailylifcof „ _ _.__-.. .....^-.^.-Ul

Grand Warden and Ueputy Grand Master..— „_ . ...... nn.»...n_Hi

Expelled .. __M«

Relnms and reforms ___..- IM, ISS

Grand M»ter and Grand Patriarch . „. ^......IW

Grand Keprcscnlalivc and cbancterislics aa ...„ .„-l9l

Rare trails ofcbaracler ...... _...._. .« _ii._16i, IW

Fifth degree members and .....__._ _IS4, UT, 1S>

One of "Three Odd Links" _ _..._. IM

Death of, and splendid funeral of......... -—......... _...«_.......,. Ill

Maryland.

Baltimore in, in isle „ . ....._..„- I)

Kcloim ofWlge conviviiUlj in,.„„ ^,.~..,^ ,. h.._.._43| til

Plan ot Lodge Room in.... _-...^ __.._..»»...— 4ft

Oiuppotmment at not being made pennanent aeat of G. L. U. S......._._m

Great revival of ihe Order in — _..«.... »._U9-I4l _

First I. O. O. F. Hall in U. S. dedicated in ..._ -. ..„».,._....- lU, IWl

See Banner, Boyd, Couth, Crowder, EntwiOe, G. L. ol Md. and of the fl
U. S,, Marley, Malhiol, Kidgely, Welch, Wildey and Vansant. "

Habvland, Grand Lodge of.

Plan for separate. « - 87

Separate charier to .» .......__._....«..,... 31

Elects a G. Representative to G. L. U. S - .. BC

Last meeting before being separately organized. ......«- _....-_. 98

Scparaic officers elected by............... .- -....-««. 09

First meeting ol^ and Wildey's retirement from G. M ..IM

Separate charier of, and address of Wildey _ 109, 110

Presents a "breast-plate" to Wildey _-. _lll

Seals ordered by - — lit

Qualilication for N. G. adopted by _ .,«_...... ....._h..1I1

Qualification for G. M. adopted by -.~ .._....... _...,_111

Action on anniversaries ...._ 114

Property and funds of ,—.....,. ._115

Irregular trial by -...._11S

Political action of -..».......--...._ 118

Reflections on, and tribute to ...-.,.._ .....1)9, 110

Procures first banner of I. O. O, F IM

Adopts "Crorier" for Patriarchal degree -...._ HI

Franklin Lodge No. 3, ins liiu ted bv Jackson. ., ■..— .. — IT

Action on, by Manchester Unitv „S8, »

Chartered by G. L. of Md. and U. S 33, »

In 1823 - 41

And Washington Lodge No. l.„ ~ M

Colambia Lodge No. 3, Chartered -....~ _ M

and grand caning of...._.... 40, M

INDEX. 519

TAQU,

Ma&yland, Grand Lodge op — Ctmtinued,

William Tell Lodge No. 4, Chartered ^ 125-6

Wildey a charter member of 126

Mother German Lodge .....••.136, 189

Gratitude Lodge No. 5, chartered 140

Action on *• New Signs " by ., 123, 128

Honorary Membership allowed by 124

Fixes order and price of degrees .....••. *- 127

Purchases lease and fixtures of Columbia Lodge... : 128, 129

Charters an Encampment Lodge 129

Officers of 130, 134

Activity and work of .••••.......• 132

Keiiring G. M. to be G. Representative (Repealed) .•••••...••• ^ 131

Finances of, and statistics of 131, 134,135, 136, 139

Charters an Encampment of Patriarchs • -■ 135

Wildey acting Treasurer of 135

Fifth aegree memi>ers in 164

Procures a Charter from the State 118, 137

Presentation bv, to Ridgely and Keyser 137, 138

'* Giving the lienors*' abolished by 139

Proceeds to build a Hall of L O. O. F 140, 141

James I . Ridgely as G. Sec. of, and efforts in building the Hall 140, 142

Cost of the Hall 145

Dedication and celebration by 14u, 147

See Washington Lodge No. 1 and G. L. of Md. and U. S.

Masonry.

No Central Government in y9, 100

I. O. (). F not borrowed from 4

False origin attributed to 253

Traits of Ancient Mysteries in 265

Traits of the Pythagoreans in 270

Doctrines and riles of 491, 492, 493

Nature of former obligation of I. O. O. F. same as ^ 333

Hostile to early L O. (). F 43, 150, 151

Tribute to, as sister Order ......^ 4

. William Morgan and 333

Sketch of Anti-Masonic party 333

Persecuiion of I. O. O. F. by Ami-Masonry 219, 220, 334, 376, 427

Triumphant in the contest 334

See Secret Principle and Odd Fellowship.

Massachusetts.

Early Odd Fellows in ....••.335

James B. Barnes founder of I. O. O. F. in 338

Two Lodges instituted in 339

Correspondence with Wildey organization .....70, 34'^

Wilson's visit to Baltimore, and consequences of. 40, 41

Wildey's mission to 72, 76. 343

Hatson*8 case in 346, 347, 370

Encampments in ..363

Wildey*s subsequent visits to 365, 366, 367, 368, 371, 378, 385

Wildey's correspondence wiih 377-381

First I. O. O. F. proce.ssion in 373, 374

Report of Movable Committee on 382

Revival in, and striking incident of .« ..385

Reflections on I. O. O. F. in, in the decade 386-388

See Ashworth, Barr, Barnes, Eaton, Ellison, Ford« Guild, Hersey, Ix>pes,
Norris, Paul, Porter, Southwick and Yates.

Massachusetts Lodge No. 1.

Instituted ^ m - 339

Wilson of, visits Baltimore 342

Letter from, to Washington Lodge No. 1 ....^ .....••• 70

Charter voted to 71, 343

Masvachitsetts Lodge No. 1 — CmliHued.

Urganized by \Vildey....«

Finances of w.^

Chaiter of ...—

Institates Siloam I.udge No. 3 ^ _

Has a diffioully wiih biloam Lodge No. 2 ...

Places of meeting ,..

In l82S-6-7-8-e „ .._

Price for

Meetings fur coaferring degrees. .

Final proceedings of, and Bmrender of cliarter...

Revival of, in IBM

Present condition of

M AM ACUu stems, Gband Lodce oi

Chartered ..;

Charterof

Recalled and reissued
First organisation of, by Wilricy

leuibcn

...34S, 369, 366. 3$I
...MS

Officers of „3I^ a_ , .

Slrong BoK for STl

General laws of....^ „ STl

Good effect uf „ .. .311

38S-3M

and reorganised » - ~ —.386

Reflcclions on original '"""'r.flti.a.MM n ■■ nii ■ i 3a4-3B». ,

I Lodge No. ■■ — -BC2iiai..2xiE-

Properly of

/•»«* ---. -----

Conflict «Ilh HusachtiMUa Lodce Ho. L^.

Cdlatfonbr ».~ »»«».._

Finances of __ _...

Public installation by

]nde|>endence of

Charier, and surrender of..-..

Tribuie lo, bv I'. G. S. Ellison

In 1828 »nd 18:!3

Present condition of

1 Lodge No. 3, chancre

Flou

18Z&...

.. 373
...3S9

Washington Lodge No.

n 18j3 ...

aiitoted 373, 37*

ritst procession of I.O.O.F. by. in N. E.373. 37*

bketch of, and dissolution of 301

Present condition of „ 364

iiisCtluted 374

IS membership, and Wildey's i

Ilse:

..?61

Merrimac Lodge No.

Adam Lodge No. 6, Formal opening of 374

'" ch of, and dissolution of 3li2, 363

Foimal opening of 37&

Wildey's eulogy of 375, 376

Noble efforts, and resto.atmii OI.... ?76, 371

Present condition <il 364

Mathiot, Ai;gustus, of Maryland.

The young American of first decade 149

Parentage and early history of U»

No. 177 in Washinglon Lodge No. 1 H»

Characleriatics of - 150, ISl

Rejected by Masonry as an I. O. O. F _I50, 111

INDEX. 521

PAOK.

Mathiot, Augustus, op Maryland — Continued,

Author of Temperance Keform • -« ^ 151, 152

FennelPs tribute to 153

Refuses to become G. M. by death of G. Master 155

Deputy G. Master and G. Master • • 155

G. Secretary of G. L. U:S 1G6, 156

G. Treasurer and G. Representative to G. L. U. S 156

Second G. Patriarch ^ ^ 157

His eminence and popularity 157

His prosperity and liberality 158

His green old age « 159

His death and " The Three Odd Links." 159, 160

Matthews, William H., of Pennsylvania.

Sketch of ^ 467

N. G. of Pennsylvania Lodge No. l,in 1823 467

First elected G. Secretary in Pennsylvania 467

McCabe, Rev. James D., of Virginia.

Author of present Patriarchal Degree 327

McCormick, Duncan, of Maryland.

Brings Patriarchal Degree from England 180

McKelvey, William P., of West Virginia.

Contribution to the history 337

McMahan, Thomas P., of Pennsylvania.

Conflict with G. L. of Pennsylvania 435, 436

Address at dedication of Hail 474

Meddle, John, of New York.

llis contribution to the history, Preface VII 416

Memdrks.

Honorary 113, 124, 125

By cerlificaie 133

How to apply to become, alter rejection 138

Difficulty about •*respccial)liity" of 210

Reinstatement of suspended for N. P. Dues 125

Composed originally of Mechanics 161

Mississippi, Grand Lodge of.

Wildey instil uies 287

Missouri, Grand Lodge of.

Wildey institutes 287

MoORB, William W., P. G, Sire, of the District of Columbia.

His contribution to ihe history , 321-327

Author of present Royal Blue Decree 322

Royal Purple Degree 325-326

Ridgely and, authors of present Iniiiatoiy .324

Mysteries, Anxient.

Egyptian .... « 255, 256

Osiris, Serapis and Isis 256

Theory of rites of „ 257

Initiation and degrees of 'J58, 259

Chinese, philosophy of. .. 251), 260

Japanese, philosophy of. 260

Druidical, philosophy of. 260

Temples of. ^ 260, 261

Scandinavian philosophy of 261

Initiation 261

English jurjr from. 261

May Day, Cfhristmas and St. John's Day from 262

Grecian, Eleusinian Legend, and object of. 254, 255, 262

Dionysian Legend and initiation « 262, 263

Spiritual meaning of. 263

Pythagorean, founded on numbers and eeometry 267, 268, 269

Pythagoiean ,

Secret work and degrees
Hebrew, repird for numbers llW4<

Sec Seaei Piindple.
Name

And Iniliala of the Order , 3, I9i-t'

New Jkbsev.

liilroduclion of the Order inW ...,« ^...^.,..,.^ ^^,....,4M''

New Jetsej- Lodge No. 1 of, chartered aii<l sketch of. „ „.l», «Mrl

Benevolent Lodge No 2 of, chartered and instituted 198^ «H4

'■rrviou, hist..ryof. „ .._«•

^=y ■■ J""

Nkw YokK.

Ancient Odd Fellowship In , 3t»-«0, US '

Chambers family in „ 3M I

Mutris and Flanaitan _ a»l '

Condition of, in 1833 „ 208, 4»

Albany movement „40ft-r

G. L. ofU. S., on _ ™ 40l-«(

Order rte.tablishtd in _ 4W<.

Reftcctions on histoiy of Order in, and new binh _.41»-lt '

Shakspeare Lodge No. 1 of, self-insti luted and disudvcil „ ..aWHL '

Franklin Lodge the rival of Columbia Lodge No. 2 ..3»-lr<

Merged in Columbia Lodge No, 2 ..._ ._ »- _ ^„J9l$-{

Washington LodpF of, aelMnstiluted and closes _ „„,_3M'

Columbia Lodge No. i ot self-instituted .....„3St

English charter granted lo ..— . Stf'l

Contention with Franklin Lod^e ~~*

Wildey'a decision and ilie n

^

Chartered bf G. L. of Md. and

Grand hodge of, chartered... .. ......_ ..._ ~......... ib

Instituted by Wildey .. 78, 398

Charter of _ „..3SI

Hadbutonesuburdinate 399

Contest with Friendship Lu^lge No. )
Contest with Slraneers' Refuge Lodgi

Character o(Pa.<.t Grands of

Representatives in Che G. L. U. S......

Condition oE 308, *0i

Removed to Albany 406-1

Grand MaMers of

Last recorded meeting of.,

Case of, jnG. L. U. S *)7-8

Grand revival of the. „ 408-lf

Reflections upon and tribute lo ..410-11

See Downing, Encampment Uranch, Kennedv, Lcise, Kobiiuun, Small
and Wafts.

Friendship Lodge No. 2 of, instituted and sketch of ...~ ~3H

Able attack on American sj-slem by 399-401

AnsB
Hope Lodge No. 3 of, instituted.

Fine membe'ship "f 40T

Strangers' Refuge Lodge No. 4 of, instituted

Mniinies, and is expelled.

Character of member* of. 401-3

Institutes a Lodge in New Jetsejr 401

Reinstated by Grand Lodge 404

Singular history oF. 404

Philanthropic Lodge No. 5 of, instituted 40S

INDEX. 523

PAOI.

Nichols, Aaron, of Pennsylvania.

Sketch of, and monument to - « «..m 463

First Grand Master of Pennsylvania 463

NoRRis, Thomas F., of Massachusetts.

Initiated ^ 361

Services of, and Grand Master ..SdO

Obligation.

At first Masonic « 833

Changed to " Parole of Honor " 834

Odd Fellowship.

Name of « « 3, 19B

American, true origin of. 7, 199

Statistics of, in 1878 16

Incidents in beginning uf. 18, 19

Founder of. 19

Twelve fundamental observations on 234-6

First movers in 7, 335

And the Church 144, 214. 215

And Masonry 3,4,43, 150, 151

Literary character of ^187, 216

Epoch of June 1823 «424, 469

Foundation of degrees of « 493

Ancient, false origin attributed to 10,253

True origin of 389

System of..... r 403

System of, ably defended 309-401

Relief by 3IiO, 395

Character of members of 335, 405

See Anniversary, Benefits, Cards, Certificates, Hall, Harmony. Honors,
Host, Members, Manchester Unity, Masonry, Name, Obligation, Odes,
One Man Power, Past Grands, Politics, Ritual, Traditions, Tramps,
Warden's Axe.
Odes.

Not sung, but recited - - m 78

Installation, toberead.... 85

Ohio.

Ohio Lodge Na 1 of, chartered.. ^...208

Grand l^dge o(, chartered 216

On style of Order 197

Triumphal visit with Wildcy 287

Wildey Encampment No. 1 of^ chartered 218

One Man Power.

Refieciions on , , 200

Password.

Annual Traveling, adopted 80, 332

To be given to G. M. and D. G. M. of each Slate 191

'iisiory oi...... ...... .....«..•. ••••».•..•...••.•.........•.••.. ...a. ..... ...... .«.....•. ...... tf04f

Past Grands.

Committee of- 29

RighU of. « ....^ 135. 178

Patriarchs.

Uniformed .... 313-15

Paul, William, of Massachusetts.

On Anti-Masonry in Massachusetts ^... ........... .«•*.• ..334, 376

Pearce, Joh.n, of Pennsylvania.

***^''*/ •'•** ^•••••dC. Vt .................... ^. ...a. ............................... ......4«0

As an Odd Fellow ..427

N. G. of Pennsylvania Ijodge No. 1.,..- ... 424

D. G. Master and G. Representative to G. L. U .S 428

First G. Master and G. Representative of New Jersey 431

Death of ..^ „ 429

I'imt Gimcl Secretary of «!>-»

First Gtaiid M>=ier Of. .461

Officeraof t(.4,46a,«aa

Consliluliunof, adnplcd ^M

Corresixmdence with G. L. U. S 4»

Reports toG. L. U. S ..,- ITP. 471. 4M

dgc No. 2 of, chattcrtH 4. 13, 438

keciuiti and aida Ninnben 8, 8, !), ij^ O, »...«»

Condition of, in ISSl and 1874 4»

iDteTadng BKetinga and minutes.. „441-S

Kupprovad of Bit |181t] 4aa-1

ry wkI iweientGaDdidon. .— ~ «_MS

jf.iiwtituted «.~~ »..^.».44S

Fionecr in bmlding 1. O. U. K. Hall 444

Present coiidiiinn of 444-&

Franklin Lodge No. 5 of, chartered, and its pnseiit condiiiun 44S

General Marion Lodge No. 6 of, organiiatinn and its iiteseiit condition 44i

Hermann Lodge No. 7 of, instiluled, and its present condition 446

Rising Sun Lodge No. 8 o^ inaliiuied ...446

Members of and ils present condition 441

Mechanics Lodge No. 9 of, first Lodge instiiuied we^t of the Aileghanies...44I

D. G. M. appointed for, and duties of 447

Hall and properly liurned -447, 449

Noble contributions 10 448, 449

Refuses to obey the 1>. U. U. M 449-SO

Chatter of forfeited and returned 4&0

Interesting proceedings on return of..4S0-I

Surrendered in 1860 4H

Restored and prosperous 451

PUlomathean Lodge No. 10 of, institated 461

First Lodge to pay fur I. O. O. F. Hall 491

Present condition 451

Kensington Lodge No. II oT, institution, career, and present condition...

Interesting career of 494

No. le unitCB with - 456

Wildey Lodge No. 14 of. instil u(ed...._ ~ 454

First of the name in (he United States — 454

Career and present condition .454

Philanthropic Lodge No. IB of, chartered ■ 459

Career and present condition 455

IKDEX. 525

_ PAOB.

Penn SYLVAN lA — Continued,

Harmony Lodge Na 16 of, instituted, career, and present condition 456

Northern Liberty Lodge Na 17 of, chartered, and present condition ...456, 457

La Fayette Lodge No. 18 of, instituted, and present condition 457

Amity Lodee No. 19 of, chartered, career,and present condition 458

Miners Lodge No. 20 of, chartered, and present condition 458

Politics in Grand Lodge of Maryland.

Resolutions adopted and expunged 118, 119

Reflections upon the noble act - 120

Porter, Nathan, of California.

Author of Sign of Recognition ^ 331

Porter, Thomas C, of Massachusetts.

Contribution to the History 364

On Grand Charter of Massachusetts 367

Potts, John G., of Pennsylvania.

Grand Master and Grand Treasurer of Pennsylvania, and later history of.. .468

Pryor, Samuel, of Pennsylvania.

Sketch of 465

First native Grand Master of Pennsylvania. - 466

Grand Secretary of G. L. U. S ..466

Rhode Island.

Odd Fellowship in, before 1820 342

James Wood, father of. 356

See Wood.

Friendly Union Lodge No. 1 of, chartered 202

(l^'t. /)-''. K. "^h^ Correspondence with and institution of 355-C

Ridgkly, James L., of Maryland. f. 33^

Enters the Order and early career in ! 140

Identifies himself with the Order 141

Incorporates Grand Lodge of Md 137

Presentation to 137-8

Secures first Hall in the U. S 142

Wildey and 211, 212

Author of funeral ceremonies 221

Description by, ofWildey's Farewell and IJeath 284, 293

Author of P G.'scharge 320,324

Ritual, or Lkciures.

Brought to United States 20

Meaning of " Lecture'* '. 315

First book of, by Manchester Unity 316

In United States, English and German 316, 317

Maryland furnishes books of. 317

G. L. U. S. assumes control of 317

Revision of in 1835, 1845, 1873 318, 319, 320

G. Secretary Kidgely author of P. G.'s charge - 320

P. G. Sire Moore's incidents of revision of 1845 321-327

See Degrees.

Robinson, John B., of New York.

Founder of I. O. O. F. in Pennsylvania 406, 423, 433

Ross. Theodore A., of New Jersey.
•4 . Connection with the work. Preface VIL

Secretary. '*

Permanent recommended 114

See Grand Secretary.

Secret Journal.

Text and Diagrams 329, 330

Secret Principle.

Philosophy of the 251

How anciently imparted 270

^

■BBCHET I'RINCIPLB— ClwtfmB/rf.

Derived from mysiety .-... - - 251-J

Noi ascribed to I. O. O. F „ i6S-«

I Ofl. O. U. F. otigtnal _. - - iM-S

I Of Masonry - — .~~»..»Mt
Ancient MyKicries _...— ....».«..... -.»_..» -.»,^._..^S614
Aniiquity of. ~-. _...._ „..,.„.._U3-i
And ihe number Skvkn- -_...._._.._^.«_„_„„18l
Name of Deity in „, .„_.,.___MS
Doctrines and rites of, _...„_ _~-IM
Influence of on the Moderns _ .••>p~ •<■••■ _.n-9H
In modem forma ..,„ „ .,»_^m1W
Degeneiales iniomyihology 2TI-I-3

Ancient Mystics _ J13

Oracles cease in. and reason triumphs 113^

Sno CMbolicv JutiMits, MymCBtj.

HAiuira^ and Mitiiar of ......

RxcoBMmoNi ud Mithor of «,
Shau, Tboka^ of F«Dt>i]r1*iBl>.

*VI-*,tn

SkaiXi Wiuoh, of New Yoik.

tatly hiatorv of «_ .»_ ..»»»..»»»...........« ...«»w_.„.„.»416

History of. In the Order „_.._ _...._41*

G. Representalive and G. Master... » ., 41»

ituccessful administration of _ _..41Q

Laier history stid chuacleristics of ~ ......4)1-1

3M

Stukes, John W,, of Pennsylvania.

Contributes to the Histoiy. Preface VI. VII.

On Uniformed Patriarchs...... „ _313

Stuart, Fbkd. D., P. G. Sire, of the District of Columbia.

Auih..r of d-vlce for History. Preface VII.

fjupervised Diagrams in Seci^t Journal _- >.. _ 330

Sunday.

Degrees not to be conferred on ~...._ 116

Texas.

First Lodge opened in foreign land, by Wildey 2BT

Tbaditions.

For tiie History, who obtained fr<>m It

Traups.

Ketiefto _- _ 189,390

Upton, John, of Pennsylvania.

Early history of _ ~ _,....,- -.....-...,..„ 41S

House of, in Dock Street, Philadelphia .- 416

Penniylvania Lodge No. 1, instituted at 433-i

Vamsant, Joshua, o( Maryland.

Sketch al..._.... - - 50, 61

INDEX. 527

PAOB.

Virginia.

Virginia Lodffe No. 1 o£, chartered 224

Washington Lodc^e No. 2 of, chartered 227

Grand Lodge of, instituted ...- 287

Warden's Axe.

Dues collected on - ^^ ........190, 394

Washington Lodgk No. 1 (Maryland).

When and how instituted. 18,19

Wildey first N. G. of 19

Obtains the English work 20

Celebrated English Charter to 23

Finances the first year ^ 25

Benefit system adopted by ...« 26

Franklin Lodge to 8ui>ersede » • 27

Meeting Diaces of. 19, 21, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 143

Chartered by G. L. of Md. and U. S ..^... 35

Condition of in 1822 40

Visit from a Massachusett!» brother to 40

Convivial Meeting of, in 1821 55

First secret work and ritual of. 298

Founders of ^ 104

Mother Lodge 32-3

Its present condition 56

See Box Strong, Boyd, Conviviality, Crowder, Entwisle, Jackson, Mathiot,
McCormick, Welch, Wildey, Yates.

Waits, Russell, of New York.

N. G. of Columbia Lodge, N. Y 39*

Applies for Charter for the Lodge 73

Grand Master of New York 406-7

Welch, John, of Maryland.

Association with Wildey • 17

First V. G. of Washington I^dge No. I 19, 103

First G. Secretary of G. L. of Md. and U. S 32, 104

First 1>. Grand Master and D. G. Sire 104

Before April 1819 lo3

Third in " The Great Trio " 101

The Nestor of the enterprise ..••• 103, 106-7

Survey of his character and services.......^ « 104-5

Characteristics ^ 105-6

Analysis of work of, with the Trio 106-7

G. Secretary Kidgely and 106

Ketires ......... m..m a...... ... ..... ....m. *.•...•........••'....•..•• •.....•• ............ .••...203

Death of. „ 106

Whitall, Charles, of Louisiana.

Author of Hailing Sign 331

Wildey, Thomas.

<^^ Before 1819 17, 276, 277, 278

Welch and ^ 17. 18

Washington Lodge No. 1, self-instituted, Wildey*s narrative of. 19, 278-9

First N. G 19

Jackson the rival of ..22, 27

Grand Master ofG. L. of Md. and of the U. S. . 32, 65

His mission in 1823 ^ 72-76

Founder of I. O. O. F. and anxiety to be so known 280

Analysis of character of . .« • 280-2

In old age ......... .289-92

Retires as Grand Master of Md 98, 108

Founds Encampments ..129,310

First Grand Patriarch 216

As Treasurer ^ 136, 230-1

Member of first German Lodge ^ •• ...» 126, 189

- CeMiw.

K.ide«lv

First Grand Sire and Instillation. ..._...._..__.„._

MiMion ta England ...._..„...,„

Reuwii for and proeecding* Bpoa.
CuiicB American Degree* to England

Movable Committee aiul

Re-elected Grand Sire

Slander of .„

Breast-plale pieiiented tu.._

Tbaiilw voted to

Service of plate preunled to

Medals, jewels, &c ■ -

Gives place to new men...... ..

Condition of Order on retirement <ei...

FareweiUddregi o£...._ „ „ ,.jn

Affecting netke of. by Kidgely..,. „... „ _tM

Ij-i

~1U

Addresses of...' r.... , ,„.„ „ ....^Bl'ei, 96

lU.iiMHOri, Rkv. Isaac D.. of Mitjlwid.

Author uf prearnt G. Kidc degree » 3ST

UUP, Jamks, or Maaitachuseiti and Rhode bland.

Correspondence of .'. SS.'WI

First Grand Matter and Grand Patriarch of Rhode Isluid _.^M

G. Repreieniative from Rhode Island «......_....» _ SSI

Vatks, John, dF Maryland.

Mis mission to tiigUi.d ~ „ 24

I :■ ■■

p. (TO "Ajj »js f l(» ■

;?, ;/:/

STANFORD UNIVERSITY UBRARES

STANFORD, CAUFORNIA

94505

STANRDRD UNIVERSITY UBRARIES

STANKDRD, CAUFORNIA

94505